Trace radioisotope
A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e. extremely small). Generally speaking, trace radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison with the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur in larger than trace amounts. Trace radioisotopes are therefore present only because they are continually produced on Earth by natural processes. Natural processes which produce trace radioisotopes include cosmic ray bombardment of stable nuclides, ordinary alpha and beta decay of the long-lived heavy nuclides, thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235, spontaneous fission of uranium-238, and nuclear transmutation reactions induced by natural radioactivity, such as the production of plutonium-239[1] and uranium-236[2] from neutron capture[3] by natural uranium.
Elements
The elements that are created only from decay are listed below.
| Element name | Chemical Symbol |
|---|---|
| Technetium | Tc |
| Promethium | Pm |
| Polonium | Po |
| Astatine | At |
| Radon | Rn |
| Francium | Fr |
| Radium | Ra |
| Actinium | Ac |
| Protactinium | Pa |
| Neptunium | Np |
| Plutonium | Pu |
Isotopes of other elements:
- Tritium
- Beryllium-7
- Beryllium-10
- Carbon-14
- Fluorine-18
- Sodium-22
- Sodium-24
- Magnesium-28
- Silicon-31
- Silicon-32
- Phosphorus-32
- Sulfur-35
- Sulfur-38
- Chlorine-34m
- Chlorine-36
- Chlorine-38
- Chlorine-39
- Argon-39
- Argon-42
- Calcium-41
- Iron-60
References
- ^ Curtis, David; Fabryka-Martin, June; Paul, Dixon; Cramer, Jan (1999). "Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 63 (2): 275–285. Bibcode:1999GeCoA..63..275C. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8.
- ^ http://esarda2.jrc.it/references/Technical_sheets/ts-mass-spectrometry-071212.pdf
- ^ Wilcken, K.~M.; Barrows, T. T.; Fifield, L. K.; Tims, S. G.; Steier, P. (June 2007). "AMS of natural 236 U and 239Pu produced in uranium ores". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 259: 727–732. Bibcode:2007NIMPB.259..727W. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.210.
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