Ryazan
Ryazan
Рязань | |
|---|---|
| View of Ryazan View of Ryazan | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Ryazan  | |
  Ryazan Location of Ryazan  Ryazan Ryazan (Ryazan Oblast) | |
| Coordinates: 54°37′48″N 39°44′33″E / 54.63000°N 39.74250°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Ryazan Oblast |
| First mentioned | 1095 |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Duma |
| • Mayor | Vitaly Artyomov |
| Area | |
| • Total | 224.163 km2 (86.550 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 130 m (430 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 524,927 |
| • Estimate (2018)[4] | 538,962 (+2.7%) |
| • Rank | 31st in 2010 |
| • Density | 2,300/km2 (6,100/sq mi) |
| • Subordinated to | city of oblast significance of Ryazan[1] |
| • Capital of | Ryazan Oblast,[1] Ryazansky District |
| • Urban okrug | Ryazan Urban Okrug[5] |
| • Capital of | Ryazan Urban Okrug,[5] Ryazansky Municipal District[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 390000-390048 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4912 |
| OKTMO ID | 61701000001 |
| Website | www |
Ryazan (Russian: Рязань, IPA: [rʲɪˈzanʲ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River 196 kilometers (122 mi) southeast of Moscow. Population: 524,927 (2010 Census);[3] 521,560 (2002 Census);[9] 514,638 (1989 Soviet census).[10]
History
It is argued that the Ryazan kremlin was founded in 800, by Slavic settlers,[citation needed] as a part of their drive into territory previously populated by Finnic peoples.[citation needed] Initially it was built of wood, gradually replaced by masonry. The oldest preserved part of the kremlin dates back to the 12th century.
However, the first written mention of the city, under the name of Pereslavl, dates to 1095. At that time, the city was part of the independent Principality of Ryazan, which had existed since 1078 and which was centered on the old city of Ryazan. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Ryazan and Murom (cities of Kievan Rus').
The lands of Ryazan, situated on the border of forest and steppe, suffered numerous invasions from the south as well as from the north, carried out by a variety of military forces including Cumans, but particularly the Principality was in a conflict with Vladimir-Suzdal. By the end of the 12th century, the capital of Duchy was burnt several times by the armies of Suzdal. Ryazan was the first Russian city to be sacked by the Mongol horde of Batu Khan. On December 21, 1237, it was thoroughly devastated and never fully recovered. As result of the sack, the seat of the principality was moved about 55 kilometers (34 mi) to the town of Pereslavl-Ryazansky, which subsequently took the name of the destroyed capital. The site of the old capital now carries the name of Staraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close to Spassk-Ryazansky.
In 1380, during the Battle of Kulikovo, the Grand Prince of Ryazan Oleg and his men came under a coalition of Mamai, a strongman of the Tatar Golden Horde, and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, against the armies under the command of the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Dmitry Donskoy.
Late in the 13th century, the Princes of Ryazan moved their capital to Pereslavl, which is known as Ryazan from the 16th century (officially renamed in 1778). The principality was finally incorporated into that of Moscow in 1521.
Soviet period
After 1945
Immediately after World War II, the rapid development of the city began. Ryazan became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia. In the city, there were constructed giant factories, occupying the entire urban areas. Such establishments included the largest refinery in Europe, the Soviet Union's only producer of potato-harvesting equipment, Ryazselmash Plant accounting machines, a machine-tool plant, heavy forging equipment, foundry Centrolit chemical fiber company, instrument factory and others. Leading areas of industry are heavy and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, and the machine-tool industry, mechanical engineering and food industries. More than half of the plants produce for export.
The military potential of the city also developed: Ryazan became the main training center of the Airborne Forces of the Soviet Union - a city surrounded by numerous training centers and military training-grounds. Several positions MANPADS protect urban sky. Besides the Airborne School, Ryazan hosts the Automobile School and Institute of Communications, the regiment of railway troops, airbase strategic bombers, and a training center in Diaghilev.
Ryazan developed particularly rapidly while Nadezhda Nikolaevna Chumakov served as Chair of the Council of People's Deputies of Ryazan and Ryazan mayor. Under Chumakova, the city's population increased more than seven times: from 72 to 520 thousand people. Chumakova oversaw the construction of social and cultural amenities, more than 20 urban areas, and hundreds of kilometers of trolleybus, tram and bus routes. Landscaping became a fundamental strategy for the development of the city at that time. A "green" ring of forests, parks, and garden associations surrounded Ryazan, with large parks located in each area of the city, and compositions of flowers and vertical gardening became customary, not only for the main streets, but also for industrial zones and factory buildings. Ryazan repeatedly won recognition among the cities of the Soviet Union for its landscaping. During her 26 years in office, Nadezhda Chumakov often accepted awards of the Red Banner of the USSR on behalf of Ryazan.
Post-Soviet period
In September 1999, Ryazan became one of the cities involved in the Russian apartment bombings episode, though it did not actually experience a successful bomb attack.
Politics
In the Political system of Ryazan, the legislature, a city council is the Ryazan City Duma. Kind of the lower house of the municipality - Youth Parliament, preparing draft legislative initiatives. Executive power in the city of Ryazan carried by the administration headed by the mayor Vice Mayor - Svetlana Andreevna Goryachkina.Control over the activities of the authorities is administered by the Public Chamber of the city of Ryazan, work with youth involved in the headquarters of youth activists.
Ryazan is also a system of community councils areas which are deliberative bodies coordinating the work of services housing and communal services and the Department of Public Works on urban areas. In addition to the city, is also located in the complex regional authorities - Ryazan Oblast Duma, Government and the Governor of the Ryazan Oblast. In two urban and one suburban residence being received at the highest level.
Climate
Ryazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).[11] The highest temperature recorded is 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) in August 2010 while the lowest temperature recorded is −40.9 °C (−41.6 °F) in January 1940.[12]
| Climate data for Ryazan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
33.5 (92.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
39.5 (103.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
39.5 (103.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.5 (18.5) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.5 (13.1) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.1 (57.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −40.9 (−41.6) |
−34.8 (−30.6) |
−28.6 (−19.5) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
−39.7 (−39.5) |
−40.9 (−41.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
34 (1.3) |
26 (1.0) |
38 (1.5) |
34 (1.3) |
64 (2.5) |
80 (3.1) |
57 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
64 (2.5) |
46 (1.8) |
43 (1.7) |
575 (22.6) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[12] | |||||||||||||
Administrative and municipal status
Ryazan is the administrative center of the oblast[1] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Ryazansky District, even though it is not a part of it.[citation needed] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Ryazan[1]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[citation needed] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Ryazan is incorporated as Ryazan Urban Okrug.[5]
City divisions
The city of Ryazan is divided into four administrative districts: Moskovsky, Oktyabrsky, Sovetsky, and Zheleznodorozhny.
Economy
Major industries in the city include electronics and oil refining.
Ryazan has a reputation of being one Russia's electronics hubs. Around a quarter of the city's population is affected by the electronics industry. The most notable company in this sector is Plazma (company), which produces plasma screens for products including tanks and locomotives. In 1994, the company created a 50-50 research and development joint-venture with the South Korean company Orion PDP. Plazma's expertise helped Orion PDP become one of the world's leading manufacturers of plasma television panels. In addition to plasma technology, Plazma produces LCD screens, industrial gas lasers and medical lasers. The company exports its products to foreign countries, including to the United States, China and Israel.[13]
Another key industry in the city is oil refining. The Ryazan Oil Refinery, owned by TNK-BP, is one of the city's largest employers. The plant can refine 17 million metric tons of oil per year.[13]
The economy of Ryazan benefits from a large number of skilled engineers graduating from the State Radioengineering University, and from the city's close proximity to Moscow, which can be reached in 90 minutes by car.[13]
The strategic bomber base Dyagilevo is just west of the city, and the air base of Alexandrovo is to the southeast as is the Turlatovo Airport.
Transport
Since 1864, there is a railway connection between Ryazan and Moscow.[14] The city has two train stations, [[{{{1}}}]] [] and [[{{{1}}}]] [], both of which are part of the Ryazan transit system within the city.
Education
An economically important educational institution in the city is the Ryazan State Radio Engineering University. The Higher Paratrooper Command Academy used to be Russia's only military school training officers for the airborne forces, giving Ryazan the reputation as the "paratrooper capital". However, in 2010 the institution discontinued enrollment to its paratrooper program, and now focuses on training professional sergeants for the armed forces.[13] The Gorky Library serves Ryazan as well as Ryazan Oblast. It is the largest library in the region.
High-tech center
Ryazan is one of the leading hubs for high-tech innovation and development in Russia. Thousands of students learn mathematics and engineering at Ryazan State University and Ryazan State Radio Engineering University. It is home to iAGE [1], whose solutions and technologies help companies automate their digital marketing data-driven campaigns. Software engineering company EPAM Systems has an office in Ryazan [2]. In 2012 Russian search giant Yandex launched the 40MW data center in Sasovo; it's expected to accommodate 100,000 servers by 2019.[15] In addition, one of the company operates in Ryazan is BiznesInterSoft, which develops latest-generation technologies - NoSQL-databases. [3]
Civil society
Civil society plays an extensive role of city life . Ryazan constantly working several public oversight organizations. One of them is the Committee to Protect Ryazan Kremlin, founded in 2006 in opposition to the Federal Reserve to transfer ownership Archdiocese, in fact, operates all architectural and cultural supervision in the city. Thanks to the work of environmental organizations in Ryazan adopted a program to clean up illegal dumps, whose presence is indicated by the citizens themselves, created an arboretum, purified water areas [36] work "Green Patrol" .
Public Committee Ryazan cycling alone is building velomagistraley in the central part of the city. This activity attracted the attention of the authorities, who promise to build several similar highways passing through the whole territory of Ryazan.
Public hearings, which at construction sites in the city is required by law, almost always draw full houses. Often with the construction of many facilities in the city can not undo the damage.
Religion
Ryazan is the seat of Diocese of Ryazan and Kasimov, an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church. Assumption Cathedral of the Ryazan Kremlin is one of the most important cathedrals in the city. Metropolia is the holder of the majority of religious temples in the city and the sole holder of the monasteries.
Believers is the cathedral church of All Who Sorrow Church. In addition to them, the city is also located confessional institution Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, autonomous church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists (their church is featured on a 2001 Russian stamp), Charismatics and Muhtasibat Muslims for whom built the Islamic Cultural Center.
Crime
In the 1990s in Ryazan operated one of the largest gangs country - Slonovskii OPG. "Elephants" managed to monopolize the criminal market and downtown area. Starting in 1991 with racketeering and small game "thimbles", members of organized crime groups got to separation industries, motor vehicles, real estate, contract killings, armed attacks in the city and acts of terrorism. By 1995, they managed to briefly seize all the business market town, but already in 1996 Ryazan OCD started to apprehend criminals, which completely eliminate possible only by 2000. At the same time for the court hearing had to build the largest in Russia trial chamber. Former mayor and chairman of the Ryazan City Duma, Fyodor Provotorova, who ruled the city for 8 years, associated with the activities of this organization.
Today, according to the Russian Interior Ministry, the crime rate in Ryazan is one of the lowest among the cities of the Central Federal District. For example, in the first six months of 2012 amounted to 579.6 crime rate crimes per hundred thousand population. It's a bit more than in the whole region, but almost two times less than in the CFA, where the figure is 839. City, in addition to police calculations patrol students of military schools and voluntary militias, the headquarters of which are located in all city districts.
Notable people
Arts
- Alexander Alexandrov (1883–1946), composer
- Erast Garin (1902–1980), comic actor
- Alexander Genis (born 1953), writer, broadcaster and cultural critic
- Yuri Kholopov (1932–2003), musicologist, music theorist, doctor of arts, and professor of the Moscow Conservatoire
- Maximilian Kravkov (1887-1937), writer
- Andrei Mironov (born 1975), painter
- Konstantin Paustovsky (1892–1968), writer
- Alexander Pirogov (1899–1964), bass opera singer
- Yakov Polonsky (1819–1898), writer
- Maximilian Presnyakov (born 1968), artist
- Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–1889), satirist
- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008), writer
- Sergei Yesenin (1895–1925), poet
- Semen Zhivago (1807–1863), historical painter
Athletics
- Anton Belov (born 1986), professional ice hockey defenceman
- Olga Kaliturina (born 1976), high jumper
- Maria Kalmykova (born 1978), basketball player
- Yuri Kuleshov (born 1981), professional football defensive midfielder
- Irina Meleshina (born 1982), long jumper
- Ivan Nifontov (born 1987), judoka
- Sergei Panov (born 1970), basketball player
- Kirill Sosunov (born 1975), long jumper
- Oleg Yeliseyev (born 1978), professional football player
Engineering and science
- Andrey Arkhangelsky (1879–1940), geologist
- Vladimir Gulevich (1867–1933), biochemist
- Aleksei Kozhevnikov (1836–1902), neurologist and psychiatrist
- Nikolai Kravkov (1865-1924), pharmacologist
- Sergey P. Kravkov (1873-1938) soil scientist
- Sergey V. Kravkov (1893-1951), psychologist and psychophysiologist
- Andrey Markov (1856–1922), mathematician
- Ivan Michurin (1855–1935), biologist
- Sergey Nepobedimy (1921–2014), designer of rocket weaponry
- Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), physiologist
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), engineer
Others
- Dmitry Andreikin (born 1990), chess grandmaster
- Roman Putin (born 1977), businessman
Twin towns and sister cities
Ryazan is twinned with:
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Law #128-OZ
- ^ БД ПМО Рязанской области. Город Рязань
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c Law #75-OZ
- ^ Law #74-OZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Ryazan" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved April 4, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Anatoly Medetsky (June 26, 2011). "Ryazan: Plasma Screens and Pavlov's Dogs". The Moscow Times.
- ^ Train Station in Ryazan Template:Ru icon
- ^ Oleg Kovalyov at Yandex's data center Template:Ru icon
- ^ "Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Sources
- Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №128-ОЗ от 12 сентября 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Рязанской области», в ред. Закона №56-ОЗ от 27 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 7 Закона Рязанской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Рязанской области"». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №273, 20 сентября 2007 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #128-OZ of September 12, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ryazan Oblast, as amended by the Law #56-OZ of July 27, 2012 On Amending Article 7 of the Law of Ryazan Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ryazan Oblast". Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
- Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №75-ОЗ от 7 октября 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования — город Рязань статусом городского округа и установлении его границ», в ред. Закона №77-ОЗ от 9 июля 2008 г «Об утверждении границы муниципального образования — городской округ город Рязань». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №212–213, 14 октября 2004 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #75-OZ of October 7, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Ryazan and on Establishing Its Borders, as amended by the Law #77-OZ of July 9, 2008 On Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation—the Urban Okrug of the City of Ryazan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №74-ОЗ от 7 октября 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования — Рязанский район статусом муниципального района, об установлении его границ и границ муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №45-ОЗ от 9 апреля 2008 г «Об утверждении границы муниципального образования — Рязанский муниципальный район и границ муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №212–213 (без приложений), 14 октября 2004 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #74-OZ of October 7, 2004 On Granting the Municipal Formation of Ryazansky District the Status of a Municipal District, on Establishing Its Borders and the Borders of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #45-OZ of April 9, 2008 On Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation of Ryazansky Municipal Districts and the Borders of the Municipal Formations It Comprises. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Further reading
- "Riazan". Hand-book for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 1868.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Ryazan". The Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1910. OCLC 14782424.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
External links
- Template:Ru icon Official website of Ryazan
- Template:Ru icon Unofficial website of Ryazan
- Photos of Ryazan
- Template:Ru icon Photos of Ryazan
- The Uspensky cathedral (inside the Ryazan kremlin)
- Konstantinovo (motherland of the Sergei Yesenin) and other photos.
- Photos of historical part of Ryazan
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