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Pan-Arab colors

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Flag of the Arab Revolt[1][2]
Flag of the Arab Liberation[1]
Flag map of the Arab World.

The Pan-Arab colors are black, white, green, and red. Individually, each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain Arab dynasty, or era.[3] The black was the color of the banner of Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphate; white was used by the Umayyad Caliphate; green was used by the Fatimid Caliphate; and red was the flag held by the Khawarij.[4] The four colors derived their potency from a verse by 14th century Iraqi poet Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli: « White are our acts, black our battles, green our fields, and red our swords ».[5]

Pan-Arab colors were first combined in 1916 in the flag of the Arab Revolt.[6] Many current flags are based on Arab Revolt colors, such as the flags of Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and the United Arab Emirates,[7] and formerly in the flag of the brief six month union of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan.

It may be noted that while Libya is an Arab country and has a flag with the same four colors, the colors have a different origin in this flag and are therefore not considered pan-Arab colors.[citation needed]

From the 1950s onwards, a sub-set of the Pan-Arab colors, the Arab Liberation colors, came to prominence. These consist of a tricolour of red, white and black bands, with green given less prominence. The Arab Liberation colors were inspired by the use of the Arab Liberation Flag in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.[8][full citation needed] These appear in the current flags of Egypt, Iraq, Somaliland, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, and formerly in the flags of the rival states of North Yemen and South Yemen, and in the short-lived Arab unions of the United Arab Republic and the Federation of Arab Republics.[7]

Current flags with Pan-Arab colors

Sovereign states

Unrecognized and partially recognized states

Former national flags with the Pan-Arab colors

Flags of Arab political and paramilitary movements using Pan-Arab colors

Historical Arab flags

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Pan-Arab Colours, crwflags.com
  2. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, The Great Arab Revolt, passia.org
  3. ^ Abū Khaldūn Sati' al-Husri, The days of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs, Sidney Glauser Trans., (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1966), 46.
  4. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, Palestine Facts: The Meaning of the Flag, passia.org
  5. ^ Muhsin Al-Musawi, Reading Iraq: Culture and Power in Conflict (I.B.Tauris 2006), p.63
  6. ^ I. Friedman, British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915-1922, Transaction Publ., 2011, p.135
  7. ^ a b Znamierowski, Alfred (2003). Illustrated Book of Flags. Southwater. p. 123. ISBN 1842158813. Retrieved 22 November 2014. The designs of these flags were later modified, but the four pan-Arab colours were retained and were adopted by Transjordan (1921), Palestine (1922), Kuwait (1961), the United Arab Emirates (1971), Western Sahara (1976) and Somaliland (1996).
  8. ^ M. Naguib Egypt's Destiny 1955
  9. ^ Also used as the flag of Fujairah since 1975
  10. ^ "Palestinian Law No. 5 for the year 2006 amending some provisions of Law No. 22 for the year 2005 on the Sanctity of the Palestinian Flag". Muqtafi.birzeit.edu. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  11. ^ a b Kingdom of Hejaz 1915-1925, Crwflags.com
  12. ^ a b c d e Historical Flags Overview (Syria), Crwflags.com
  13. ^ Ha'il (Saudi Arabia) - Emirate of 'Ha'il, Crwflags.com
  14. ^ a b Historical Flags (Jordan), Crwflags.com
  15. ^ Kingdom of Iraq (1924-1958), Crwflags.com
  16. ^ a b Historical Flags (Palestine) , Crwflags.com
  17. ^ Arab Federation of Jordan and Iraq, Crwflags.com
  18. ^ a b c Evolution of the Iraqi Flag, 1963-2008, Crwflags.com
  19. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, Al-Muntadha al-Adhabi, passia.org
  20. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, Jam'yiat al-'Arabiya al-Fatat, passia.org
  21. ^ a b Al-Ahwaz (Khuzestan) Political Organizations (Iran) on crwflags.com
  22. ^ S. T. Al-Seyed Naama, Brief History of Ahwaz, on al-ahwaz.com
  23. ^ "Evolution of the Arab Flag, by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi-Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs". Passia.org. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  24. ^ "Evolution of the Arab Flag, by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi". Passia.org. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  25. ^ "Evolution of the Arab Flag, by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi". Passia.org. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  26. ^ "Evolution of the Arab Flag, by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi". Passia.org. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  27. ^ Mahdi Abdul-Hadi, Al-Khawarij, passia.org
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