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Sirte

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This article is about the city in Libya. For other uses, see Sirte (disambiguation).

Sirte
سرت
Mathābah al-Madīnah, Assembly building, in Sirte (2007)
Mathābah al-Madīnah, Assembly building, in Sirte (2007)
Country Libya
RegionTripolitania
DistrictSirte
Occupation Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Elevation
28 m (92 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • Total
79,631
 [1]
Time zoneUTC+02:00
A square in Sirte (2007)

Sirte (/ˈsɜːrt/; Template:Lang-ar, pronunciationⓘ; from Template:Lang-grc), also spelled Sirt, Surt, Sert or Syrte, is a city in Libya. It is on the south coast of the Gulf of Sidra (ancient Syrtis Major, from which Sirte's name is derived). Sirte lies halfway between Tripoli and Benghazi. The settlement was established in the early 20th century by the Italians, at the site of a 19th-century fortress built by the Ottomans. It grew into a city after World War II.

As the birthplace of Muammar Gaddafi, Sirte was favoured by the Gaddafi government.[citation needed] The city was the final major stronghold of Gaddafi loyalists in the Libyan Civil War and Gaddafi was killed there by rebel forces on 20 October 2011. During the battle, Sirte was left almost completely in ruins, with many buildings totally destroyed or damaged.[2] Six months after the civil war, almost 60,000 inhabitants, more than 70 percent of pre-war population, had returned.[3]

As of 16 February 2015, the terrorist organization ISIL controls the city.[4]

History

Early history

Sirte is built near the site of the ancient Phoenician city of Macomedes-Euphranta,[5] which was an important link on the road along the Mediterranean Sea littoral. The region had no recognized administrative centre and was infested for centuries by bandits. In Classical times, the coast was "proverbially dangerous to shipping",[6] called "inhospita Syrtis" in Virgil's Aeneid.[7] John Milton's Paradise Lost Book 2 lines 939-940 speaks of "a boggy Syrtis, neither sea/Nor good dry land". Note: this section is incomplete.

Modern history

In 1842 the Ottomans built a fortress at Marsat al Zaafran ("saffron harbour") which became known as Qasr al Zaafran ("saffron castle"), and later as Qasr Sert. The fortress was built under sultan Abdülmecid I as part of the restoration of Ottoman control over Tripolitania after the fall of the Karamanli dynasty. It was around this fortification, which was taken over and repaired by the Italians in 1912, that the settlement of Sirte grew up.[8]

Sirte served as an administrative centre under Italian rule.[9] During the North African Campaign of the Second World War there were no noteworthy events in this location, which was characterised at the time as "a shabby little Arab village of mud huts, clustered on the banks of a foul-smelling stream."[10]

The village grew into a prominent town after the Second World War for two reasons – the discovery and exploitation of oil nearby and the birth of Muammar Gaddafi in 1942 in a tent at Qasr Abu Hadi, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Sirte. He was sent to the primary school at Sirte at the age of ten.[11]

Gaddafi era

After seizing power in 1969, Gaddafi transformed Sirte into a showcase of his self-proclaimed revolution, carrying out an extensive programme of public works to expand the former village into a small city. After 1988, most government departments and the Libyan parliament were relocated from Tripoli to Sirte, although Tripoli remained formally the capital of the country.[12] Al-Tahadi University was established in 1991.

In 1999, Gaddafi proposed the idea of creating a "United States of Africa" with Sirte as its administrative centre. Ambitious plans to build a new international airport and seaport were announced in 2007.[13]

In 1999, the Sirte Declaration was signed in the city by the Organisation of African Unity in a conference that was hosted by Gaddafi. In 2007 he also hosted talks in Sirte to broker a peace agreement between the government of Sudan and warring factions in Darfur.[14]

In 2008, China Railway Construction Corporation won a $2.6 billion bid in Libya to build a west-to-east coastal railway 352 km (219 mi) from Khoms to Sirte and a south-to-west railway 800 km (500 mi) long for iron ore transport from the southern city Sabha to Misrata.[15]

Libyan civil war

Further information: 2011 Libyan civil war, Libyan rebel advance on Sirte, and Battle of Sirte (2011)

On 5 March 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces said they were preparing to capture the city.[16] However, on 6 March, the rebel advance was stopped during the Battle of Bin Jawad before reaching Sirte. Government forces launched a counter-offensive that recaptured Ra's Lanuf[17][18] and continued to advance as far as the outskirts of the de facto rebel capital of Benghazi. Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, several Western and Arab countries then intervened with air and missile strikes, which turned the tide again in favour of the rebels. On 28 March, Al Jazeera reported that Sirte had been claimed to be taken by rebel forces overnight with little resistance,[19] but other news organisations later reported that rebels and Gaddafi forces were fighting on the road between Bin Jawad and Sirte.[20] By 30 March, Gaddafi loyalists had forced the rebels out of Bin Jawad and Ra's Lanuf and once again removed the immediate threat of an attack on Sirte.[21]

In August, the city faced a more severe threat from the rebels as the loyalist position deteriorated rapidly, with rebels making gains on multiple fronts. As Tripoli came under attack, other rebel forces based in Benghazi broke the military stalemate in the eastern desert, taking Brega and Ra's Lanuf. At the same time, rebels in Misrata pushed eastward along the coast towards Sirte, which then faced a pincer movement from the rebels on two fronts.[22] On 24 August, rebel units were reported as being 56 km (35 mi) from the city.[23] On 27 August, Bin Jawad – about 150 km east – was once again recaptured by the rebels. It was also reported that the National Transitional Council were in negotiations with tribal figures from the city for it to surrender to rebel forces.[24]

In a radio address on 1 September 2011, Gaddafi declared Sirte the new capital of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, replacing the former capital Tripoli, which had been captured by rebels.[25]

Anti-Gaddafi forces surrounded the city during September 2011 and began a long, difficult battle there, hoping to bring the war to an end. On 20 October, after suffering massive casualties during a siege that lasted over a month, NTC fighters mounted a major offensive and took control of the last remaining district of Sirte, "Number Two", that was in the hands of regime loyalists. Muammar Gaddafi attempted to flee the city, but he was injured and captured by fighters. He was killed in custody less than an hour later.[26]

Sirte was left heavily damaged by a month of intense fighting, which was preceded by NATO airstrikes throughout the war.[27] Many homes were ransacked and looted by fighters, angering residents including those loyal to Gaddafi and those sympathetic to the revolution.[28] Many streets and buildings also experienced flooding as water mains were destroyed, though it was unclear by which side.[29] Landmarks like the Ouagadougou Conference Center, which became an impromptu fortress for the city's defenders during the battle, were ruined by artillery fire and blasts. A number of Libyan residents and fighters described the city as unrecognisable after weeks of siege.[30]

After the civil war

In April 2012, almost six months after the civil war, more than 70 percent of the inhabitants had returned to Sirte. Although rebuilding of the city started, unexploded ordnance still posed a great risk to civilians.[3] In February 2012, some local residents said they felt abandoned by the National Transitional Council, but the new government has promised to rebuild the city and Deputy Prime Minister Mustafa Abushagur insists this will happen.[31] During the widespread chaos that followed the revolution, loyalists to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant managed to settle in the port city of Derna and, in February 2015, launched an attack that managed to seize Sirte.[4]

Attempted citizen rebellion against ISIL forces

On 13 August 2015, Sirte citizens took up arms against ISIL forces in the city in an attempt to push them back over the city boundaries. The attempt ended in failure. ISIL forces surrounded the location of the rebellion, in Sirte's 'Number Three' neighbourhood and shelled it with heavy weaponry. The Council of Deputies in Tobruk then called on surrounding Arab states to conduct air strikes on the city. The Arab League accepted there was a possibility of air strikes being conducted.[32][33]

See also

References

  1. ^ "World Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 16 December 2012.
  2. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20111224002556/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2011/10/16/1866950/sirte-libya-gadhafis-hometown.html. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Dobbs, L. (16 April 2012). Libya: Displaced Return to Rebuild Gaddafi's Hometown - Face Needs? allAfrica. Accessed 22 April 2012
  4. ^ a b "Libia nel caos, l'Isis conquista Sirte «Minaccia a pochi km dall'Italia»" (in Italian). corriere.it. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  5. ^ Wallace, Jonathan; Wilkinson, Bill. Doing business with Libya, p. 197. Kogan Page Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7494-3992-7
  6. ^ P. G. W. Glare (1982). "Syrtis". Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 1897. ISBN 0-19-864224-5.
  7. ^ Book IV, line 41
  8. ^ Goodchild, Richard George. Libyan studies: select papers of the late R. G. Goodchild, p. 136. P. Elek, 1976. ISBN 978-0-236-17680-9
  9. ^ Ham, Anthony. Libya, p. 121. Lonely Planet, 2007. ISBN 978-1-74059-493-6
  10. ^ Barker, A.J. Afrika Korps, p. 16. Bison Books, 1978
  11. ^ Simons, Geoffrey Leslie. Libya: the struggle for survival, p. 170. Palgrave Macmillan, 1993. ISBN 978-0-312-08997-9
  12. ^ "Libya". Europa World Year 2004 Volume II, p. 2651. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8
  13. ^ The Report: Libya 2008, p. 73. Oxford Business Group, 2008. ISBN 978-1-902339-11-5
  14. ^ "Struggle to salvage Darfur talks". BBC News. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  15. ^ China Railway Construction Corporation website
  16. ^ Tomasevic, Goran (5 March 2011). "In disorganized surge, Libya's rebels push west along shifting front line". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  17. ^ "Rebel forces retreat from Ras Lanuf". Al Jazeera. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  18. ^ "Rebel push stalls outside Ras Lanuf". Al Jazeera. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  19. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPpCJkCA_VI
  20. ^ "Libya: Rebels battle for road to Gaddafi hometown Sirte". BBC News. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  21. ^ "Libya: Gaddafi's fighters force rebel retreat". BBC News. 30 March 2011.
  22. ^ Erdbrink, Thomas; Sly, Liz (23 August 2011). "Libyan rebels storm Gaddafi compound in Tripoli". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  23. ^ Stephen, Christopher (24 August 2011). "Libyan rebels advance on Gaddafi's home town". The Guardian. www.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  24. ^ "Libya rebels in "fierce" fight for Sabha--spokesman". Reuters. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  25. ^ "From voice said to be Gadhafi, a defiant message to his foes". CNN. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  26. ^ "Muammar Gaddafi killed as Sirte falls". Al Jazeera English. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  27. ^ "Gaddafi's final stronghold falls: Libyan forces conquer Sirte". The Daily Telegraph. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  28. ^ "Sirte fighter indignant at level of city's destruction". The Daily Star. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  29. ^ Peachey, Paul (14 October 2011). "Through hell and high water: final push in battle for Sirte". The Independent. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  30. ^ "Gaddafi's dream in ruins". News24. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  31. ^ Head, J. (9 February 2012). Should Libya rebuild Gaddafi hometown of Sirte? BBC News. Accessed 17 February 2012
  32. ^ Al Jazeera. (17 August 2015). ISIL 'brutally' quells rebellion in Libya's Sirte Al Jazeera. Accessed 17 August 2015
  33. ^ Chris Stephen (6 December 2015). "Warplanes in Libyan skies may signal next major battle in fight to contain Islamic State". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sirte.
  • Sirte travel guide from Wikivoyage
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