TLC discography

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

TLC discography
TLC performing in Toronto in September 2016
Studio albums5
Compilation albums13
Video albums6
Music videos24
Singles25
Promotional singles11

American R&B group TLC has released five studio albums, 13 compilation albums, six video albums, 25 singles (including four as a featured artist), 11 promotional singles, and 24 music videos.

They have attained four number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100: "Creep", "Waterfalls", "No Scrubs" and "Unpretty". The group have certified shipping of 23 million albums in the United States (including one certified diamond album)[1] and 11 million singles.[2] In 2008, the group was inducted into the All Time Hot 100 Artist Hall of Fame by Billboard magazine at 56th place.[3]

They have sold over 65 million records worldwide,[4] and is considered one of the best-selling girl groups of all time (second to the Spice Girls).[5]

Their second studio album, CrazySexyCool, has sold 23 million copies worldwide,[6] and is recognized as the best-selling album of all time by a girl group in the United States.

Albums[edit]

Studio albums[edit]

List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications
Title Details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications
US
[7]
US
R&B
/HH

[8]
AUS
[9]
CAN
[10]
FRA
[11]
GER
[12]
NLD
[13]
NZ
[14]
SWI
[15]
UK
[16]
Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip 14 3 99 35
CrazySexyCool
  • Released: November 15, 1994
  • Label: LaFace, Arista
  • Formats: CD, LP, cassette
3 2 5 6 40 4 4 1 10 4
  • WW: 15,000,000[6]
  • US: 8,970,000[A]
FanMail
  • Released: February 23, 1999
  • Label: LaFace, Arista
  • Formats: CD, LP, cassette
1 1 15 3 24 7 9 6 11 7
  • WW: 10,000,000[28]
  • US: 5,677,000[B]
3D
  • Released: October 10, 2002
  • Label: Arista
  • Formats: CD, LP, cassette
6 4 73 31 101 46 62 45 47 45
TLC 38 20 [C] 81 40
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Compilation albums[edit]

List of compilation albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
Title Details Peak chart positions Certifications
US
[7]
US
R&B
/HH

[8]
JPN
[35]
NZ
[14]
UK
[16]
Now & Forever: The Hits
  • Released: September 30, 2003
  • Label: Arista
  • Formats: CD, cassette
53 22 11 33 86
Artist Collection
  • Released: September 20, 2004[37]
  • Label: Arista
  • Format: CD
Collections
The Very Best of TLC: Crazy Sexy Hits
  • Released: August 20, 2007 (UK only)
  • Label: Sony BMG
  • Formats: CD, digital download
57
The Greatest Hits of TLC
  • Released: March 24, 2008[39]
  • Label: Sony BMG
  • Format: CD
Steel Box Collection: Greatest Hits
  • Released: March 13, 2009[40]
  • Label: Sony
  • Format: CD
We Love TLC
  • Released: March 25, 2009 (Japan only)[41]
  • Label: BMG Japan
  • Formats: CD, CD+DVD
86
Playlist: The Very Best of TLC
  • Released: June 30, 2009[42]
  • Label: LaFace, Arista, Legacy
  • Format: CD
Super Hits
  • Released: September 14, 2010[43]
  • Label: Sony
  • Format: CD
12″ Masters: Essential Mixes
  • Released: September 20, 2010[44]
  • Label: Sony
  • Format: CD
S.O.U.L.
  • Released: November 21, 2012[45]
  • Label: Sony
  • Format: CD
TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits 18
20
  • Released: October 15, 2013
  • Label: Epic, LaFace
  • Formats: CD, digital download
12 4
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Singles[edit]

As lead artist[edit]

List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album
US
[47]
US
R&B
/HH

[48]
AUS
[49]
FRA
[50]
GER
[12]
IRE
[51]
NLD
[13]
NZ
[14]
SWI
[15]
UK
[16]
"Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg" 1991 6 2 28 24 35 13 Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip
"Baby-Baby-Baby" 1992 2 1 95 55
"What About Your Friends" 7 2 79 58 19 59
"Hat 2 da Back" 30 14 22
"Get It Up" 1993 42 15 25 Poetic Justice: Music from the Motion Picture
"Sleigh Ride" Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (Original Soundtrack Album)
"Creep" 1994 1 1 20 23 39 9 19 4 26 6[D] CrazySexyCool
"Red Light Special" 1995 2 3 53 9 18
"Waterfalls" 1 4 4 20 5 4 5 1 1 4
"Diggin' on You" 5 7 6 46 21 32 8 29 18
"No Scrubs" 1999 1 1 1 5 4 1 3 1 5 3
  • RIAA: 5× Platinum[19]
  • ARIA: Platinum[56]
  • BPI: 3× Platinum[25]
  • BVMI: Gold[54]
  • RMNZ: 5× Platinum[57]
FanMail
"Unpretty" 1 4 3 32 16 4 8 3 9 6
"Dear Lie" 2000 51 70 35 40 37 12 26 10 29 31
"Girl Talk" 2002 28 23 46 79 54 18 96 30 3D
"Hands Up" [E] [F] 109
"Damaged" 2003 53 21
"Come Get Some"
(featuring Lil Jon and Sean P)
2004 81 Now & Forever: The Hits
"I Bet"
(featuring O'so Krispie)
2005
"Gift Wrapped Kiss" 2014 Non-album single
"Haters" 2016 TLC
"Way Back"
(featuring Snoop Dogg)
2017 [G]
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

As featured artist[edit]

List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album
US
[63]
US
R&B
/HH

[64]
UK
[65]
UK
R&B

[66]
"Freedom (Theme from Panther)"
(with various artists)
1995 45 18 Panther: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"What It Ain't (Ghetto Enuff)"
(Goodie Mob featuring TLC)
2000 [H] World Party
"Voice of Love"
(as part of Voice of Love Posse)
2004 Non-album single
"Crooked Smile"
(J. Cole featuring TLC)
2013 27 7 114 22 Born Sinner
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Promotional singles[edit]

List of promotional singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
Title Year Peak chart positions Album
US
[47]
US
R&B
/HH

[48]
"Kick Your Game" 1995 [I] CrazySexyCool
"This Is How It Works" 1996 [J] Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album
"Silly Ho" 1998 59 21 FanMail
"I'm Good at Being Bad" 1999 38
"FanMail"
"My Life"
"I Need That" Non-album single
"3D" 2002 3D
"Dirty Dirty"
"American Gold" 2017 TLC
"It's Sunny"
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Other charted songs[edit]

List of other charted songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
Title Year Peaks Album
US
R&B
/HH
Airplay

[62]
"Switch" 1995 56 CrazySexyCool

Guest appearances[edit]

List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
Title Year Other artist(s) Album
"Reversal of a Dog" 1992 Damian Dame, Highland Place Mobsters, Toni Braxton Boomerang: Original Soundtrack Album
"All I Want for Christmas" 1993 None A LaFace Family Christmas[68]
"All That Theme Song" 1996 All That: The Album
"All That – Outro Theme Song"
"What's Going On" (Dupri R&B Mix) 2001 Artists Against AIDS Worldwide "What's Going On" (single)
"What's Going On" (Mick Guzauski's Pop Mix)
"Can You Hear Me" 2002 Missy Elliott Under Construction
"Rainbow" 2012 None L'Arc-en-Ciel Tribute[69]

Videography[edit]

Video albums[edit]

List of video albums, with chart positions and certifications
Title Details Peaks Certifications Notes
US
[70]
JPN
[71]
Oooooooohhh... On the Video Tip
  • Released: August 29, 1992
  • Label: LaFace
  • Format: VHS
7
  • Features interviews and behind-the-scenes footage.
  • Contains the music videos for "Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg", "Baby-Baby-Baby", and "What About Your Friends".
CrazyVideoCool 5
  • Features interviews, as well as behind-the-scenes footage at video shoots.
  • Contains the music videos for "Creep", "Red Light Special", "Waterfalls", and "Diggin' on You".
Hands Up/Girl Talk
  • Released: April 15, 2003
  • Label: Arista
  • Format: DVD
26
  • Contains the music videos for "Hands Up" and "Girl Talk".
Now & Forever: The Video Hits
  • Released: December 10, 2003
  • Label: Arista
  • Format: DVD
37
  • Released to coincide with Now & Forever: The Hits.
  • Contains all the music videos for the singles that reached the top 10 of the Billboard charts.
Artist Collection
  • Released: September 20, 2004[72]
  • Label: Arista
  • Format: DVD
  • Contains the music videos for "Creep", "Red Light Special", "Waterfalls", "No Scrubs", and "Unpretty".
The Greatest Hits Video Collection
  • Released: December 7, 2005[73]
  • Label: BMG Japan
  • Format: DVD
  • Released exclusively in Japan.
  • Contains all music videos from TLC's first four studio albums.
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Music videos[edit]

List of music videos, showing year released and directors
Title Year Director(s) Ref.
"Ain't 2 Proud 2 Beg" 1991 Lionel C. Martin [74]
"Baby-Baby-Baby" 1992 Keith Ward [74]
"What About Your Friends" Lionel C. Martin [75]
"Hat 2 da Back" Phelim Dolan [76]
"Get It Up" 1993 Lionel C. Martin [77]
"Sleigh Ride" [78]
"Creep"[K] 1994 Matthew Rolston [79]
"Red Light Special"[L] 1995 [79]
"Waterfalls" F. Gary Gray [74]
"Diggin' on You" [74]
"Freedom (Theme from Panther)"
(with various artists)
Antoine Fuqua [81]
"No Scrubs" 1999 Hype Williams [74]
"Unpretty" Paul Hunter [74]
"Dear Lie" 2000 Bille Woodruff [74]
"What It Ain't"
(Goodie Mob featuring TLC)
Dave Meyers [74]
"Girl Talk" 2002 [74]
"Turntable" (compilation of clips) Tommy Martin [82]
"Hands Up" 2003 Matthew Rolston [83]
"Damaged" Joseph Kahn [74]
"Voice of Love"
(as part of Voice of Love Posse)
2004 Unknown
"Crooked Smile"[M]
(J. Cole featuring TLC)
2013 Sheldon Candis [84]
"Meant to Be"[N] Unknown
"Way Back"
(featuring Snoop Dogg)
2017 LCR$ [85]
"Haters" [86]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ As of January 2015, CrazySexyCool had sold 7.7 million copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan,[21] which does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music Club,[22] where it had sold 1.27 million copies as of February 2003.[23]
  2. ^ As of June 2017, FanMail had sold 4.8 million copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan,[29] which does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music Club,[22] where it had sold 877,000 copies as of February 2003.[23]
  3. ^ TLC did not enter the Australian Albums Chart, but peaked at number 34 on the Australian Digital Albums Chart.[34]
  4. ^ "Creep" originally reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1995. It reached a new peak of number six when remixed and re-released in January 1996.[16]
  5. ^ "Hands Up" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 18 on the Hot Singles Sales chart.[59]
  6. ^ "Hands Up" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number seven on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[60]
  7. ^ "Way Back" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 35 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart and at number eight on the Adult R&B Songs chart.[61][62]
  8. ^ "What It Ain't (Ghetto Enuff)" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[60]
  9. ^ "Kick Your Game" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 69 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart.[62]
  10. ^ "This Is How It Works" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 60 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart.[62]
  11. ^ A second version of the music video for "Creep" was directed by Craig Henry, but was never released.[76]
  12. ^ The music video for "Red Light Special" was available in three versions: "sexy", "sexier" and "sexiest".[80]
  13. ^ TLC do not appear in the music video for "Crooked Smile", but their vocals on the track are included in the video.
  14. ^ The music video for "Meant to Be" appears at the end of the television film CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "RIAA – Recording Industry Association of America". riaa.com. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  2. ^ "American single certifications – TLC". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  3. ^ "The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  4. ^ Viera, Bene (2012-04-25). "Celebrating the life of left eye 10 years after her untimely death". VH1. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
  5. ^ Thomas, Rebecca (2012-04-25). "TLC's Left Eye Remembered: 10 Years Later". MTV (MTV Networks). Retrieved 2012-06-23.
  6. ^ a b "TLC's 'CrazySexyCool' at 25: The inside story of the game-changing R&B classic". nme.com. 18 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b "TLC Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "TLC Chart History: Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  9. ^ Peak chart positions for albums in Australia:
  10. ^ Peak chart positions for albums in Canada:
  11. ^ Peak chart positions for albums in France:
  12. ^ a b Peak chart positions in Germany:
  13. ^ a b "Discografie TLC" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "Discography TLC". charts.nz. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  15. ^ a b "TLC". swisscharts.com. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d Peak chart positions in the United Kingdom:
  17. ^ "Vh1 Plans Scripted TLC Biopic, First of Several to Come". Vibe. December 1, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  18. ^ Caulfield, Keith (October 22, 2003). "Ask Billboard: With the 'Greatest' Tender Loving Care". Billboard. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "American certifications – TLC". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c "Canadian certifications – TLC". Music Canada. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  21. ^ "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks". Billboard. July 10, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  22. ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (January 25, 2008). "Ask Billboard: 'Good' Is Not So Good". Billboard. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  23. ^ a b David, Barry (February 18, 2003). "Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet Top All-Time Sellers". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  24. ^ a b c Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i "British certifications – TLC". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 13, 2023. Type TLC in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
  26. ^ a b "Dutch certifications – TLC" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved June 29, 2019. Enter TLC in the "Artiest of titel" box.
  27. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – TLC – CrazySexyCool". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  28. ^ "Lessons on self-worth and self-care from TLC's FanMail". Dazed. February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  29. ^ a b Horowitz, Steven J. (July 1–14, 2017). "TLC's Fierce Comeback: T-Boz and Chilli on Girl-Group Wokeness, L.A. Reid & Instagram Hustle" (PDF). Billboard. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  30. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  31. ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (TLC)". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  32. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – TLC – FanMail". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  33. ^ "French album certifications – TLC" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  34. ^ "ARIA Digital Albums Chart" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. July 10, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  35. ^ Peak chart positions for compilation albums in Japan:
  36. ^ 統計情報 [Statistics] (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved July 1, 2019. Enter "TLC" into the field marked "アーティスト" ("Artist") and press "検索" ("Search").
  37. ^ "The Artist Collection: TLC". Amazon. United Kingdom. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  38. ^ "Collections: TLC". Amazon (in German). Germany. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  39. ^ "The Best Of: TLC". Amazon. United Kingdom. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  40. ^ "Steel Box Collection-Greatest Hits: TLC". Amazon (in German). Germany. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  41. ^ "SonyMusicShop" We Love TLC(通常盤)・TLC [We Love TLC (Normal Edition) – TLC] (in Japanese). Sony Music Shop (Japan). Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  42. ^ "Playlist: The Very Best Of TLC: TLC". Amazon. United States. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  43. ^ "Super Hits: TLC: TLC". Amazon. United States. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  44. ^ "12 Masters-the Essential Mixes: TLC". Amazon (in German). Germany. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  45. ^ "S.O.U.L: TLC: TLC". Amazon. United States. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  46. ^ TLC 20 ~20thアニヴァーサリー・ヒッツ~【CD盤】 [TLC 20: 20th Anniversary Hits [CD]] (in Japanese). Warner Music Japan. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  47. ^ a b "TLC Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  48. ^ a b "TLC Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  49. ^ Peak chart positions for singles in Australia:
  50. ^ "Discographie TLC". lescharts.com (in French). Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  51. ^ "Search the charts". The Irish Charts. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  52. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – TLC – Creep". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  53. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – TLC – Red Light Special". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  54. ^ a b "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (TLC)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  55. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – TLC – Waterfalls". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  56. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  57. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – TLC – No Scrubs". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  58. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – TLC – Unpretty". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  59. ^ "TLC Chart History: Hot Singles Sales". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  60. ^ a b "TLC Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  61. ^ "TLC Chart History: Adult R&B Songs". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  62. ^ a b c d "TLC Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  63. ^ Peak chart positions for singles as featured artist on the Billboard Hot 100:
  64. ^ Peak chart positions for singles as featured artist on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the United States:
  65. ^ Peak chart positions for singles as featured artist in the United Kingdom:
  66. ^ Peak chart positions for singles as featured artist on the R&B Chart in the United Kingdom:
  67. ^ "American certifications – J. Cole". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  68. ^ "A LaFace Family Christmas [Arista] – La Face Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  69. ^ "L' Arc-en-Ciel Tribute – Various Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  70. ^ "TLC Chart History: Music Video Sales". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  71. ^ Peak chart positions for video albums in Japan:
  72. ^ "TLC – The Artist Collection". Amazon. United Kingdom. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  73. ^ "SonyMusicShop" ザ・グレイテスト・ヒッツ・ビデオ・コレクション・TLC [The Greatest Hits Video Collection – TLC] (in Japanese). Sony Music Shop (Japan). Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "TLC". IMVDb. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  75. ^ Batten, Malcolm (April 30, 2015). "TLC's – "What About Your Friends?" #TBT [Music Video]". G Style Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  76. ^ a b "TLC artist videography". mvdbase.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  77. ^ "TLC: Get It Up (Video 1993)". IMDb. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  78. ^ ""Sleigh Ride" by TLC". VH1. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  79. ^ a b Lewis, Miles Marshall (October 22, 2013). "Triple X: The Making Of TLC's 'Red Light Special'". Vibe. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  80. ^ Lambe, Stacy (October 15, 2013). "Vote For Your Favorite TLC Song". VH1. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  81. ^ Burgess, Omar (July 21, 2011). "Throwback Thursday Revisits "Freedom (Theme From 'Panther')"". HipHopDX. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  82. ^ "TLC: Turntable (Video 2002)". IMDb. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  83. ^ ""Hands Up" by TLC". VH1. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  84. ^ RW Media (September 5, 2013). "J.Cole "Crooked Smile" (Sheldon Candis, dir.)". VideoStatic. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  85. ^ Weathers, Aaliyah (June 7, 2017). "Watch "Way Back," TLC's First Music Video in Over a Decade". Paste. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  86. ^ "TLC – Haters". OnSMASH. June 21, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2019.

External links[edit]