The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations

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Guillaume Apollinaire, Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations), published by Eugène Figuière Éditeurs, Collection "Tous les Arts", Paris, 1913 (cover)

Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (English, The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations), is a book written by Guillaume Apollinaire between 1905 and 1912, published in 1913. This was the third major text on Cubism; following Du "Cubisme" by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger (1912);[1][2] and André Salmon, Histoire anecdotique du cubisme (1912).[3][4][5]

Marie Laurencin, 1909, Réunion à la campagne (Apollinaire et ses amis), oil on canvas, 130 x 194 cm, Musée Picasso, Paris
Georges Braque, 1908, Le Viaduc de L'Estaque (Viaduct at L'Estaque), oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm, private collection
Pablo Picasso, 1909, Brick Factory at Tortosa (L'Usine, Horta de Ebro), oil on canvas, 50.7 x 60.2 cm, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
Jean Metzinger, 1910, Nu à la cheminée (Nude), dimensions and whereabouts unknown
Jean Metzinger, Le goûter (Tea Time), 1911, 75.9 x 70.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Also reproduced in Du "Cubisme" (1912)
Georges Braque, 1911, Nature Morte (The Pedestal Table), oil on canvas, 116.5 x 81.5 cm, Georges Pompidou Center, Paris
Jean Metzinger, 1911-1912, La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse), oil on canvas, 162 x 130 cm, Statens Museum for Kunst, Denmark
Albert Gleizes, 1912, l'Homme au Balcon, Man on a Balcony (Portrait of Dr. Théo Morinaud), oil on canvas, 195.6 x 114.9 cm (77 x 45 1/4 in.), Philadelphia Museum of Art
Marcel Duchamp, 1912, Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, oil on canvas, 147 cm × 89.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art
Fernand Léger, La Femme en Bleu (Woman in Blue), 1912, oil on canvas, 193 x 129.9 cm, Kunstmuseum Basel
Juan Gris, 1912, Man in a Café, oil on canvas, 127.6 x 88.3 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Only the upper half of this painting was reproduced in Les Peintres Cubistes

Les Peintres Cubistes is illustrated with black and white photographs of works by Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Marie Laurencin, Fernand Léger, Francis Picabia, Marcel Duchamp and Raymond Duchamp-Villon.[6] Also reproduced are photographs of artists Metzinger, Gleizes, Gris, Picabia and Duchamp. In total, there are 46 halftone portraits and reproductions,[6] all of which are reproduced in this article (in color when possible).

Published by Eugène Figuière Éditeurs, Collection "Tous les Arts", Paris, 1913, Les Peintres Cubistes was the only independent volume of art criticism published by Apollinaire, and represented a highly original critical source on Cubism.[7] He elucidates the history of the Cubist movement, its new aesthetic, its origins, its development, and its various features.[8]

Apollinaire first intended this book to be a general collection of his writings on art entitled Méditations Esthétiques rather than specifically on Cubism. In the fall of 1912 he revised the page proofs to include more material on the Cubist painters, adding the subtitle, Les Peintres Cubistes. When the book went to press, the original title was enclosed in brackets and reduced in size, while the subtitle Les Peintres Cubistes was enlarged, dominating the cover. Yet Les Peintres Cubistes appears only on the half t.p. and t.p. pages, while every other page has the title Méditations Esthétiques, suggesting the modification was made so late that only the title pages were reprinted.[7][6][9]

A portion of the text was translated into English and published with several images from the original book in The Little Review: Quarterly Journal of Art and Letters, New York, Autumn 1922.[10][11]

Author

Guillaume Apollinaire, a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic, served as a decisive interface between artists and poets of the early 20th century, joining the visual arts and literary circles.[7] Italian by birth, Polish by name (Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki), Parisian by choice, Apollinaire was a leading figure in early modernist poetry, a permutable figure whose work echoed the Symbolists, the Cubists and foresaw the Surrealists.

As an active figure in well-established literary journals from 1902 to his death in 1918, Apollinaire played a crucial role in the development of early modernism by founding his own artistic journals, by supporting galleries and exhibitions, as a collector of avant-garde art, and as an impassioned supporter of a divers group of emerging artists.[7] His pervasive influence on these artists is exemplified by a multitude of portraits of Apollinaire painted by artists such as Henri Rousseau, Pablo Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Louis Marcoussis, Amedeo Modigliani, Marie Laurencin, Marcel Duchamp, Maurice de Vlaminck, Giorgio de Chirico and Mikhail Larionov.[7][12]

"Apollinaire, like Baudelaire", writes Pamela A. Genova, "was a self-taught art critic, and he began his art theory naïve to the technical terminology and to the conventional precepts of the filed. His work was spontaneous, impetuous, and ahead of its time, and like many avant-garde pioneers, he was often misunderstood, underestimated, or disregarded. Yet for one who began as a novice in the appreciation, analysis, and promotion of painting, the accuracy of Apollinaire's taste is uncanny, for his favorite painters [for example the artists he includes in Les Peintres Cubistes] are now considered among the most influential artists of the century".[7]

As a close friend of all the Cubists, and Marie Laurencin's lover, Apollinaire witnessed the development of Cubism firsthand. He was in close contact with Le Bateau-Lavoir and its habitués—including Max Jacob, Maurice Princet, Picasso, Braque and Metzinger. He was also in close contact with the Groupe de Puteaux (or Section d'Or), based in the western suburbs of Paris—including the Duchamp brothers, Gleizes, Picabia and again Metzinger (who associated with both groups early on).

Apollinaire coined several important terms of the avant-garde, such as Orphism (at the Salon de la Section d'Or in 1912)[13] and Surrealism (concerning the ballet Parade in 1917),[14][15] and was the first to adopt the term "Cubism" on behalf of his fellow artists (at the 1911 Salon des Indépendants, Brussels),[16][17][18] and wrote about related movements such as Fauvism, Futurism, and Simultanism.[7] But his most compellingly original stance can be found in Les Peintres Cubistes; in his analysis of the new art movement: "The new artists demand an ideal beauty, which will be, not merely the proud expression of the species, but the expression of the universe, to the degree that is has been humanized by light." (Les Peintres Cubistes, p. 18)[7]

Volume

Guillaume Apollinaire's only book on art, The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations is an unsystematic collection of reflections and commentaries.[19] It was written between 1905 and 1912, and ultimately published in 1913. Composed of two parts, the volume demonstrates the poetic vision of Apollinaire. The first part, On Painting (Sur la peinture), is a manifesto for the new art form, consisting of seven chapters (22 pages), of which much of the text was written in 1912 and published in Les Soirées de Paris the same year.[20][21][22]

The second and larger section of the book (53 pages), under the heading "New Painters" (Peintres nouveaux), analyzes the work of ten artists most representative of the movement in the following order: Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes, Laurencin, Gris, Léger, Picabia, Duchamp, and in the Appendix, Duchamp-Villon. In the section on Marie Laurencin, Apollinaire included a text a Henri Rousseau, first published in a review of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants (L'Intransigéant, 10 April 1911).[22]

Included are four reproductions of the works by each artist (with the exception of Rousseau), and photographs of Metzinger, Gleizes, Gris, Picabia, and Duchamp.[6][22]

A landmark in the history of art criticism, this essay synthesizes the aesthetic preoccupations of not just the Cubists, but of Apollinaire himself. The volume is valued today as a work of reference and a vintage example of creative modernist writing.[23][24]

This was the third attempt to define the new pictorial trend burgeoning during the years before the First World War, following Du "Cubisme" by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, 1912,[1][2] and André Salmon, Histoire anecdotique du cubisme (Anecdotal History of Cubism), 1912.[3][4][5]

In his analysis of the new art movement, Apollinaire makes a distinction between four distinct types of Cubism;[7] scientific, physical, orphic and instinctive. The first, Scientific Cubism, is the art of painting new ensembles with elements borrowed not from the reality of vision, but from the reality of knowledge. It is the tendency of 'pure' painting. The painters Apollinaire places in this category are: Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes, Laurencin and Gris.[22]

The second, Physical Cubism, is the discipline of constructing painting with elements borrowed mostly from the reality of vision. Its social role is well marked, but it is not a pure art. The 'physicist' who created this trend is Le Fauconnier.[22]

Orphic Cubism is the art of painting with elements borrowed not from visual reality, but entirely created by the artist and endowed by him with a powerful reality. The works of the Orphic artists simultaneously present a pure aesthetic pleasure, a construction to the senses and a sublime meaning. This is pure art, according to Apollinaire, that includes the work of R. Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and M. Duchamp.[22]

Instinctive Cubism is, according to Apollinaire, the art of painting elements borrowed not from visual reality, but suggestive of the artist's instinct and intuition. Instinctive Cubism includes a very large number of artists. Derived from French Impressionism, the movement spans ("is spreading") across all of Europe.[22]

The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from Du "Cubisme" and Apollinaire's Les Peintres Cubistes.[25] It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered exclusively on the developments of Picasso, Braque, Léger, and Gris.[2][25] The terms "Analytical Cubism" and "Synthetic Cubism" which subsequently emerged (overshadowing Apollinaire's classification scheme) have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. However, both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify.[2] Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. "If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque," wrote Daniel Robbins, "our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition."[2][25] This interpretation of Cubism, formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, is difficult to apply to other Cubist's whose art fundamentally differed from the 'Analytic' or 'Synthetic' categories, compelled Kahnweiler to question their right to be called Cubists at all. According to Robbins, "To suggest that merely because these artists developed differently or varied from the traditional pattern they deserved to be relegated to a secondary or satellite role in Cubism is a profound mistake."[2][25]

Other terms have surfaced since. In his book,The Cubist Epoch, Douglas Cooper divides Cubism into three phases: "Early Cubism" (from 1906 to 1908), when the movement was initially developed in the ateliers of Picasso and Braque; "High Cubism" (from 1909 to 1914), during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921), the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement.[26] Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris and Léger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement, according to Christopher Green.[19]

The current trend in the classification Cubist styles reflects Apollinaire's wider view of the movement, more so than others. Cubism is once again no longer definitively attached the art of a specific group or even a movement. It embraces vastly disparate work; applying to artists in different socio-cultural environments and settings. And despite the difficulties of classification, Cubism, as predicted by Apollinaire in 1913, has been called the first and the most influential of all movements in 20th-century art.[19]

On Painting

The plastic virtues: purity, unity, and truth, keep nature in subjection.
The new artists have been violently attacked for their preoccupation with geometry. Yet geometrical figures are the essence of drawing. Geometry, the science of space, its dimensions and relations, has always determined the norms and rules of painting.

Before Cubism, the three dimensions of Euclidian geometry had been sufficient for artists. But according to Apollinaire, "geometry is to the plastic arts what grammar is to the art of the writer". Artists, just as scientists, no longer had to limit themselves to three spatial dimensions. They were guided by intuition, to preoccupy themselves with the new possibilities of spatial measurement which included the 'fourth dimension'. This fictitious realm represented the "immensity of space eternalizing itself in all directions at any given moment". This utopian expression stood for the aspiration and premonitions of artists who contemplated Egyptian, African, and oceanic sculptures; who meditated on various scientific works, and who lived "in anticipation of a sublime art".[22]

New Painters

Picasso

A man like Picasso studies an object as a surgeon dissects a cadaver. (Un Picasso étudie un objet comme un chirurgien dissèque un cadavre)[22][27][28][29]

Representing planes to denote volumes, Picasso gives an enumeration so complete and so decisive of the various elements which make up the object, that these do not take the shape of the object, thanks to the effort of the spectator, who is forced to see all the elements simultaneously just because of the way they have been arranged. Is this art profound rather than noble? It does not dispense with the observation of nature, and acts upon us as intimately as nature itself.[10][22]

Georges Braque

Here then is Georges Braque. His role was heroic. His art peaceful and admirable. He exerts himself seriously. He expresses a beauty, a beauty full of tenderness, and the pearl-like quality of his pictures irradiates our understanding. He is an angelic painter.[22]

Jean Metzinger

Jean Metzinger
This great painter is not yet appreciated at his true value. His works have, in design, in composition, in the very discretion of the contrasted lights a style which sets them apart, and perhaps even above the most of the works of the painters who are his contemporaries. [...] It was then that Jean Metzinger, joining Picasso and Braque, founded the Cubist City.[10][22]

There was "nothing incomplete" in the works of Metzinger: "Nothing which is not the fruit of a rigorous logic". When explaining the art of our epoch, "his work will be one of the surest documents". [...] "A painting of Metzingers always contains its own explanation. That is perhaps a noble weakness, but it is certainly the result of a lofty conscience, and is, I believe, a case unique in the history of art".[10][22]

The works of Jean Metzinger have purity; his meditations take beautiful forms whose harmony tends to approach the sublime. The new ensembles which he composes are entirely stripped of all that was known before him. [...] Each one of his pictures contains a judgment of the universe and his entire work resembles a nocturnal firmament when it is clear, free from all clouds and trembling with adorable lights. There is nothing incomplete in his works, poetry ennobles the smallest details.[10][22]

Albert Gleizes

Albert Gleizes
The works of Albert Gleizes are powerful harmonies, which must not be confounded with the theoretical cubism devised by the scientific painters. I recall his essays. In them his desire to bring back his art to his simplest elements could already be felt.[10][22]

Gleizes had understood the influence of Cézanne on the Cubists,[30] writes Apollinaire. The work of Gleizes, he continues, has "a degree of plasticity such that all the elements which constitute the individual characters are represented with the same dramatic majesty".[10][22]

Majesty: this is what, above all, characterizes the art of Albert Gleizes. He thus brings a startling innovation to contemporary art. Something that before him was found in but few of the modern painters.[10][22]
This majesty arouses and provokes the imagination; considered from the plastic point of view, it is the immensity of things.[10][22]
This art is vigorous. The pictures of Albert Gleizes are realized by a force of the same sort as that which realized the Pyramids and the Cathedrals, the constructions in metal, the bridges and the tunnels.[10]

Marie Laurencin

Marie Laurencin, Femme à l'éventail (Woman with a fan). Also reproduced in Du "Cubisme"
Women bring to art a new vision full of the joy of the universe.
Marie Laurencin has known how to express, in the major art of painting, an entirely feminine aesthetic.[22]

As an artist, Apollinaire placed Laurencin between Picasso and Le Douanier Rousseau, not as a hierarchical indication, but as a statement of relationship. "Her art dances, like Salome, between that of Picasso, who like a new John the Baptist bathes all the arts in a baptism of light, and that of Rousseau, a sentimental Herod [...] It is analogous to the dance and is a rhythmic enumeration, infinitely gracious in painting".[10][22]

Feminine Art, the art of Laurencin, tends to become a pure arabesque humanized by an attentive observation of nature, which, being expressive, forsakes simple decoration while remaining just as agreeable.[10][22]
Henri Rousseau
The young artists have already made clear in what honor they hold the woks of this poor angel that was Henri Rousseau the Douanier, who died towards the end of the summer of 1910. He might also be called the the Inhabitant of Delight, considering both the neighborhood he lived in, and the qualities which made his painting so charming to look at.[10][22]

Few artists had been mocked during their lifetime as Rousseau, and even fewer had faced with equal calm the hail of insults. And happily, writes Apollinaire, he "was able to find, in insults and mockeries, evidence that even the ill-intentioned could not disregard his work".[10][22]

Rousseau had painting two portraits of Apollinaire: "I often watched him at work, and I know the care he gave to the tiniest details; he had the capacity to keep the original and definitive conception of his picture always before him until he had realized it; and he left nothing, above all, nothing essential, to chance".[10][22]

Its nervous draftsmanship, variety, charm, and delicacy of tones make this work's excellence. His pictures of flowers show the resources of charm and emphasis in the soul and hand of the Douanier.[10][22]

Juan Gris

Juan Gris
Here is the man who has meditated on everything modern, here is the painter who paints to conceive only new structures, whose aim is to draw or paint nothing but materially pure forms.[22][31]

Apollinaire compares the work of Gris with the "scientific cubism" of Picasso, "his only master", a type of of drawing that was as geometrical as individualized, "a profoundly intellectual art, according to color a merely symbolic significance. [...] Juan Gris is content with purity, scientifically conceived. The conceptions of Juan Gris are always pure, and from this purity parallels are sure to spring.[22][31]

Fernand Léger

Fernand Léger is one of the gifted artists of his generation [...] not a mystic; he is a painter, a simple painter, and I rejoice as much in his simplicity as in the solidity of his judgment. I love his art because it is not scornful, because it knows no servility, and because it does not reason. I love your light colors [couleurs légers], O Fernand Léger! Fantasy does not lift you to fairylands, but it grants you all your joys.[22][31]

Francis Picabia

Francis Picabia
Coming from Impressionism, like most of the contemporary painters, Francis Picabia, like the Fauves, translated light into color. Thus he arrived at an entirely new art, for which color is no longer merely coloring, nor even a luminous transposition, for which color has no longer any symbolic significance, seeing that it is itself the form and light of whatever is represented.[22][31]

As in the works of Robert Delaunay, color was for Picabia "the ideal dimension", one that incorporated all other dimensions. Form was symbolic, while the color remained formal. It was "a perfectly legitimate art, and surely a very subtle one". Color was saturated with energy and prolonged in space.[22][31]

The title for Picabia was intellectually inseparable from the work to which it referred, playing a role as actual objects. Analogous to Picabia's titles, real objects, "are the pictorial arabesques in the backgrounds of Laurencin's pictures. With Albert Gleizes this function is taken by the right angles which retain light, with Fernand Léger by bubbles, with Metzinger by vertical lines, parallel to the sides of the frame cut by infrequent echelons. The equivalent will be found, in some form or other, in the works of all the great painters. It gives pictorial intensity to a painting, and this is enough to justify its legitimacy".[22][31]

It was not a question of abstraction, but of "direct pleasure". Surprise played an important role. "Can the taste of a peach be called abstract?" mused the author, each picture of Picabia "has a definite existence, the limits of which are set by the title". Picabia's paintings were so far from a priori abstractions that "the painter can tell you the history of each one of them. Dance at the Spring is simply the expression of a plastic emotion experienced spontaneously near Naples".[22][31]

File:Marcel Duchamp, photograph published in Les Peintres Cubistes, 1913.jpg
Marcel Duchamp

Marcel Duchamp

Marcel Duchamp's pictures are still too few in number, and differ too much from one another, for one to generalize their qualities, or judge the real talents of their creator. Like most new painters, Marcel Duchamp has abandoned the cult of appearances.[22][31]

To free his art from all perceptions, Duchamp wrote the titles on the paintings themselves. "This literature, which so few painters have been able to avoid, disappears from his art, but not poetry. He uses forms and colors, not to render appearances, but to penetrate the essential nature of forms and formal colors".[22][31]

Perhaps it will be the task of an artist as detached from aesthetic preoccupations, and as intent on the energetic as Marcel Duchamp, to reconcile art and the people.[22][31]

Appendix

Duchamp-Villon

Raymond Duchamp-Villon, 1911, Baudelaire
When sculpture departs from nature it becomes architecture. [...] The utilitarian end aimed at by most contemporary architects is responsible for the great backwardness of architecture as compared with the other arts. The architect, the engineer should have sublime aims: to build the highest tower, to prepare for time and ivy the most beautiful of ruins, to throw across a harbor or a river an arch more audacious than the rainbow, and finally to compose to a lasting harmony, the most powerful ever imagined by man.[22][31]
Duchamp-Villon had this titanic conception of architecture. A sculptor and an architect, light is the only thing that count for him; but in all the arts, also, it is only light, the incorruptible light, that counts.[22][31]

Note

Besides the artists of whom Apollinaire writes in preceding chapters, there were other artists attached, "whether willingly or not", to the Cubist movement.[22][31]

Scientific Cubism defended by Canudo, Jacques Nayral, André Salmon, Granié, Maurice Raynal, Marc Brésil, Alexandre Mercereau, Reverdy, Tudesq, André Warnod, and the author of this work numbers among its new supporters Georges Deniker, Jacques Villon, and Louis Marcoussis.[22][31]
Physical Cubism supported in the press by the writers listed above, as well as Roger Allard and Olivier Hourcade, can claim the talents of Marchand, Herbin, and Véra.[22][31]
Orphic Cubism, defended by Max Goth and the author of this work, seems to be the pure tendency Dumont and Valensi propose to follow.[22][31]
Instinctive Cubism is an important movement; initiated some time ago, it is already a light outside of France. Louis Vauxcelles, René Blum, Adilphe Basler, Gustave Kahn, Marinetti, Michel Puy have supported certain individuals who base their work on this approach. The trend includes many artists including Henri Matisse, Rouault, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Chabaud, Jean Puy, van Dongen, Severini, Boccioni, etc.[22][31]
In addition to Duchamp-Villon, the following sculptors have announced their adherence to the Cubist school: Auguste Agéro, Archipenko, and Brancusi.[22][31]

Also reproduced

References

  1. ^ a b Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, Du "Cubisme", published by Eugène Figuière Éditeurs, Paris, 1912 (Eng. trans., London, 1913)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Daniel Robbins, Jean Metzinger: At the Center of Cubism, 1985, Jean Metzinger in Retrospect, The University of Iowa Museum of Art, J. Paul Getty Trust, University of Washington Press, pp. 9–23
  3. ^ a b [André Salmon, L'art vivant, La Jeune Peinture française, Histoire anecdotique du cubisme, (Anecdotal History of Cubism), Paris, Albert Messein, 1912, Collection des Trente. Translated in Mark Antliff and Patricia Leighten, A Cubism Reader, Documents and Criticism, 1906-1914, pp. 41–61
  4. ^ a b André Salmon, Anecdotal History of Cubism, 1912, quoted in Herschel Browning Chipp et al, Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics, University of California Press, 1968, ISBN 0-520-01450-2. pp. 199–206
  5. ^ a b André Salmon on French Modern Art, by André Salmon, Cambridge University Press, Nov 14, 2005, pp. 55–60, ISBN 0-521-85658-2
  6. ^ a b c d Les peintres cubistes. Première série / Guillaume Apollinaire, Méditations esthétiques, Watsonline, Thomas J. Watson Library, The Catalog of the Libraries of The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pamela A. Genova, The Poetics of Visual Cubism, Guillaume Apollinaire on Pablo Picasso, Studies in 20th Century Literature, Vol. 27, Iss. 1, Article 3, 1 Jan. 2003
  8. ^ Le Figaro, N.108, Friday, 18 April 1913, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ISSN 01825852
  9. ^ Leroy C. Breunig and Jean-Claude Chevalier (eds), Paris: Hermann, 1965; Trans. Lionel Abel, The Cubist Painters: Aesthetic Meditations, Wittenborn, New York, 1944, 1949
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Little Review: Quarterly Journal of Art and Letters, Vol. 9, No. 1: Stella Number, editor: Margaret C. Anderson, New York, 1922-09 (Autumn 1922), pp. 41–59. The Modernist Journals Project, Brown University and The University of Tulsa
  11. ^ The Little Review, Autumn 1922, archive.org (full text)
  12. ^ Jean Metzinger, 1910, Portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire, Christie's Paris, 2007
  13. ^ Hajo Düchting, Orphism, MoMA, From Grove Art Online, 2009 Oxford University Press
  14. ^ Jean-Paul Clébert, Dictionnaire du surréalisme, A.T.P. & Le Seuil, Chamalières, p. 17, 1996
  15. ^ Hargrove, Nancy (1998). "The Great Parade: Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev—and T.S. Eliot". Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 31 (1)
  16. ^ Préface, Catalogue du 8e Salon annuel du Cercle d'art Les Indépendants, Musée moderne de Bruxelles, 10 June – 3 July 1911
  17. ^ Douglas Cooper, "The Cubist Epoch", Phaidon Press Limited 1970 in association with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 98, ISBN 0-87587-041-4
  18. ^ Chronique d'un musée: Musée royal des beaux-arts de Belgique, Bruxelles, Françoise Roberts-Jones, pp. 76, 146
  19. ^ a b c Christopher Green, Cubism, Origins and application of the term, and Meanings and interpretations, MoMA, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009
  20. ^ Part II adapted from Guillaume Apollinaire, Du sujet dans la peinture moderne, Les Soirées de Paris, No. 1, Feb. 1912, pp. 1-4
  21. ^ Part III, IV and V adapted from Guillaume Apollinaire, La peinture moderne, Les Soirées de Paris, No. 3, April 1912, pp. 89-92, and No. 4, May 1912, pp. 113-115
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Herschel Browning Chipp, Peter Selz, Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics, University of California Press, 1968, pp. 221-248, ISBN 0-520-01450-2
  23. ^ Guillaume Apollinaire, "Les Peintres Cubistes" (The Cubist Painters) published in 1913, Peter Read (Translator), University of California Press, 25 Oct. 2004]
  24. ^ Guillaume Apollinaire, "Les Peintres Cubistes" (The Cubist Painters) published in 1913, (translated and analyzed by Peter F. Read, University of California Press, 25 Oct. 2004 (back cover)
  25. ^ a b c d Daniel Robbins, 1964, Albert Gleizes 1881 - 1953, A Retrospective Exhibition, Published by The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, in collaboration with Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, Museum am Ostwall, Dortmund, pp. 19-20
  26. ^ Douglas Cooper, "The Cubist Epoch", pp. 11–221, Phaidon Press Limited 1970 in association with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN 0-87587-041-4
  27. ^ Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918), "Pure Painting" (1913) reprinted in Ellmann & Feidelson, The Modern Tradition
  28. ^ Guillaume Apollinaire, On Painting, quote: "A Picasso studies an object as a surgeon dissects a body", The Little Review: Quarterly Journal of Art and Letters, Vol. 8, No. 2: Picabia Number, editor: Margaret C. Anderson, New York, 1922-03 (Spring 1922). The Modernist Journal Project
  29. ^ Apollinaire, Guillaume, Sur la peinture, section II, (Méditations esthétiques) Les Peintres cubistes, Figuière, 1913. Éric Thiébaud (Stylage sémantique) et Frédéric Glorieux (Informatique éditoriale). Université Paris-Sorbonne, Labex Obvil, 2014, license cc. (in French)
  30. ^ Albert Gleizes, The Epic, From immobile form to mobile form, From Cézanne to Cubism, Kubismus, 1928 and Le Rouge et le Noir, 1929, translation by Peter Brooke
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r The Little Review: Quarterly Journal of Art and Letters, Vol. 9, No. 2: Miscellany Number, Anderson, Margaret C. (editor), New York, 1922-12, Winter 1922, pp. 49-60

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