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Saint George and the Dragon

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For other uses, see Saint George and the Dragon (disambiguation).
Saint George and the Dragon, by Mattia Preti (1678), in Gozo, Malta.
Saint George and the Dragon by Gustave Moreau, 1889/1890
St. George by Hans Acker, 1440

The episode Saint George and the Dragon appended to the hagiography of Saint George was Eastern in origin, brought back with the Crusaders and retold with the courtly appurtenances belonging to the genre of Romance.[1] The earliest known depictions of the motif are from 10th- or 11th-century Cappadocia[2] and 11th-century Georgia;[3] While the veneration of Saint George as a soldier saint goes back to the 7th century at least, the earliest known surviving narrative of the dragon episode is an 11th-century Georgian text.[4]

In Western tradition, the dragon was combined with the already standardised Passio Georgii in the second half of the 13th century, first in Vincent of Beauvais' encyclopedic Speculum Historiale and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (1260s), rising to great popularity as a literary and pictorial subject in the Late Middle Ages.[5] The legend gradually became part of the Christian traditions relating to Saint George and was used in many festivals thereafter.[6]

Legend

According to the Golden Legend, the narrative episode of Saint George and the Dragon took place somewhere he called "Silene", in Libya; the Golden Legend is the first to place this story in Libya as a sufficiently exotic locale, where a dragon might be found. In the tenth-century Georgian narrative, the place is the fictional city of Lasia, and the idolatrous emperor who rules the city is called Selinus.[7]

The town had a small lake with a plague-bearing dragon living in it and poisoning the countryside. To appease the dragon, the people of Silene fed it two sheep every day. When they ran out of sheep they started feeding it their children, chosen by lottery. One time the lot fell on the king's daughter.[8] The king, in his grief, told the people they could have all his gold and silver and half of his kingdom if his daughter were spared; the people refused. The daughter was sent out to the lake, dressed as a bride, to be fed to the dragon.[7]

Saint George by chance rode past the lake. The princess tried to send him away, but he vowed to remain. The dragon emerged from the lake while they were conversing. Saint George made the Sign of the Cross and charged it on horseback, seriously wounding it with his lance. He then called to the princess to throw him her girdle, and he put it around the dragon's neck. When she did so, the dragon followed the girl like a meek beast on a leash. The princess and Saint George led the dragon back to the city of Silene, where it terrified the populace. Saint George offered to kill the dragon if they consented to become Christians and be baptised. Fifteen thousand men including the king of Silene converted to Christianity. George then killed the dragon, and the body was carted out of the city on four ox-carts. The king built a church to the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint George on the site where the dragon died and a spring flowed from its altar with water that cured all disease.[9]

Iconography

Medieval iconography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Icons of Saint George and the Dragon.
Eastern

The oldest icons depicting the saint as a horseman killing the dragon date to the 12th century. Older (11th-century) icons from Georgia (Labechina, Ipari) show George as a horseman slaying a human enemy rather than a dragon. The motif becomes popular especially in Georgian and Russian tradition, but it is also found in Greek icons (where the earlier mode of depiction of George as a soldier on foot and without the dragon remains more common). The saint is depicted in the style of a Roman cavalryman in the tradition of the "Thracian Heros".

In Russian tradition, the icon is known as Чудо Георгия о змие, i.e. "the miracle of George and the dragon". The saint is mostly shown on a white horse, facing right, but sometimes also on a black horse, or facing left.[10] The princess is usually not included. Some icons show George killing the dragon on foot. Another motif shows George on horseback with the youth of Mytilene sitting behind him.

  • St George of Labechina (11th century), Racha, Georgia
    St George of Labechina (11th century), Racha, Georgia
  • Icon of St. George from Likhauri (Ozurgeti Municipality), Georgia (12th century?)
    Icon of St. George from Likhauri (Ozurgeti Municipality), Georgia (12th century?)
  • 12th century Byzantine depiction of St. George and the Dragon (steatite)
    12th century Byzantine depiction of St. George and the Dragon (steatite)
  • 14th-century icon from Novgorod
    14th-century icon from Novgorod
  • 14th-century icon from Rostov
    14th-century icon from Rostov
  • A 15th-century Georgian cloisonné enamel icon
    A 15th-century Georgian cloisonné enamel icon
  • 15th-century wooden sculpture from Rostov
    15th-century wooden sculpture from Rostov

Icons of Saint George killing the dragon on foot:

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint George and the Dragon in medieval miniature.
Western

The motif of St George as a knight on horseback slaying the dragon first appears in western art in the second half of the 13th century. The tradition of the saint's arms being shown as the red-on-white St. George's Cross develops in the 14th century.

  • Miniature from a Passio Sancti Georgii manuscript (Verona, second half of 13th century)
    Miniature from a Passio Sancti Georgii manuscript (Verona, second half of 13th century)
  • Miniature from a manuscript of Legenda Aurea, Paris, 1348.
    Miniature from a manuscript of Legenda Aurea, Paris, 1348.
  • Book of Hours (c. 1380?).
    Book of Hours (c. 1380?).
  • Miniature from a manuscript of Legenda Aurea, Paris, 1382.
    Miniature from a manuscript of Legenda Aurea, Paris, 1382.
  • De Grey Hours (c. 1400)
    De Grey Hours (c. 1400)

Renaissance

Early modern and modern art

Paintings

Sculptures

Mosaic

Engravings

Coats of arms

  • William Shakespeare refers to St. George and the Dragon in Richard III ( Advance our standards, set upon our foes Our ancient world of courage fair St. George Inspire us with the spleen of fiery dragons act V, sc. 3) also in King Lear (act I).
  • Edward Elgar, The Banner of St George: a ballad for chorus and orchestra, words by Shapcott Wensley, 1879.
  • A 17th-century broadside ballad paid homage to the feat of George's dragon slaying. Titled "St. George and the Dragon", the ballad considers the importance of St. George in relation to other heroes of epic and Romance, ultimately concluding that all other heroes and figures of epic or romance pale in comparison to the feats of George.[17]
  • The 1898 Dream Days by Kenneth Grahame includes a chapter entitled The Reluctant Dragon, in which an elderly St. George and a benign dragon stage a mock battle to satisfy the townsfolk and get the dragon introduced into society. Later made into a film by Walt Disney Productions, and set to music by John Rutter as a children's operetta.
  • In 1935 Stanley Holloway recorded a humorous retelling of the tale as St. George and the Dragon written by Weston and Lee.
  • The Dragon Knight, a series of books by Gordon R. Dickson, adopted this story as a past event into its canon, significant in that dragons had since referred to humans as 'georges.' The story of St. George and the Dragon is referred to on occasion, but never told. The first book in the series, The Dragon and the George, is a retelling of a previous short story by the same author, "St. Dragon and the George".
  • In the 1950s, Stan Freberg and Daws Butler wrote and performed St. George and the Dragon-Net (a spoof of the tale and of Dragnet) for Freberg's radio show. The story's recording became the first comedy album to sell over 1 million copies.
  • EC Comics published a comic called "By George!!" in Weird Fantasy #15 (1952). The story revealed that the 'dragon' was in fact a lost, misunderstood alien child who did not mean any harm.
  • The poem "Fairy Tale" by Yury Zhivago–the main character from Boris Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" (1957)–relates a modified account of this legend; Yury's poem differs in that it is nonreligious and makes no mention of the village.
  • The 1962 film The Magic Sword is loosely based on the legend.
  • The 1968 children's book The Iron Man, by Ted Hughes, is a contemporary re-telling of the myth in which nature (the dragon, named the 'space-bat-angel-dragon' in the book) and man eventually work together symbiotically, creating harmony on Earth after the eponymous Iron Man defeats the beast in a contest of endurance.
  • A 1975 episode of "Space: 1999" titled "Dragon's Domain" made reference to the legend of St. George and the Dragon. A crewman from the space station heroically kills a dragon-like creature after it has consumed other astronauts. The main character played by Barbara Bain eventually concludes that the crewman's story will create new mythology similar to the legend of St. George.
  • The 1981 Paramount Pictures/Disney film Dragonslayer was loosely based on the tale.[18]
  • The story was referenced on the cover of the 1983 album Confrontation (Bob Marley & The Wailers album) which shows a recently deceased Bob Marley in the place of Saint George.
  • Margaret Hodges retold the legend in a 1984 children's book (Saint George and the Dragon) with Caldecott Medal-winning illustrations by Trina Schart Hyman.
  • In Elizabeth Kostova's The Historian,[19] Saint George is chronicled as being the saint who killed Vlad Tepesh[20] (also known as Dracula, which means "son of the dragon" or "son of the devil").
  • In Graham McNeill's Horus Heresy novel Mechanicum, Book 9 of the Horus Heresy book series, the story is retold and St. George is revealed to be the future Emperor of Mankind.[21]
  • The animated series Ben 10: Ultimate Alien has Sir George, a thousand year old immortal who slays an extra-dimensional dragon called Diagon.
  • The Japanese Light Novel High School DxD Main Character Isse Hyoudou was gifted The Holy Sword of Saint George Ascalon.
  • In 2004, a made-for-TV movie was released, alternatively titled Dragon Sword or George and the Dragon, starring James Purefoy and Piper Perabo.
  • One of the stories in the AvP: Annual anthology comic book reveals that the dragon killed by St. George was actually an Alien, as the result of a crashed Predator spaceship.
  • In season 4 of AMC's/Netflix, The Killing, Det.Sarah Linden mentions to Joan Allen's character that the townspeople started feeding the dragon their children in desperate attempts at cessation after she sees a large portrait of St George and the Dragon hanging on the wall of the military Academy where she is seeking answers to a murdered family of one of the cadets.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Duncan Robertson, The Medieval Saints' Lives (1998), pp 51f. suggested that the dragon motif was transferred to the George legend from that of his father fellow soldier saint, Saint Theodore Tiro. The Roman Catholic writer Alban Butler (Lives of the Saints) was at pains to credit the motif as a late addition: "It should be noted, however, that the story of the dragon, though given so much prominence, was a later accretion, of which we have no sure traces before the twelfth century. This puts out of court the attempts made by many folklorists to present St. George as no more than a Christianized survival of pagan mythology." See also: 'To the Glory of St George' in: Ingersoll, Ernest, et al., (2013). The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
  2. ^ Walter 2003:128, noted by British Museum Russian Icon "The Miracle of St George and the Dragon / Black George".
  3. ^ Christopher Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition 2003:141, notes the earliest datable image, at Pavnisi, Georgia (1154–58)
  4. ^ Patriarchal Library, Jerusalem, codex 2, according to Christopher Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition 2003:140; Walter quotes the text at length, from a Russian translation.
  5. ^ Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire Continuum Publishing, 1993 ISBN 1-85285-073-6 page 272
  6. ^ Christian Roy, 2005, Traditional Festivals ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5 page 408; Dorothy Spicer, Festivals of Western Europe, (BiblioBazaar), 2008 ISBN 1-4375-2015-4, page 67
  7. ^ a b Quoted in Walter 2003:141.
  8. ^ The Book of Saints and Heroes by Mrs. Lang
  9. ^ Thus Jacobus de Voragine, in William Caxton's translation (On-line text).
  10. ^ notably the icon known as "Black George", showing the saint both on a black horse and facing left, made in Novgorod in the first half of the 15th century (BM 1986,0603.1)
  11. ^ [1] Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Nordisk familjebok. 1914.
  13. ^ [2] Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Burne-Jones, Sir Edward. "St. George and the Dragon". Olga's Gallery. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  15. ^ The Liberty Clock waymarking.com.
  16. ^ "Forecourt Statues of The State Library of Victoria". THE GARGAREAN. WordPress.com. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  17. ^ "New Ballad of St. George and the Dragon (EBBA 34079)". English Broadside Ballad Archive. National Library of Scotland - Crawford 1349: University of California at Santa Barbara, Department of English. Retrieved 31 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ^ No Land is an Urland- The Creation of the World of Dragonslayer by Danny Fingeroth from Dragonslayer- The Official Marvel Comics Adaptation of the Spectacular Paramount/Disney Motion Picture!, Marvel Super Special Vol.1, No. 20, published by Marvel Comics Group, 1981
  19. ^ The Historian
  20. ^ Vlad tepes
  21. ^ McNeill, Graham (2008). Mechanicum: war comes to Mars (print). Horus Heresy [book series]. Vol. 9. Cover art & illustration by Neil Roberts; map by Adrian Wood (1st UK ed.). Nottingham, UK: Black Library. pp. 212–215, 360–364. ISBN 978-1-84416-664-0. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

References

  • Loomis, C. Grant, 1949. White Magic, An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend (Cambridge: Medieval Society of America)
  • Whatley, E. Gordon, editor, with Anne B. Thompson and Robert K. Upchurch, 2004. St. George and the Dragon in the South English Legendary (East Midland Revision, c. 1400) Originally published in Saints' Lives in Middle English Collections (on-line text: Introduction).
  • Catholic Encyclopedia, "Saint George"
  • (Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications) (On-line Introduction)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint George and the Dragon.
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