Siege of Gaza (332 BC)
| Siege of Gaza | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Macedon Hellenic League |
Achaemenid Empire Arab mercenaries[1] | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Alexander the Great (WIA) Hephaestion |
Batis  | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 45,000 | 15,000[2] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown, but fewer | 11,000[2] | ||||||||
  Gaza Location of the siege in Western Asia | |||||||||
820miles
The siege of Gaza, as part of the Wars of Alexander the Great, took place in October of 332 BC. Resulting in a victory for Macedon, it ended the 31st Dynasty of Egypt, which functioned as a satrapy under the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
Alexander succeeded in breaching the walls of Gaza by utilizing the engines that he had employed earlier that year, during the siege of Tyre brought by Hephaestion.[3] Following three unsuccessful assaults, the Macedonian army was able to storm and take the Gazan stronghold.[4]
Batis, the military commander of Gaza's fortress,[5] expected to hold the city as well as the rest of Egypt in complete subjection until the raising of another army by Persian king Darius III; confronting Alexander at Gaza was crucial to denying the Macedonians a route into the Egyptian mainland.[6] The fortress was located on an eminence, on the edge of a desert from which the surrounding area could be easily controlled, including the main road from Assyria to Egypt. The city, over 18 metres (60 ft) high, was traditionally employed to control the surrounding area, which, even then, was a hotbed of dissent.[6] Batis was aware that Alexander was leading his army southward after successfully conquering Tyre, and therefore provisioned Gaza for a long siege by the Macedonian army.[6] It is also likely that he was aware of Alexander's intention to secure absolute control over the Mediterranean coast before mounting an invasion of the Persian mainland.
Siege
[edit]Upon arriving, Alexander camped near the southern side of the city and deemed the southern walls as the weakest.[7] It is alleged that the mounds were built quickly, despite the engineers' belief they could not be completed due to the nature of Gaza's fortifications.[8]
One day during the siege, the Gazans made a sortie against enemy siege equipment constructed on site, and Alexander led his shield bearing guards into counterattack.[3] Alexander's shoulder was injured in the attempt.[8] According to Arrian, the rest of the mound was completed shortly after, around the whole of Gaza.[8] At some undefined period after this, the siege equipment from Tyre arrived, and was put into use also. It was after this that major sections of the wall were broken by the Macedonians.[8] After three attempts to enter the city, the Macedonians finally entered the city. The Gazans fought bitterly; at one point, an Arab mercenary pretended to surrender and after being taken to the Macedonian camp, attacked Alexander who suffered a minor injury before the Arab was struck down.[1]
Consequences of the siege
[edit]Batis refused to surrender to Alexander.[9] When Gaza was taken, the male population was put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery.[10]
According to the Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus,[11] Batis was killed by Alexander in imitation of Achilles' treatment of the fallen Hector:[12] A rope was forced through Batis's ankles, probably between the ankle bone and the Achilles tendon, and Batis was dragged alive by chariot beneath the walls of the city until he died.[11] Alexander, who admired courage in his enemies and might have been inclined to show mercy to the brave Persian general, was infuriated at Batis's refusal to kneel and by the enemy commander's haughty silence and contemptuous manner.[13][14]
As a result of the siege, Alexander was allowed to proceed south into Egypt securely, without his line of communications being threatened from the North by Batis from Gaza.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Graf, David Franck (1 January 2003). Sartre, Maurice (ed.). "Arabs in Syria: Demography and epigraphy". Topoi. La Syrie hellénistique. 13 (Suppl. 4). Lyon, France: Société des Amis de la bibliothèque Salomon-Reinach/Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux (Fédération de recherche sur les sociétés anciennes): 310–340. ISSN 2496-7114 – via Persée.
- ^ a b Engels, Donald W. (1980) [1978]. "3. Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, and Iraq". Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 54–70. ISBN 9780520042728. LCCN 76-52025 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Arrian of Nicomedia 1884, pp. 136, XXVI. Siege of Gaza.
- ^ "Leaders and Battles: Gaza, Siege of". Leaders and Battles Database. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ Aharoni, Yonahan (2006) [2003]. "1. Ancient Times (E. The Hellenistic Period)". In Ahituv, Shmuel; Ball, Barbara Laurel (eds.). The Jewish People: An Illustrated History. New York City, United States: Continuum. p. 57. ISBN 9780826418869 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c Dodge 1996, pp. 343–352, XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331.
- ^ Dodge 1996, pp. 344, XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331.
- ^ a b c d Dodge 1996, pp. 345, XXV. Gaza and Egypt. September, B.C. 332, to Spring B.C. 331.
- ^ Arrian of Nicomedia 1884, pp. 134–135, XXV. The offers of Darius rejected—Batis, Governor of Gaza, refuses to Submit.
- ^ Arrian of Nicomedia 1884, pp. 137, XXVII. Capture of Gaza.
- ^ a b Rufus 1714, p. 211, Chapter VI.
- ^ Hamilton, J.R. (1 October 1988). Paschoud, François; Raaflaub, Kurt; Temporini, Hildegard; Walser, Gerold (eds.). "The Date of Quintus Curtius Rufus". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 37 (4). Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH: 445–456. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436073.
- ^ Tumans, Harrijs (2019). Yu, Andrey; Beousov, Mikhail S. (eds.). "Alexander the Great and Three Examples of Upholding Mythological Tradition". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History. 64 (4). St. Petersburg, Russia: St. Petersburg State University Academic Press: 1301–1316. doi:10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.409. ISSN 1812-9323. S2CID 214090309 – via DSpace at Saint Petersburg State University.
- ^ Rufus 1714, p. 214, Chapter VI.
External links
[edit]- Arrian; Chinnock, E.J. (tr) (1884). The Anabasis of Alexander II. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 136–139.
- Rufus, Quintus Curtius; et al. (Foreword by Johann Freinsheim) (1714). Histories of Alexander the Great. Vol. I. Translated by John Digby. London, United Kingdom: W.B. for Bernard Lintott – via Archive.org.
- Arrian of Nicomedia (1884). The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. Translated by E.J. Chinnock. London, United Kingdom: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 9234773 – via Archive.org.
- Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1996) [1890]. Alexander: A History of the Origin and Growth of the Art of War from the Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301, with a Detailed Account of the Campaigns of the Great Macedonian. Vol. 1. New York City, United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306806908. LCCN 95045156 – via Archive.org.
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