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The Seventy Years Declaration

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The Seventy Years Declaration was a declaration initiated by the American academic Dovid Katz and the Australian academic Danny Ben-Moshe, and released on 20 January 2012 to protest the policies of several European states and European Union bodies concerning the evaluation, remembrance and prosecution of crimes committed by communist dictatorships in Europe, specifically policies of many European countries and the EU treating the Nazi and Stalinist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe as equally criminal. Presented as a response to the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism initiated by the Czech government in 2008 to condemn communism as totalitarian and criminal, it explicitly rejects the idea that the regimes of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler are morally equivalent, i.e. the totalitarianism theory that was popularized by academics such as Hannah Arendt, Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski and became dominant in Western political discourse during the Cold War, and that gained new popularity in many new EU member states after the end of communism, resulting in international resolutions, establishment of research institutes and museums, and the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism. The declaration also states that communist regimes did not commit genocides, citing the 1948 Genocide Convention which restricts genocide to mass killings related to ethnicity, race, nationality, or religion. The declaration claims that the Holocaust was unique, a subject of some debate. The declaration was signed by 70, mostly leftist, parliamentarians from Europe (MEPs and national MPs). It was released on the 70th anniversary of the Wannsee Conference in Berlin.

Background

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The Prague Declaration and the totalitarianism paradigm

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During the Cold War, the theory of two totalitarianisms, fascism and communism, gained popularity in the Western world, for example through the work of Hannah Arendt (notably her influential book The Origins of Totalitarianism) and other scholars, such as Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, who argued that Nazi and Soviet regimes were equally totalitarian.[1] According to Volker Berghahn, "as Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski later put it in their classic analysis of the totalitarian paradigm that came to sweep the board in Western ideological discourse in the 1950s, Nazism and Stalinism were "basically alike" and represented very modern and brutally destructive versions of twentieth-century dictatorship."[2]

Since the end of the Cold War, eastern and central European countries have established institutes and enacted laws to address crimes committed by former totalitarian regimes in their countries, both communist and fascist. Examples include the Czech state Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes, the Polish state Institute of National Remembrance, the Lithuanian state Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania, the German state Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism and the Hungarian state House of Terror museum. The theory of two totalitarianisms also gained new popularity in the West during the 1990s, especially after the publication of the 1997 French book The Black Book of Communism, which said that "the genocide of a "class" may well be tantamount to the genocide of a "race,"" arguing that deaths caused by Hitler's and Stalin's regimes were "equal". In its introduction, Stéphane Courtois argued that communism and national socialism are slightly different totalitarian systems, that communism is responsible for the murder of about 100 million people during the 20th century, that the National Socialists adopted their repressive methods from Soviet methods, and that "a single-minded focus on the Jewish genocide in an attempt to characterize the Holocaust as a unique atrocity has [...] prevented the assessment of other episodes of comparable magnitude in the Communist world".[3] The United States Congress claimed in 1993 that 100,000,000 victims died in "an unprecedented imperial communist holocaust," establishing the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[4]

An increased emphasis on the crimes of communism after the end of communism resulted in the 2006 Council of Europe resolution 1481, which condemned the "individual and collective assassinations and executions, death in concentration camps, starvation, deportations, torture, slave labour and other forms of mass physical terror" perpetrated by communist regimes,[5] and in early 2008, the European Union initiated the European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. In mid-2008, the Czech government initiated the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, signed by Václav Havel, Joachim Gauck, and others. It endorsed the idea of "Europe-wide condemnation of, and education about, the crimes of communism."[6] As proposed by the declaration, the European Parliament in 2008–2009 with approval of all political factions designated the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism as "a Europe-wide Day of Remembrance for the victims of all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, to be commemorated with dignity and impartiality,"[7][8] and a remembrance day for victims of totalitarian regimes was also adopted by Canada.[9] In 2009, the European Parliament endorsed the recognition of "Communism, Nazism and fascism as a shared legacy," reconfirmed "its united stand against all totalitarian rule from whatever ideological background," and condemned "strongly and unequivocally all crimes against humanity and the massive human rights violations committed by all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes."[8] The remembrance day was endorsed by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in its 2009 Vilnius Declaration, which said that "in the twentieth century European countries experienced two major totalitarian regimes, Nazi and Stalinist, which brought about genocide, violations of human rights and freedoms, war crimes and crimes against humanity" and condemned "the glorification of the totalitarian regimes, including the holding of public demonstrations glorifying the Nazi or Stalinist past."[10] The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union also endorsed the establishment of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience, as conceived by the Prague Declaration, by the governments of the Visegrád Group, the Polish EU presidency and several European state institutes, as an EU educational project to increase awareness about totalitarian crimes and to "prevent intolerance, extremism, anti-democratic movements and the recurrence of any totalitarian rule in the future."[11] The Greens–European Free Alliance argued that "the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism should be the common basis for the research on and evaluation of communist regimes in all countries in East-Europe."[12]

The Prague Declaration was opposed by Russian bodies and organisations affiliated with Vladimir Putin's government, such as the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests and World Without Nazism. It was also opposed by several European communist parties, such as the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of Britain. There were isolated critiques of the Prague Declaration in 2009 by (in chronological order of appearance in print): Dovid Katz, formerly professor of Yiddish at Vilnius University, who founded the web journal Defending History in part to oppose the Prague Declaration; Israeli activist Efraim Zuroff, director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Israel office; British MP John Mann, who termed it a "sinister document", Anti-German[13] political scientist Clemens Heni, and others.[14] The Prague Declaration was also criticised by eurosceptic John Laughland, who has instead compared the EU to Nazism.[15] However, there has also been support for the Prague Declaration from Israeli academics such as Barry Rubin[16] and Lithuanian centrist politician Emanuelis Zingeris, a former honorary chairman of that country's Jewish community.

Response by the Seventy Years Declaration

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By the initiative of Katz, Danny Ben-Moshe drafted the Seventy Years Declaration as a response to the Prague Declaration. Seventy members of the European Parliament signed it on 20 January 2012, to mark the seventieth anniversary of the 1942 Wannsee Conference in Berlin that had decided on the "Final Solution" (genocide) of European Jewry.

The text of the Seventy Years Declaration was published on 20 January 2012 in Defending History, and subsequently in European languages.[17][18] Its distribution was reported by Roger Cohen in the New York Times,[19] Danna Harman in Haaretz,[20] Frank Brendle in Taz.de,[21] among others. In 2013, its own website was launched.

The Seventy Years Declaration condemns Stalinist tyranny and proposes distinct, separate recognition of the various European tragedies of the 20th century. The SYD explicitly rejects the Prague Declaration and its "attempts to obfuscate the Holocaust by diminishing its uniqueness and deeming it to be equal, similar or equivalent to Communism."[5] It was published on 20 January 2012, on the 70th anniversary of the Wannsee Conference and signed by 71 parliamentarians from 19 EU countries,[3] including eight MPs and MEPs from Lithuania. On the same day Audronius Ažubalis condemned the Lithuanian signatories,[27] arguing that "it is not possible to find differences between Hitler and Stalin except in their moustaches."[28] One of the signatories, MP Vytenis Povilas Andriukaitis, now the nation's Health Minister, responded to the foreign minister.[29]UK MP Denis MacShane released a letter endorsing Andriukaitis and the other Lithuanian signatories.

The Seventy Years Declaration form part of the subject material of the documentary movie Rewriting History, which premiered on Australian television in September 2012,[30].[22][23][24][25][26][31]

The Declaration also opposes various alleged East European attempts to glorify Nazi collaborator organisations, specifically mentioning the honouring of the Waffen SS in Estonia and Latvia, and the Lithuanian Activist Front in Lithuania. It acknowledges the need to honour Jewish partisans who joined the battle against Hitler, a reference to Lithuanian government efforts to prosecute Holocaust Survivors who joined the resistance. The Declaration opposes attempts to extend the definition of "genocide" to encompass sundry crimes of totalitarian regimes, endorsing instead a strict definition in the spirit of the 1948 definition.

The Seventy Years Declaration was presented to Martin Schulz, president of the European Parliament, on 14 March 2012.[27][28]

Response

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Israeli academic Barry Rubin has written, referring to the initiators of the Seventy Years Declaration, that "a relentless campaign has been waged by a tiny group of people to persuade Jews and Israelis to oppose the June 3, 2008 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, as if it were some horrible anti-Semitic document. This is a slanderously wrong claim."[16]

The Seventy Years Declaration was criticized by the Lithuanian foreign minister Audronius Ažubalis, who said in response that "It is not possible to find differences between Hitler and Stalin except in their moustaches (Hitler's was shorter)."[29] The response came in anger at the fact that eight Lithuanian Social Democrats (two MEPs and six MPs) signed the Declaration. A heated debate ensued when a subsequent article by Ažubalis[30] was replied to by MP Vytenis Povilas Andriukaitis,[31][32] then an opposition spokesman on foreign affairs. The foreign minister's "moustache comparison" resulted in individual letters of praise from British MP Denis MacShane[citation needed] to each of the eight Lithuanian signatories, and to reportage in the New York Times.[19]

References

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  1. ^ Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (2nd edn 1967)
  2. ^ Volker R. Berghahn, "Philanthropy and diplomacy in the American century," in Michael J. Hogan (ed.), The Ambiguous Legacy: U. S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century", p. 389
  3. ^ Courtois, Stéphane, ed. (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-674-07608-7.
  4. ^ Rauch, Jonathan (December 2003). "The Forgotten Millions". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  5. ^ "Council of Europe resolution 1481". Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  6. ^ Charles Recknagel (13 October 2011). "How Much Do Western Europeans Know About Communist Crimes?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
  7. ^ "Declaration of the European Parliament on the proclamation of 23 August as European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism". Europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  8. ^ a b "European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism". Europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  9. ^ "Aug. 23 to become Black Ribbon Day of remembrance". CTV.ca. 1 December 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  10. ^ "Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and resolutions adopted at the eighteenth annual session" (PDF). Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCEPA). June 29 – July 3, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  11. ^ "Czech Prime minister Petr Nečas: The years of totalitarianism were years of struggle for liberty". Memoryandconscience.eu. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  12. ^ "Totalitarian Regimes and The Opening of The Secret Files Archives in Central and Eastern Europe". European Agenda. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
  13. ^ "Bahamas - Doch ein Ehrenmann".
  14. ^ Dovid Katz in 2009 op-eds in the Jewish Chronicle and Irish Times. He was followed by Efraim Zuroff in the Jerusalem Post, John Mann in the Jewish Chronicle, and Clemens Heni. A collection of links to opposition to the Prague Declaration is provided on a page of Defending History.
  15. ^ Conference of World Without Nazism, 9 October 2012, Strasbourg
  16. ^ a b Barry Rubin (13 August 2010). "Those who neglect their past have no future". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2011-05-16.}
  17. ^ Danny Ben-Moshe, "Remembering Wannsee", The Jerusalem Post, 18 January 2012
  18. ^ Dovid Katz, "The Seventy Years Declaration and the Simple Truth", Algemeiner Journal, 3 February 2012
  19. ^ a b Roger Cohen, "The Suffering Olympics", The New York Times, 30 January 2012
  20. ^ Danna Harman, "European leaders to mark 70th anniversary of Nazi Wannsee Conference", Haaretz, 19 January 2012
  21. ^ Frank Brendle, "Der Holocaust ist einzigartig/The Holocaust is unique", taz.de, 19 January 2012
  22. ^ Graeme Blundell, "Lithuania’s Lies and Deception Exposed", The Australian, 14 September 2012
  23. ^ Ian Cuthbertson, "Rewriting History: When Truth is the Enemy", The Australian, 8 September 2012
  24. ^ Tim Elliott, "Free to Air", The Sydney Morning Herald, 14 September 2012
  25. ^ Hobart Mercury, "When Truth is the Enemy - in Time Out", The Hobart Mercury, 14 September 2012
  26. ^ Nicholas Soames, "Rewriting History documentary Screens Tonight", The Surf Coast News,14 September 2012
  27. ^ European Parliament Video, "Martin Schulz, European Parliament President meeting with Dovid Katz. Handing over of the Declaration on the Final Solution of the Wannsee Conference 70th anniversary.", European Parliament Press, Strasbourg, 14 March 2012
  28. ^ European Parliament Transcript, "Martin SCHULZ, EP President, meeting with Dovid KATZ: - Handing over of the Declaration on the Final Solution of the Wannsee Conference" Archived 2013-01-31 at the Wayback Machine, European Commission, Strasbourg, 14 March 2012
  29. ^ "A. Ažubalis: apgailėtina pasirašyti deklaraciją, atmetančią nacių ir sovietų nusikaltimų sulyginimą". lzinios.lt. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016.
  30. ^ Audronius Ažubalis - Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, "Havel was not an Antisemite, and the Tragedy of the Holocaust is Not a Toy in Your Election Game", Delfi, 3 February 2012
  31. ^ Vytenis Povilas _ Lithuanian MP, "Honorable A. Ažubalis, Did You Pull Such an Understanding of History out of Thin Air?", Delfi, 9 February 2012
  32. ^ A Lithuanian radio debate on the subject, "Can the Holocaust be compared with Communist crimes?", Žinių radijas, 31 January 2012