Terukkuttu
Terukkuttu is a Tamil street theatre form practised in Tamil Nadu state of India and Tamil-speaking regions of Sri Lanka.[1] Terukuttu is a form of entertainment, a ritual, and a medium of social instruction.[2] The terukkuttu plays various themes. One theme is from the Tamil language versions of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, focusing on the character Draupadi.[3] The terms Terukkuttu and Kattaikkuttu are often used interchangeably in the modern times; however, historically the two terms appear to have distinguished, at least in certain villages, between two different kinds of performance: while Terukkuttu referred to mobile performances in a procession, Kattaikkuttu denotes overnight, narrative performances at a fixed performance space.[4]
History
[edit]The term terukkuttu is derived from the Tamil words Teru ("street") and Kuttu ("theatre").[5] The word "Kattaikkuttu" is derived from the name of special ornaments known as kattai (or kattai camankal).
The writer M. Shanmugam Pillai has compared terukkuttu to the Tamil epic Silappatikaram, calling Silappatikaram a proto-form of terukkuttu. The Silappatikaram story is still performed by the terukkuttu actors, the terukkuttu drama commences and ends in a manner similar to the commencement and end of each canto in the epic, and the actors sing and converse in verse interspersed with prose, the prose coming after the verse as its explanation. Both Silappatikaram and terukkuttu are centered around the chastity and moral power of women as cherished values.[2]
However, historically, the terukkuttu is not more than two to three centuries old.[2] The researcher Richard A. Frasca wrote that certain of his performer-informants believed that the terukkuttu originally emanated from the Gingee area.[6] It spread from South India to Sri Lanka, and became popular in Jaffna and Batticaloa. The early Sinhala Nadagam (open-air drama) closely followed Terukuttu plays in presentation and in style.[7] The Jesuit priests in Jaffna also presented Catholic plays from the Portuguese tradition in Terukuttu style.[8]
Many scholars note the similarity between terukkuttu and other neighbouring regional drama forms, such as Yakshagana and Kathakali.[9] However, unlike Kathakali, terukkuttu is less codified, and is generally considered a folk art rather than a classical art form.[10] In recent times, some terukkuttu groups have also started operating as professional troupes.[11]
Theme
[edit]Many terukuttu performances center around the enactment of Mahabharata story, with emphasis on the role of Draupadi. Terukkuttu plays on Ramayana are performed at Mariyamman festivals, and some of the plays also involve local deities.[9]
The terukkuttu plays form part of ritual celebrations including the twenty-one day temple festival starting in Chittirai, the first month of the Tamil calendar.[2] The terukkuttu performances begin in the middle of the festival, and continue till the morning of the penultimate day.
The core themes of the terukuttu plays include:
- Draupadi Kalyanam (The marriage of Draupadi)
- Supattirai Kalyanam (The marriage of Subhadra)
- Alli Arjunan (The Marriage of Arjuna with Alli)
- Pancal Capatam (The Vow of Draupadi)
- Arjunan Tapam (Arjuna's tapas)
- Krishnan Titu (The mission of Krishna)
- Abhimanyu Cantai (The defeat of Abhimanyu)
- Karna Mokshayam (The defeat of Karna)
- Patinettam Por (The Battle of the Eighteenth Day)
- Aravan kalappali ("Sacrifice of Aravan in the Battlefield")[12]
Style
[edit]The terukkuttu plays are a combination of song, music, dance and drama along with "clever stage tricks".[13] The actors wear colorful costumes. The musical instruments used by the terukkuttu musicians include harmonium, drums, a mukhavinai (an instrument similar to oboe), and cymbals.
An acting arena is marked at courtyard of a temple, open ground or any other convenient site and people squat on the three sides of the rectangular arena. The chorus of singers and the musicians occupy the place on the rear side of the stage, and the actors use the front side. Two persons holding a curtain enter the arena, with an actor in the guise of Ganesha, the elephant-headed Hindu god. The chorus begins an invocation to Ganesha, and prayers are also offered to many other deities. The actor playing Ganesha now moves out of the arena, and Kattiyakkaran (jester and sutradhara i.e. the narrator) appears on the stage. Kattiyakkaran relates the story of the play to be performed and introduces the characters. Sometimes, the characters introduce themselves. Kattiyakkaran links the scenes, provides context to the happenings on the stage and also jests in between the scenes. The actors sing themselves, supported by the chorus.
The text of a terukkuttu play is a series of songs related by a theme. Each song is rendered in a raga, structured in form of a classical song. It is preceded by viruttam, chanting of four-line verses in the same raga as the song.[14] After the song, an actor delivers a speech based on it.
The French theater group, Théâtre du Soleil, used elements of Terukuttu, including the two stories The Vow of Draupadi, and The defeat of Karna in their play, A Room in India.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ Sarachchandra, Ediriweera R. (1966). The Folk Drama of Ceylon. Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs, Ceylon. p. 116. OCLC 63859810.
- ^ a b c d Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1990) [1987]. History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. pp. 39–44. ISBN 978-81-7017-278-9. OCLC 18270064.
- ^ Srinivas, Smriti (2004) [2001]. Landscapes of Urban Memory. Orient Longman. p. 23. ISBN 81-250-2254-6. OCLC 46353272.
- ^ Bruin, Hanne M de (1999). Kattaikkuttu: The flexibility of a south Indian theatre tradition. E. Forsten. pp. 85–99. ISBN 978-90-6980-103-2. OCLC 42312297.
- ^ Barfoot, C.C. (1993). Theatre Intercontinental: Forms, Functions, Correspondences. Rodopi. p. 116. ISBN 90-5183-575-2. OCLC 29909259.
- ^ Frasca, Richard Armando (1984). The Terukkūttu : ritual theater of Tamilnadu (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 140. OCLC 13876271.
- ^ W. T. A. Leslie Fernando (24 December 2003). "Daily Mirror". Archived from the original on 23 March 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ W. T. A. Leslie Fernando. "Did Sinhala drama originate in Christmas?". Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ a b Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988). The Cult of Draupadi: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kuruksetra. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 146–149. ISBN 978-0-226-34046-3. OCLC 18739841.
- ^ Richmond, Farley P.; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993) [1990]. Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8248-1322-2. OCLC 20594132.
- ^ "From Street Theater to Kattaikuttu". 4 November 1999. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ [1] Symbol of sacrifice: Online edition of The Hindu, 17 August 2001
- ^ a b Green, Jesse (6 December 2017). "Review: 'A Room in India' Overflows With Astonishing Visions". The New York Times.
- ^ edited by Stanley Sadie. (1980). "Introduction to Indian Music: Folk Music". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-174-9.
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Further reading
[edit]- Frasca, Richard Armando (1990). Theatre of the Mahabharata: terukkuttu Performances in South India. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1290-4. OCLC 21147946.
- Gentes, Mary Josephine (1987). Hinduism through village dance drama : narrative image and ritual process in South India's terukkuttu and Yaksagana ritual theaters (Ph.D. thesis). University of Virginia. OCLC 20052719.
- Frasca, Richard Armando (1998). "The Dice Game and the Disrobing (Pakatai Tuyil): A terukkuttu Performance". Asian Theatre Journal. 15 (1). University of Hawai'i Press: 1–44. doi:10.2307/1124097. JSTOR 1124097.
- Bruin, Hanne M de (1999). Kattaikkuttu: The flexibility of a south Indian theatre tradition. E. Forsten. ISBN 978-90-6980-103-2. OCLC 42312297.
- Shivaprakash, H S (2007). "Regional theatres (ix. Terukuttu)". Traditional theatres. Wisdom Tree. ISBN 978-81-8328-075-4. OCLC 85833550.
External links
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