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Unassisted childbirth

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A woman delivers her child unassisted at home.

Unassisted childbirth (UC) refers to the process of intentionally giving birth without the assistance of a medical or professional birth attendant.[1] It may also known as freebirth,[2] DIY (do-it-yourself) birth,[3] unhindered birth,[4] and unassisted home birth.[5] Although the term implies birth without any assistance at all, sometimes these terms are used to describe planned births outside the medical system with non-medical support people such as doulas or other non-medical birth attendants.

Unassisted childbirth is by definition a planned process, and is thus distinct from unassisted birth due to reasons of emergency, lack of access to a skilled birth attendant, or other. It is also different from homebirth: while most UCs do happen within the home, planned homebirth usually includes the presence of a midwife or other birth attendant.

History

The UC movement grew out of, and is an extension of the natural childbirth movement, pioneers of which include Grantly Dick-Read, Robert A. Bradley, and Fernand Lamaze. Influential proponents of UC include Marilyn A. Moran, Jeannine Parvati Baker, and Laura K. Shanley.

Jeannine Parvati-Baker, unassisted childbirth proponent

Moran, who wrote several books advocating UC, was motivated primarily by a strong belief that childbirth is a private, deeply sexual experience that should be shared only between intimates. This belief led her in 1972, after nine conventional births, to give birth to her tenth and final child with only her husband in attendance at their home.[6]

Parvati Baker, a yogini, writer, poet, herbalist, and "spiritual midwife", coined the term freebirth to describe UC. Following the birth of her first three children, and at the prompting of Moran,[7] she began to both practice and advocate UC, speaking at conferences, giving interviews in various media, and writing extensively on the subject. Her subsequent three children were delivered with only her partner in attendance.[8][9]

Shanley, a writer, poet, and self-styled birth consultant, is the author of the book Unassisted Childbirth (1993), which helped popularize the practice. Inspired by the writings of Dick-Read, Shanley, who has no formal training in gynecology or obstetrics,[10] gave birth to all five of her own children unassisted and with no prenatal care.[11] Four of them survived; Shanley's fourth child, born four weeks premature in her bathroom, died a few hours later of a heart defect, pneumonia, and sepsis.[3]

In response to the recent growth in interest over unassisted childbirth, several national medical societies, including the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada,[12] the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,[10] and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists,[13] have issued strongly worded public statements warning against the practice. Professional midwives' associations, including the Royal College of Midwives[14] and the American College of Nurse-Midwives[3] also caution against UC.

Common reasons and motivations

Reasons and motivations for choosing to give birth unassisted range greatly from mother to mother; those most frequently cited in unassisted childbirth literature and advocacy sites include[citation needed] the belief that birth is a normal function of the female body and therefore not a medical emergency.[15] Other beliefs are that most interventions commonly used by the medical profession during birth cause more harm than good in a normal birth, that the mother will be more apt to follow the natural flow of her individual birth in an undisturbed birth setting, thus enabling her to find the optimum positions or techniques to birth her child safely and the view that birth is an intimate, sexual, and potentially orgasmic experience,[16] and the belief that privacy is essential for enabling this erotic dimension.

Advocates believe that unassisted birth gives rise to a significant increase in maternal feelings and the mother's ability to bond with and take responsibility for the welfare of her child. Some followers are unable to find a birth practitioner willing to attend their desired home birth. In many areas of the United States, there are no midwives or physicians available to assist at home births. Likewise, the woman may find her specific case presents difficulty in finding a willing practitioner, as is usually the case with a vaginal birth after caesarean section.

Types

Unassisted with friends and/or family: While unassisted childbirth does not include the use of medical personnel or birth attendants in a professional capacity, the birthing woman may still wish to have other people present at her birth. This might include her partner, close friends of the mother, the grandparents-to-be, or other family members. These people may take on various roles such as minding the other children in the family, preparing food, making sure the mother remains undisturbed by phone calls, etc.[citation needed]

Couple's Birth: A woman giving birth and her partner may wish to be alone together for the birth of their child. Some couples who choose unassisted childbirth consider the birth to be a consummation or extension of their married life.[17] In terms of wanting to have an ecstatic or orgasmic birth, a high degree of privacy is desired. Others may simply consider birth to be an intimate bonding time between the spouses and their newborn child.[citation needed]

Solo Birth: Some women choose to give birth completely alone. They may retreat to a room alone at the time of the birth and then bring their partner in afterward; or they may remain entirely alone in their home or another location. Women who choose a solo unassisted birth may see birthing as an intensely private process, or may feel they have all the resources they need through their intuition.[citation needed]

Freebirth - a general term used to describe birthing without medical professionals. Sometimes used synonymously with "unassisted birth", and sometimes used to describe any birth without medically licensed professionals present, regardless of who else may or not be in attendance in a supportive role.

Birth preparation and prenatal care

Doctor giving woman a prenatal exam

With respect to medical prenatal care, two broad categories are recognized by unassisted childbirth proponents:

Assisted: Many women who are planning an unassisted birth choose to have professional prenatal care as part of their birth preparation. This may include regular prenatal visits with a doctor or monitoring by a midwife. Seeking the assistance of a doctor or midwife may allow for discovering risk factors that might make an unassisted birth inadvisable, such as placenta praevia. Professional prenatal care may also help identify risk factors that could be managed so that the unassisted birth can continue as planned. Rather than keep to a traditional prenatal care schedule, some women may also selectively choose prenatal care.

Unassisted: Some women who choose UC also choose to have a medically unassisted pregnancy; i.e. they do not visit a doctor or other birth professional for prenatal care. There are potentially life-threatening consequences of having no medical follow-up in case there are complications.[18]

Prevalence

United States: The National Center for Health Statistics reports that of the 4.1 million babies born in the United States in 2004, more than 7,000 were born at home without a midwife or physician attending.[3] It is unknown what portion of these births, roughly equivalent to a sixth of 1% of the nation's annual total, occurred by choice.

Australia: It is not currently known how many women in Australia give birth at home by choice without medical assistance. Home births in Australia represent just 0.25 percent of all births, with the majority of these done with the assistance of a midwife.[19]

Risks

Umbilical cord prolapse, an obstetric emergency that imminently endangers the life of the fetus.
Obstructed labor due to malposition and malpresentation of fetus

Unassisted childbirth has been linked to substantially elevated rates of both maternal and neonatal mortality. One of the few, and perhaps the only, formal investigation of the mortality rates associated with the practice was conducted by the Indiana State Board of Health in 1984, among members of a religious community in Indiana. The investigation found a perinatal mortality rate 2.7 times higher, and a maternal mortality rate 97 times higher than the state average. In this community, pregnant women receive no prenatal medical care and deliver at home without medical assistance. This community avoids not only prenatal medical care but all medical care.[20]

According to the president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Thomas Purdon, twenty percent of all previously normal pregnancies turn into complications and high-risk situations during the course of labor that could result in serious adverse outcome to mother and baby, including death.[21]

Controversy

Controversy over the practice of UC has largely centered over whether it is, as claimed by proponents, a safe method of childbirth. Critics of UC, such as the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC), claim that unassisted childbirth is quite unsafe,[18] and that those who engage in it are "courting danger".[12] A spokesperson for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a one-word assessment of freebirth: "dangerous".[10] The SOGC notes that more than 500,000 women worldwide die annually from complications during childbirth,[12] and that even in developed countries, in which expectant mothers generally receive complete prenatal care, as many as 15% of all births involve potentially fatal complications.[12] In poor countries in which there are conditions of malnutrition and taboos surrounding childbirth or there is a lack of qualified birth attendants, rates of maternal[22] and infant mortality[23] and complications such as fistula are much higher, with disparities in death rates from childbirth between developed and developing countries approaching two orders of magnitude.[24] Critics also point out the high rates of complication and death arising from childbirth that existed before the development of modern medicine: between 10 and 15 deaths per 1000 births.[25]

UC proponents have responded to these criticisms by emphasizing that childbirth is not a disease, but rather a natural, physiological process requiring proper nutrition, hygiene, prenatal self-care, and psychological preparation.[1] They claim that both throughout history and in the impoverished regions of today's world it has not been the lack of medical assistance, but rather conditions of poverty and nutritional ignorance which cause maternal mortality to be a major health issue.[citation needed] Rickets, for example, is prevalent in daughters of malnourished women, resulting in deformation of the pelvis and an increased chance of hemorrhage in scenarios of anemia.[26] Proponents assert that the women who plan unassisted childbirth today (many of whom are giving birth to their second or third child, with a 'proven' pelvis), do so with a wealth of information and self-care, and are better prepared than most women who depend on care providers to deliver their child.

Some proponents have also claimed that modern maternal mortality rates in American hospitals are often obscured by being statistically tracked under 'anesthesiology'.[citation needed] However, evidence suggests that if this is in fact the case, the practice is unlikely to account for more than a small fraction of maternal deaths: one study of maternal mortality records lists the total share of maternal mortality deaths recorded as stemming from anesthesia-related complications as just 5.2%.[27] A study of anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States between 1979 and 2002 found the share of maternal mortality deaths caused by anesthesia to be just 1.6%, and that the share had dropped 59% between the time periods examined.[28]

Other aspects of this response have also been called into question by scientific research. First, an analysis of historical data from Europe and the United States concluded that in developed countries, the main determinant of maternal mortality before 1937, and its decline since the 1930s, was not levels of poverty and associated malnutrition, but rather the overall standard of maternal care provided by birth attendants.[29]

Second, with respect to UC proponents' claim that unassisted childbirth is a natural process, researchers in the field of paleoanthropology have asserted that assisted childbirth is, in fact, a central evolutionary aspect of humanity, and may date back as far as five million years to when humanity's ancestors first began walking upright.[30]

Joyous Birth incident

On 27 March 2009, Janet Fraser, a leading advocate of UC and national convener of the highly popular Joyous Birth website, lost her child[31] during a birth assisted only by her partner and a female friend.[32] In an interview five days earlier with The Sunday Age, Fraser, in the early stages of labor at the time, stated that she had at no point during her pregnancy consulted with a health professional, and that she intended to deliver the baby at her home without an attending midwife.[31] The cause of death was reported to be cardiac arrest.[31][33] A coronial inquest concluded in 2012 that Roisin Fraser's death was the result of a complication resulting from cord entanglement, was almost certainly preventable if the birth had proceeded in a maternity unit, and was probably preventable if the birth at home had been attended by a registered midwife. It also found that Fraser's claim of "birthrape" during her first birth followed a planned homebirth attended by a midwife, where Fraser herself requested transfer to a hospital for epidural anaesthesia, and then subsequently requested a caesarean birth without medical indications and against medical advice.[34]

References

  1. ^ a b Shanley, Laura. "Bornfree! The Unassisted Childbirth Page". Laura Shanley. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  2. ^ Moorhead, Joanna. "Freebirthing: is giving birth without medical support safe?". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d Boodman, Sandra G. (31 Jul 2007). "Do-It-Yourself Delivery". The Washington Post. pp. HE01. Retrieved 15 Apr 2009.
  4. ^ McGuire, Tara L. "Birth Unhindered". Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  5. ^ Griesemer, Lynn M. (1998). Unassisted Homebirth: An Act of Love. SC: Terra Publishing. ISBN 0966106601.
  6. ^ Moran, Marilyn A. "Books and Newsletters about VBACs, Unassisted Birth and Pleasurable Husband/Wife Childbirth". gentlebirth.org. Retrieved 28 Apr 2009.
  7. ^ "Our babies have only one birth (Parvati Baker's Amazon.com review of Moran's book Pleasurable Childbirth)". Retrieved 4 Feb 2011.
  8. ^ "Jeannine Parvati Baker's Biography". Birthkeeper.com. Retrieved 28 Apr 2009.
  9. ^ Parvati Baker, Jeannine. "Shamanic Midwifery Hands That Heal Birth". Susun Weed -Wise Woman Center. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  10. ^ a b c Jacang Maher, Jared (8 May 2007). "Baby's Day Out". Denver Westward News.
  11. ^ Grayson, Charlotte (15 Apr 2002). "Giving Birth the Old Way". WebMD Inc. Retrieved 21 Apr 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d "Canadian doctors warn against 'freebirthing'". CTV.ca. 21 Jun 2007.
  13. ^ Davies, Hannah (3 Jun 2007). "DIY birthing". Courier-Mail.
  14. ^ Press Association. "Midwives warn against 'freebirths'". Yell.com. Retrieved 19 Apr 2009.
  15. ^ Bennett, Catherine (2007-04-05). "While women in the developing world are dying in childbirth, why are we fetishising doing it at home?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  16. ^ "Medical information and resources for orgasmic birth". Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  17. ^ Birth and the Dialogue of Love by Marilyn Moran
  18. ^ a b "Unassisted births dangerous, doctors warn". CBC News. 21 Jun 2007.
  19. ^ Kara, Lawrence; Dunlevy, Sue (6 Apr 2009). "Four dead in home birthing including Joyous Birth advocate". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 Apr 2009.
  20. ^ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (June 1, 1984). "Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Perinatal and Maternal Mortality in a Religious Group -- Indiana". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 33 (21). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 297–8. PMID 6427572. Retrieved 29 Apr 2009.
  21. ^ Hutter Epstein, Randi (7 May 2002). "When Giving Birth, Opting to Go It Alone". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 19 Dec 2009.
  22. ^ Safer Motherhood Fact Sheet: Maternal Mortality
  23. ^ World Health Organization 2005 World Health Report, Chapter 4: Risking Death To Give Life
  24. ^ Laucius, Joanne (22 Jun 2007). "Obstetricians alarmed over 'freebirthing'". Chek News (CanWest News Service).
  25. ^ Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V. Of blind alleys and things that have worked: history’s lessons on reducing maternal mortality. In: De Brouwere V, Van Lerberghe W, eds. Safe motherhood strategies: a review of the evidence. Antwerp, ITG Press, 2001 (Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy, 17:7–33).
  26. ^ Gebbie, D. A. (1974). "Obstetrics and gynaecology" in Health and disease in Kenya. East African Literature Bureau. pp. 485–98. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Panchal, S; Arria, A; Labhsetwar, S (2001). "Maternal Mortality During Hospital Admission for Delivery: A Retrospective Analysis Using a State-Maintained Database". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 93 (1). International Anesthesia Research Society: 134–141. doi:10.1097/00000539-200107000-00028. PMID 11429354. Retrieved 14 Apr 2009.
  28. ^ Hawkins JL, Chang J, Palmer SK, Gibbs CP, Callaghan WM (January 2011). "Anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States: 1979-2002". Obstet Gynecology. 117 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820093a9. PMID 21173646. Retrieved 2 March 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Loudon, Irvine (July 2000). "Maternal mortality in the past and its relevance to developing countries today". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72 (1). American Society for Clinical Nutrition: 241–246. Retrieved 14 Apr 2009.
  30. ^ "Anthropologist's Studies Of Childbirth Bring New Focus On Women In Evolution". Science Daily. 25 Feb 2009.
  31. ^ a b c Elder, John (12 Apr 2009). "Tragic sequel to home birth". The Age. Retrieved 14 Apr 2009.
  32. ^ Kara, Lawrence (6 Apr 2009). "Joyous Birth advocate's child birth death tragedy". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 Apr 2009.
  33. ^ Barry, Evonne (19 Apr 2009). "Fears on mid-wife impact with new birthing regulations". Herald Sun. Retrieved 28 Apr 2009.
  34. ^ Magistrate Scott Mitchell, Deputy State Cornoner (28 June 2012). Inquest into the death of Roisin Fraser (PDF) (Report). Coroner's Court. 0817/2009. Retrieved 28 Oct 2012.
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