Universal health care: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 18:53, 24 July 2009

Universal health care is health care coverage for all eligible residents of a political region and often covers medical, dental and mental health care. These programs vary in their structure and funding mechanisms. Typically, most costs are met via a single-payer health care system or national health insurance, or else by compulsory regulated pluralist insurance (public, private or mutual) meeting certain regulated standards. Universal health care is implemented in all but one of the wealthy, industrialized countries, with the one exception being the United States.^[1] It is also provided in many developing countries and is the trend worldwide.

Implementation

Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through legislation, regulation and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. Usually some costs are borne by the patient at the time of consumption but the bulk of costs come from a combination of compulsory insurance and tax revenues. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues.^[2] In some cases, government involvement also includes directly managing the health care system, but many countries use mixed public-private systems to deliver universal health care.

Americas

Argentina^{[citation needed]}, Brazil (see below), Canada (see below), Chile^{[citation needed]}, Costa Rica^{[citation needed]}, Cuba, Mexico (see below), Panama^{[citation needed]}, Peru (see below), Uruguay^{[citation needed]}], and Venezuela^{[citation needed]} all have public universal health care provided.

Brazil

The universal health care system was adopted in Brazil in 1988 after the end of the military regime's rule.^{[citation needed]}

Canada

In 1984, the Canada Health Act was passed, which prohibited extra billing by doctors on patients while at the same time billing the public insurance system. In 1999, the prime minister and most premiers reaffirmed in the Social Union Framework Agreement that they are committed to health care that has "comprehensiveness, universality, portability, public administration and accessibility."^[3]

The system is for the most part publicly funded, yet most of the services are provided by private enterprises or private corporations, although most hospitals are public. Most doctors do not receive an annual salary, but receive a fee per visit or service.^[4] About 29% of Canadians' health care is paid for by the private sector or individuals.^[5] This mostly goes towards services not covered or only partially covered by Medicare such as prescription drugs, dentistry and vision care.^[6] Many Canadians have private health insurance, often through their employers, that cover these expenses.^[7]

The Canada Health Act of 1984 "does not directly bar private delivery or private insurance for publicly insured services," but provides financial disincentives for doing so. "Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces, they can be changed," according to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine.^[8]^[9] The legality of the ban was considered in a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada which ruled in Chaoulli v. Quebec that "the prohibition on obtaining private health insurance, while it might be constitutional in circumstances where health care services are reasonable as to both quality and timeliness, is not constitutional where the public system fails to deliver reasonable services." The appellant contended that waiting times in Quebec violated a right to life and security in the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Court agreed, but acknowledged the importance and validity of the Canada Health Act, and at least four of the seven judges explicitly recognized the right of governments to enact laws and policies which favour the public over the private system and preserve the integrity of the public system. But not if the public system fails to deliver reasonable service as to quality or timeliness, as the court found in this case.^[10]

Colombia

In 1993 a reform transformed the health care system in Colombia, trying to provide a better, sustainable, health care system and to reach every Colombia citizen.

Mexico

On December 1, 2006 the Mexican government created the Health Insurance for a New Generation also known as "life insurance for babies".^[11]^[12]^[13]

On May 28, 2009 Mexico announced Universal Care Coverage for Pregnant Women.^[14]

Peru

On April 9, 2009 the Government of Peru published the Law on Health Insurance to enable all Peruvians to access quality health services, and contribute to regulate the financing and supervision of these services. The law enables all population to access diverse health services to prevent illnesses, and promote and rehabilitate people, under a Health Basic Plan (PEAS). ^[15]^[16]

United States

The United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not have a universal health care system.^[1] The government directly covers 27.8% of the population^[17] through health care programs for the elderly, disabled, military service families and veterans, children, and some of the poor, through Medicare, Medicaid, SCHIP, and TRICARE.^[18]^[19] Federal law ensures public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay.^[20] However, this unfunded mandate has contributed to a health care safety net that some analyses say is increasingly strained.^[21] Certain types of medical spending and particularly health insurance benefit from significant tax subsidies; in particular, employer-sponsored health insurance is a non-taxable benefit. In all, government spending accounted for 45.1% of total health spending in the U.S. in 2005.^[22] Current estimates put U.S. health care spending at more than 15% of GDP, a greater portion than in any other United Nations member state except for the Marshall Islands.^[23]

Whether a government-mandated system of universal health care should be implemented in the US remains a hotly debated political topic, with Americans divided in their views of the U.S. health system and what should be done to improve it. Those in favor of government-guaranteed universal health care argue that the large number of uninsured Americans creates direct and hidden costs shared by all, and that extending coverage to all would lower costs and improve quality.^[24] Opponents of government mandates or programs for universal health care argue that people should be free to opt out of health insurance.^[25] Both sides of the political spectrum have also looked to more philosophical arguments, debating whether people have a fundamental right to have health care provided to them by their government.

In lieu of a national program, supporters of universal health care have sought implementation of such programs at the state and municipal level. The state of Massachusetts implemented a near-universal health care system by mandating that residents purchase health insurance by July 1, 2007.^[26] The City of San Francisco is also undertaking a universal health care system for uninsured residents.^[27]^[28] Hawaii has, since 1974, required employers to provide employees working more than 20 hours per week with a comprehensive health insurance plan.^[29] California, Maine and Vermont are also considering or seeking to implement universal or near-universal systems.^[30]

Since 2005, Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut has developed relationships with several key groups that would be instrumental in creating broad change in the health system, including medical societies, hospitals, businesses, labor and clergy.^[31] In January 2009 the foundation unveiled SustiNet, a proposal for a statewide health care plan for Connecticut that would provide residents with their choice of health coverage and care regardless of their employment status, age, or pre-existing conditions.^[32] An estimated 1,000 people attended a rally at Union Station (Hartford) for the release of the plan.^[33] SustiNet would emphasize preventive care and the management of chronic illnesses. It would create a large health insurance pool by combining state employees, retirees, and people covered by state assistance programs. The pool would also be open to members of the public without insurance, those with inadequate insurance, and employers, starting with small businesses, nonprofits and municipalities. Eventually, Sustinet would be open to larger employers wishing to buy into the plan for their employees In February, the 18,500-member Connecticut Association of REALTORS announced its support for the SustiNet health care plan. REALTORS are independent contractors and are representative of the plight of many independent contractors and small business employees in Connecticut in that they do not have access to group health insurance. ^[34] Also in that month, the independent statewide organization "Small Businesses for Health Care Reform" endorsed the SustiNet health care reform proposal and encouraged other business owners to review and support it.^[35] In March 2009, the foundation's SustiNet plan was formally endorsed by the Interfaith Fellowship for Universal Health Care, a group devoted to health reform, as well as by dozens of other religious leaders representing a wide range of faiths in Connecticut. Fellowship members include Rabbi Stephen Fuchs of Congregation Beth Israel in West Hartford, a co-chairman of the Interfaith Fellowship, and Bilal Ansari, a Muslim chaplain at Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center in Hartford, where much of his counseling involves helping families cope with not just the stress of a relative's illness, but the worries about how they will pay for it.^[36]

SustiNet passed its first legislative hurdle Thursday, March 26, receiving an endorsement from the state legislature's Public Health Committee. The committee voted 22-8 to move the bill forward.^[37] On April 22, SustiNet received a favorable report from a second committee, the Human Services Committee, which voted 13-6 for the bill.^[38] On April 29, SustiNet received a favorable report from a third committee, the Labor and Public Employees Committee, which voted 8-3 for the bill.^[39] On April 29, SustiNet received a favorable report from a third committee, the Labor and Public Employees Committee, which voted 8-3 for the bill.^[40] On May 7, 2009, Sustinet received a favorable report from a fourth committee, the Insurance and Real Estate Committee, which voted 13-4 for the bill.^[41]

On May 20, 2009, the Connecticut House of Representatives voted 107-35 for SustiNet. ^[42]

On May 30, 2009, the Connecticut Senate voted 23-12 for SustiNet.^[43]

SustiNet was sent to Governor Jodi Rell, who vetoed it on July 8.^[44]

On July 20 the governor's vetoes were overridden by the Connecticut House of Representatives with a vote of 102 to 40 and then by the Connecticut Senate with a vote of 24-12.^[45]

The SustiNet law establishes a nine-member board to recommend to the legislature, by January 1, 2011, the details of and implementation process for a self-insured health care plan called SustiNet. The recommendations must address (1) the phased-in offering of the SustiNet plan to state employees and retirees, HUSKY A and B beneficiaries, people without employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) or with unaffordable ESI, small and large employers, and others; (2) establishing an entity that can contract with insurers and health care providers, set reimbursement rates, develop medical homes for patients, and encourage the use of health information technology; (3) a model benefits package; and (4) public outreach and ways to identify uninsured citizens.^[46]

The board must establish committees to make recommendations to it about health information technology, medical homes, clinical care and safety guidelines, and preventive care and improved health outcomes. The act also establishes an independent information clearinghouse to inform employers, consumers, and the public about SustiNet and private health care plans and creates task forces to address obesity, tobacco usage, and health care workforce issues. The effecitive date of the SustiNet law was July 1, 2009 for most provisions.^[47]

Asia

Brunei, China,^[48] Hong Kong SAR, India^{[citation needed]}, Kuwait^{[citation needed]}, Qatar^{[citation needed]}, UAE^{[citation needed]}, Saudi Arabia^{[citation needed]}, Israel,^[49] Japan, Malaysia^{[citation needed]}, South Korea, Seychelles^{[citation needed]}, Sri Lanka,^[50] Taiwan,^[51], Pakistan ^{[citation needed]} and Thailand ^{[citation needed]} have universal health care.

People's Republic of China

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the goal of health care programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources.^{[citation needed]}

China is undertaking a reform on its health care system, which was largely privatized in the 1990's. The New Rural Co-operative Medical Care System (NRCMCS), is a new 2005 initiative to overhaul the healthcare system, particularly intended to make it more affordable for the rural poor. Under the NRCMCS, the annual cost of medical cover is 50 yuan (US$7) per person. Of that, 20 yuan is paid in by the central government, 20 yuan by the provincial government and a contribution of 10 yuan is made by the patient. As of September 2007, around 80% of the whole rural population of China had signed up (about 685 million people). The system is tiered, depending on the location. If patients go to a small hospital or clinic in their local town, the scheme will cover from 70-80% of their bill. If they go to a county one, the percentage of the cost being covered falls to about 60%. And if they need specialist help in a large modern city hospital, they have to bear most of the cost themselves, the scheme would cover about 30% of the bill.^[52]

On January 21, 2009, the Chinese government announced that a total of 850 billion yuan will be provided between 2009 and 2011 in order to improve the existing health care system.^[53]

Hong Kong SAR

Hong Kong is one of the healthiest places in the world.^[54] Because of its early health education, professional health services, and well-developed health care and medication system, Hongkongers enjoy a life expectancy of 84 for females and 78 for males,^[55] which is the second highest in the world, and 2.94 infant mortality rate, the fourth lowest in the world.^[56]^[57]

There are two medical schools in Hong Kong, and several schools offering courses in traditional Chinese medicine. The Hospital Authority is a statutory body that operates and manages all public hospitals. Hong Kong has high standards of medical practice. It has contributed to the development of liver transplantation, being the first in the world to carry out adult to adult live donor liver transplant in 1993.^[58]

All twelve hospitals in Hong Kong as well as health insurance are operated privately.

India

India has a universal health care system run by the local (state or territorial), governments. The government hospitals, some of which are among the best hospitals in India,^[59] provide treatment at taxpayer expense. Most drugs are offered free of charge in these hospitals.

Most government hospitals do not require payment from people below the poverty line, proof of citizenship or residency.^{[citation needed]} Government hospitals in some parts of the country and some private non-profit (including teaching) hospitals charge a nominal fee to prevent abuse of the system.^{[citation needed]} Most hospitals are operated on an annual budget allocated by the government, and do not rely on individual billing.^{[citation needed]} These hospitals also provide better amenities (such as private air-conditioned rooms) if the patient can afford to pay. However, they charge less than comparable private hospitals.^{[citation needed]}

Primary health care is provided by city and district hospitals and rural primary health centres. These hospitals provide treatment free of cost. Primary care is focused on immunization, prevention of malnutrition, pregnancy, child birth, postnatal care, and treatment of common illnesses.^{[citation needed]} The primary health centres are staffed by general practitioners (primary care physicians), nurses and midwives trained in labour and delivery. Patients who receive specialized care or have complicated illnesses are referred to secondary (often located in district and taluk headquarters) and tertiary care hospitals (located in district and state headquarters or those that are teaching hospitals).^{[citation needed]} However, very short visiting time of the general practitioners and poor services at state run hospitals force people to visit the private clinics run by same practitioners or expensive private hospitals.^{[citation needed]}

Now organizations like Hindustan Latex Family Planning Promotional Trust and other private organizations have started creating hospitals and clinics in India, which also provide free or subsidized health care and subsidized insurance plans.^{[citation needed]}

Israel

In Israel, the National Health Insurance Law (or National Health Insurance Act) is the legal framework which enables and facilitates basic, compulsory universal health care. The Law was put into effect by the Knesset on January 1, 1995, and was based on recommendations put forward by a National Committee of Inquiry which examined restructuring the health care system in Israel in the late 1980s. Prior to the law's passage approximately 85% of the population was already covered by voluntarily belonging to one of four nation-wide, not-for-profit health maintenance organizations (HMOs/sick funds). However, there were three problems associated with this arrangement. First, membership in the largest HMO, Clalit, required one to belong to the Histadrut labor organization, even if a person did not wish to (or could) have such an affiliation while other HMOs restricted entry to new members based on age, pre-existing conditions or other factors. Second, different HMOs provided different levels of benefit coverage or services to their members and lastly was the issue mentioned above whereby a certain percentage of the population, albeit a small one, did not have health insurance coverage at all.

Before the law went into effect, all the HMOs collected premiums directly from members. However, upon passage of the law, a new progressive national health insurance tax was levied through Israel's social security agency which then re-distributes the proceeds to the HMOs based on their membership and its demographic makeup. This ensured that all citizens would now have health coverage. While membership in one of the HMOs now became compulsory for all, free choice was introduced into movement of members between HMOs (a change is allowed once per year), effectively making the various HMOs compete equally for members among the populace. Annually, a committee appointed by the ministry of health publishes a "basket" or uniform package of medical services and prescription formulary which all HMOs must provide as a minimum service to all their members. Achieving this level of equality ensured that all citizens are guaranteed to receive basic healthcare regardless of their HMO affiliation which was one of the principal aims of the law. An appeals process was put in place to handle rejection of treatments and procedures by the HMOs and evaluating cases falling outside the "basket" of services or prescription formulary.

While the law is generally considered a success and Israeli citizens enjoy a high standard of medical care comparatively, with more competition having been introduced into the field of health care in the country, and order having been brought into what was once a somewhat disorganized system, the law nevertheless does have its critics. First and foremost among the criticisms raised is that the "basket" may not provide enough coverage. To partly address this issue, the HMOs and insurance companies (often in conjunction with employers) began offering additional "supplementary" insurance to cover certain additional services not included in the basket. However, since this insurance is optional, critics argue that it goes against the spirit of the new law which stressed equality among all citizens with respect to healthcare. Another criticism is that in order to provide universal coverage to all, the tax income base amount (the maximum amount of yearly earnings that are subject to the tax) was set rather high, causing many high-income taxpayers to see the amount they pay for their health premiums (now health tax) skyrocket. Finally, some complain about the constantly rising costs of copayments for certain services.

Singapore

Singapore has a universal health care system where government ensures affordability, largely through compulsory savings and price controls, while the private sector provides most care. Overall spending on health care amounts to only 3% of annual GDP. Of that, 66% comes from private sources.^[60] Singapore currently has the lowest infant mortality rate in the world (equaled only by Iceland) and among the highest life expectancies from birth, according to the World Health Organization.^[61] Singapore has "one of the most successful healthcare systems in the world, in terms of both efficiency in financing and the results achieved in community health outcomes," according to an analysis by global consulting firm Watson Wyatt.^[62] Singapore's system uses a combination of compulsory savings from payroll deductions (funded by both employers and workers) a nationalized catastrophic health insurance plan, and government subsidies, as well as "actively regulating the supply and prices of healthcare services in the country" to keep costs in check; the specific features have been described as potentially a "very difficult system to replicate in many other countries." Many Singaporeans also have supplemental private health insurance (often provided by employers) for services not covered by the government's programs.^[62]

Taiwan (Republic of China)

The current health care system in Taiwan, known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan which centralizes the disbursement of health care dollars. The system promises equal access to health care for all citizens, and the population coverage had reached 99% by the end of 2004.^[63] NHI is mainly financed through premiums, which are based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket payments and direct government funding. In the initial stage, fee-for-service predominated for both public and private providers.

NHI delivers universal coverage offered by a government-run insurer. The working population pays premiums split with their employers, others pay a flat rate with government help and the poor or veterans are fully subsidized. Taiwan’s citizens no longer have to worry about going bankrupt due to medical bills.^[64]

Under this model, citizens have free range to choose hospitals and physicians without using a gatekeeper and do not have to worry about waiting lists. NHI offers a comprehensive benefit package that covers preventive medical services, prescription drugs, dental services, Chinese medicine, home nurse visits and many more. Working people do not have to worry about losing their jobs or changing jobs because they will not lose their insurance. Since NHI, the previously uninsured have increased their usage of medical services. Most preventive services are free such as annual checkups and maternal and child care. Regular office visits have co-payments as low as US $5 per visit. Co-payments are fixed and unvaried by the person’s income.^[65]

Thailand

Thailand introduced universal coverage reforms in 2001, becoming one of only a handful of lower-middle income countries to do so. Means-tested health care for low income households was replaced by a new and more comprehensive insurance scheme, originally known as the 30 baht project, in line with the small co-payment charged for treatment. People joining the scheme receive a gold card which allows them to access services in their health district, and, if necessary, be referred for specialist treatment elsewhere. The bulk of finance comes from public revenues, with funding allocated to Contracting Units for Primary Care annually on a population basis. According to the WHO, 65% of Thailand's health care expenditure in 2004 came from the government, 35% was from private sources.^[60] Although the reforms have received a good deal of critical comment, they have proved popular with poorer Thais, especially in rural areas, and survived the change of government after the 2006 military coup. The then Public Health Minister, Mongkol Na Songkhla, abolished the 30 baht co-payment and made the UC scheme free. It is not yet clear whether the scheme will be modified further under the coalition government that came to power in January 2008.^[66]^[67]^[68]

Europe

Virtually all of Europe has publicly sponsored and regulated health care. The public plans in some countries provide basic or "sick" coverage only; their citizens can purchase supplemental insurance for additional coverage. Countries with universal health care include Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,^[69] Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine^[70] and the United Kingdom.^[71]

Finland

In Finland, public medical services at clinics and hospitals are run by the municipalities (local government) and are funded 76% by taxation, 20% by patients through access charges, and 4% by others. Private provision is mainly in the primary care sector. There are a few private hospitals ^[72]. The main hospitals are either municipally owned (funded from local taxes) or run by the medical teaching universities (funded jointly by the municipalities and the national government). According to a survey published by the European Commission in 2000, Finland's is in the top 4 of EU countries in terms of satisfaction with their hospital care system: 88% of Finnish respondents were satisfied compared with the EU average of 41.3%.^[73] Finnish health care expenditures are below the European average.^{[citation needed]} The private medical sector accounts for about 14 percent of total health care spending. Only 8% of doctors choose to work in private practice, and some of these also choose to do some work in the public sector.^{[citation needed]}

Taxation funding is partly local and partly nationally based. The national social insurance institution KELA reimburses part of patients prescription costs and makes a contribution towards private medical costs (including dentistry) if they choose to be treated in the private sector rather than the public sector. Patient access charges are subject to annual caps. For example GP visits cost €11 per visit with annual €33 cap; hospital outpatient treatment €22 per visit; a hospital stay, including food, medical care and medicines €26 per 24 hours, or €12 if in a psychiatric hospital. After a patient has spent €590 per year on public medical services (including prescription drugs), all treatment and medications thereafter in that year are free.

Germany

Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, with origins dating back to Otto von Bismarck's Health Insurance Act of 1883.^{[citation needed]} As mandatory health insurance, it originally applied only to low-income workers and certain government employees, but has gradually expanded to cover virtually the entire population.^[74] Currently 85% of the population is covered by a basic 'Statutory Health Insurance' plan, which provides the standard level of coverage. The remainder opt for private health insurance, which frequently offers additional benefits. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004.^[60]

The government partially reimburses the costs for low-wage earners, whose premia are capped at a predetermined value. Higher wage workers pay a premium based on their salary. They may also opt for private insurance, which is generally more expensive, but whose price may vary based on the individual's health status.^[75]

Reimbursement is on a fee-for-service basis, but the number of physicians allowed to accept Statutory Health Insurance in a given locale is regulated by the government and professional societies.

Capitated care, such as that provided by health maintenance organizations, has been prohibited since the 1930s, but has been recently reconsidered as a cost containment mechanism.^[76] Copayments were introduced in the 1980s in an attempt to prevent overutilization. The average length of hospital stay in Germany has decreased in recent years from 14 days to 9 days, still considerably longer than average stays in the U.S. (5 to 6 days).^[77]^[78] Part of the difference is that the chief consideration for hospital reimbursement is the number of hospital days as opposed to procedures or diagnosis. Drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% from 1991 through 2005. Despite attempts to contain costs, overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP).^[79]

Netherlands

The Netherlands has a dual-level system. All primary and curative care (i.e. the family doctor service and hospitals and clinics) is financed from private compulsory insurance. Long term care for the elderly, the dying, the long term mentally ill etc. is covered by social insurance funded from taxation. According to the WHO, the health care system in the Netherlands was 62% government funded and 38% privately funded as of 2004.^[60]

Insurance companies must offer a core universal insurance package for the universal primary, curative care which includes the cost of all prescription medicines. They must do this at a fixed price for all. The same premium is paid whether young or old, healthy or sick. It is illegal in The Netherlands for insurers to refuse an application for health insurance, to impose special conditions (e.g. exclusions, deductibles, co-pays etc or refuse to fund treatments which a doctor has determined to be medically necessary). The system is 50% financed from payroll taxes paid by employers to a fund controlled by the Health regulator. The government contributes an additional 5% to the regulator's fund. The remaining 45% is collected as premiums paid by the insured directly to the insurance company. Some employers negotiate bulk deals with health insurers and some even pay the employees' premiums as an employment benefit). All insurance companies receive additional funding from the regulator's fund. The regulator has sight of the claims made by policyholders and therefore can redistribute the funds its holds on the basis of relative claims made by policy holders. Thus insurers with high payouts will receive more from the regulator than those with low payouts. Thus insurance companies have no incentive to deter high cost individuals from taking insurance and are compensated if they have to pay out more than might be expected. Insurance companies compete with each other on price for the 45% direct premium part of the funding and try to negotiate deals with hospitals to keep costs low and quality high. The competition regulator is charged with checking for abuse of dominant market positions and the creation of cartels that act against the consumer interests. An insurance regulator ensures that all basic policies have identical coverage rules so that no person is medically disadvantaged by his or her choice of insurer.

Hospitals in the Netherlands are also regulated and inspected but are mostly privately run and for profit, as are many of the insurance companies. Patients can choose where they want to be treated and have access to information on the internet about the performance and wait times at each hospital. Patients dissatisfied with their insurer and choice of hospital can cancel at any time but must make a new agreement with another insurer.

Insurance companies can offer additional services at extra cost over and above the universal system laid down by the regulator, e.g. for dental care. The standard monthly premium for health care paid by individual adults is about €100 per month. Persons on low incomes can get assistance from the government if they cannot afford these payments. Children under 18 are insured by the system at no additional cost to them or their families because the insurance company receives the cost of this from the regulator's fund.

United Kingdom

Each of the Countries of the United Kingdom has a National Health Service that provides public healthcare to all UK permanent residents that is free at the point of need and paid for from general taxation. However, since Health is a devolved matter, considerable differences are developing between the systems in each of the countries.^[80]

England

The National Health Service (NHS), created by the National Health Service Act 1946 has provided the majority of healthcare in England since its launch on 5 July 1948.

The NHS has a formal constitution which documents at high level, the objectives of the NHS, the legal rights and responsibilities of the various parties (patients, staff, NHS trust boards) and the guiding principles which govern the service.^[81] The NHS constitution makes it clear that it provides a comprehensive service, available to all irrespective of age, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, religion or belief; that access to NHS services is based on clinical need and not an individual’s ability to pay; and that care is never refused on unreasonable grounds. Patient choice in terms of doctor, care, treatments and place of treatment is an important aspect of the NHS's ambition, and in some cases patients elect for treatment in other european countries at the NHS's expense.

Although centrally funded there is no large central bureaucracy to manage it. Responsibility is highly devolved to geographical areas through Strategic Health Authorities and even more locally through NHS primary care trusts ,NHS hospital trusts and increasingly to NHS foundation trusts which are more like local co-operatives are providing even more decentralized services within the NHS framework, with more decision making taken by local people, patients and staff. The central govenment office, the Department of Health, is not involved in day to day decision making in either the Strategic Health Authorities or the individual local trusts (primarly health, hospital or ambulance) or the national specialist trusts such as NHS Blood and Transplant, but it does lay down general guidelines for them to follow. Local trusts are accountable to their local populations, whilst government ministers are accountable to Parliament for the service overall.

The NHS provides, among other things, primary care, in-patient care, long-term healthcare, psychiatric care and treatments ophthalmology and dentistry. All treatment is free with the exception of certain charges for prescriptions, dentistry and ophthalmology (which themselves are free to children, the elderly, the unemployed and those on low incomes). The charge for NHS prescriptions is a flat rate of £7.20, except those under 16 or over 60 do not pay for prescriptions and others may cap their annual charges. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services.^{[citation needed]} Most NHS general practitioners are private doctors who contract to provide NHS services but most hospitals are publicly owned and run through NHS Trusts. A few NHS medical services such as "surgicentres") are sub-contracted to private providers ^[82] as are some non-medical services (such as catering). Some capital projects such as new hospitals have been funded through the Private Finance Initiative, enabling investment without excessive strain on the public sector borrowing requirement.

Northern Ireland

Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland is the designation of the national public health service in Northern Ireland.

Scotland

NHS Scotland, created by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947, was also launched on 5 July 1948 though it has always been a separate organisation. Since devolution, NHS Scotland follows the policies and priorities of the Scottish Government, including the phasing out of all prescription charges by 2011.

Wales

NHS Wales was originally formed as part of the same NHS structure created by the National Health Service Act 1946 but powers over the NHS in Wales came under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969^[83], in turn being transferred under devolution to what is now the Welsh Assembly Government.

Australia

File:Medicare-brand.png

Medicare logo

Medicare was introduced in Australia by the Whitlam Labor Government on 1 July 1975 through the Health Insurance Act 1973. The Australian Senate rejected the changes multiple times and they were passed only after a joint sitting after the 1974 double dissolution election. Yet Medicare has been supported by subsequent governments and became a key feature of Australia’s public policy landscape. The exact structure of Medicare, in terms of the size of the rebate to doctors and hospitals and the way it has administered, has varied over the years. The original Medicare program proposed a 1.35% levy (with low income exemptions) but these bills were rejected by the Senate, and so Medicare was originally funded from general taxation. In October 1976, the Fraser Government introduced a 2.5% levy. The program is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, which is currently set at 1.5% with exemptions for low income earners.^[84] There is an additional levy of 1.0%, known as the Medicare Levy Surcharge, for those on high annual incomes ($50,000) who do not have adequate levels of private hospital coverage. This was part of an effort by the previous Coalition Federal Government to encourage takeup of private health insurance. According to the WHO, government funding covered 67.5% of Australia's health care expenditures in 2004; private sources covered the remaining 32.5% of expenditures.^[60]

New Zealand

As with Australia, New Zealand's healthcare system is funded through general taxation. According to the WHO, government sources covered 77.4% of New Zealand's health care costs in 2004; private expenditures covered the remaining 22.6%.^[60]

Economics

Funding models

Universal health care in most countries has been achieved by a mixed model of funding. General taxation revenue is the primary source of funding, but in many countries it is supplemented by specific levies (which may be charged to the individual and/or an employer) or with the option of private payments (either direct or via optional insurance) for services beyond that covered by the public system.

Almost all European systems are financed through a mix of public and private contributions.^[85] The majority of universal health care systems are funded primarily by tax revenue (e.g. Portugal^[85]). Some nations, such as Germany, France^[71] and Japan^[86] employ a multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions.

A distinction is also made between municipal and national healthcare funding. For example, one model is that the bulk of the healthcare is funded by the municipality, speciality healthcare is provided and possibly funded by a larger entity, such as a municipal co-operation board or the state, and the medications are paid by a state agency.

Universal health care systems are modestly redistributive. Progressivity of health care financing has limited implications for overall income inequality.^[87]

Single-payer

The term single-payer health care is used in the United States to describe a funding mechanism meeting the costs of medical care from a single fund. Although the fund holder is usually the government, some forms of single-payer employ a public-private system.

Public

Some countries (notably the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain) have eliminated insurance entirely and choose to fund health care directly from taxation. Other countries with insurance-based systems effectively meet the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via social security arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected.

Compulsory insurance

This is usually enforced via legislation requiring residents to purchase insurance, though sometimes, in effect, the government provides the insurance. Sometimes there may be a choice of several funds providing a basic service (e.g. as in Germany) or sometimes just a single fund (as in Canada).

In some European countries where there is private insurance and universal health care, such as Germany, Belgium, and Holland, the problem of adverse selection (see Private insurance below) is overcome using a risk compensation pool to equalize, as far as possible, the risks between funds. Thus a fund with a predominantly healthy, younger population has to pay into a compensation pool and a fund with an older and predominantly less healthy population would receive funds from the pool. In this way, sickness funds compete on price and there is no advantage to eliminate people with higher risks because they are compensated for by means of risk-adjusted capitation payments. Funds are not allowed to pick and choose their policyholders or deny coverage, but then mainly compete on price and service. In some countries the basic coverage level is set by the government and cannot be modified.^[88]

Ireland at one time had a "community rating" system through VHI, effectively a single-payer or common risk pool. The government later opened VHI to competition but without a compensation pool. This resulted in foreign insurance companies entering the Irish market and offering cheap health insurance to relatively healthy segments of the market which then made super profits at VHI's expense. The government later re-introduced community rating through a pooling arrangement and at least one main major insurance company, BUPA, then withdrew from the Irish market.

Private insurance

In some countries with universal coverage, private insurance often excludes many health conditions which are expensive and which the state health care system can provide. For example in the UK, one of the largest private health care providers is BUPA which has the following list of general exclusions^[89].

Dental/oral treatment (such as fillings, gum disease, jaw shrinkage, etc)†; pregnancy and childbirth†; temporary relief of symptoms†; convalescence, rehabilitation and general nursing care†; drugs and dressings for out-patient or take-home use†; screening and preventive treatment; birth control, conception, sexual problems and sex changes†; allergies or allergic disorders; chronic conditions†; eyesight†; physical aids and devices†; *deafness; cosmetic, reconstructive or weight loss treatment† ; ageing, menopause and puberty ; dialysis† ; complications from excluded or restricted conditions/ treatment ; HRT and bone densitometry†; learning difficulties, behavioural and developmental problems ; overseas treatment and repatriation ; AIDS/HIV† ; pre-existing or special conditions ; experimental drugs and treatment† ; sleep problems and disorders ; speech disorders†

all of which (except overseas repatriation) are available for free or very low cost from the NHS. († indicates that treatment may be provided in certain circumstances)

Where voluntary insurance (often private) is predominant, such as in the U.S., medical (health) insurance is subject to the well-known economic problem of adverse selection which may also be referred to as a market failure.^{[citation needed]} Adverse selection in insurance markets occurs because those providing insurance have limited information with which to estimate the health risks on which they may need to pay future claims.^{[citation needed]} In simple terms, those with poor health are more likely to apply for insurance and more likely to need treatments requiring high insurance company payouts.^{[citation needed]} Those with good health may find the cost of insurance too high for the perceived benefit, and some will remove themselves from the risk pool.^{[citation needed]} This adverse selection concentrates the risk pool, thereby further raising costs.^{[citation needed]} In practical terms, the potential for adverse selection means that private insurers have an economic incentive to use medical underwriting to 'weed out' high cost applicants in order to avoid adverse selection.^{[citation needed]} Among the potential solutions posited by economists are single payer systems as well as other methods of ensuring that health insurance is universal, such as by requiring all citizens to purchase insurance and limiting the ability of insurance companies to deny insurance to individuals or vary price between individuals.^[90]^[91]

Politics

Health care systems throughout the world face sustainability challenges that may require far-reaching changes in national policy.^[92] Over the last decade, health spending has been accelerating as a percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.^[92] Many industrialized countries have aging populations, with resulting increases in health care utilization, while others face rapid population growth. One recent study, by global consulting firm PriceWaterhouseCoopers, projected that global health care spending would triple in real dollars by 2020, consuming 21% of GDP in the U.S. and 16% of GDP in other OECD countries.^[92]

United States

Whether a government mandated system of universal health care should be implemented in the U.S. remains a hotly debated political topic. Those in favor of universal health care, such as the non-partisan Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science, which has called for the U.S. to implement universal health care by 2010, argue that the current rate of uninsurance creates direct and hidden costs shared by all, and that extending coverage to all would lower costs and improve quality.^[93] Americans have a lower average life expectancy than those in other industrialized nations with universal health care, such as Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Sweden.^[94] Infant mortality rates also remain higher in the U.S., despite declines in recent decades, and are higher than the average of the European Union.^[95]^[96]

Critics of this argument note that there is very little correlation between life expectancy and infant mortality with the quality of health care, due to such factors as alternate causality and variations in the way countries collect their statistical data.^[97] In fact, the U.S. led the world in life expectancy twenty years ago with virtually the same health system. Rather, many analysts attribute the lower life expectancy to a great surge in obesity rates.^[98]^[99]^[100] Opponents of universal health care programs argue that people should be free to opt out of health insurance^[101] and that government programs would require higher taxes, increase utilization, and reduce health care quality. They also claim that the absence of a market mechanism may slow innovation in treatment and research, and lead to rationing of care through waiting lists.^[102]

Both sides of the political spectrum have also looked to more philosophical arguments, debating whether people have a fundamental right to have health care provided to them by their government.^[103]^[104]

Survey research shows that Americans see expanding coverage as a top national priority, and a majority express support for universal health care.^[105] There is, however, much more limited support for tax increases to support health care reform.^[105]^[106] Most Americans report satisfaction with their own personal health care. Also, millions of people throghout the world come to the United States for health care when their government refuses to treat them, or when they need superior care than their own government can provide. Of the 47 million uninsured in the US, around 40% are illegal immigrants and another 10 million are families that make over $75,000 and decide not to pay for health care. The cost to provide care to the remaining population would be over $1 trillion dollars. The cost mixed with the fact that the U.S. is already deeply in debt due to the economic crisis and some of the expensive bailouts passed already is the main complaint of those opposed to the current plan in Congress.

Debate in the United States

The following is a listing of universal health care pros and cons as argued by supporters and opponents. Template:MultiCol Common arguments forwarded by supporters of universal health care systems include:

Health care is a basic human right^[103]^[107]^[108] or entitlement.^[109]
Ensuring the health of all citizens benefits a nation economically.^[110]
About 59% of the U.S. health care system is already publicly financed with federal and state taxes, property taxes, and tax subsidies - a universal health care system would merely replace private/employer spending with taxes. Total spending would go down for individuals and employers.^[111]
A single payer system could save $286 billion a year in overhead and paperwork.^[112] Administrative costs in the U.S. health care system are substantially higher than those in other countries and than in the public sector in the US: one estimate put the total administrative costs at 24 percent of U.S. health care spending.^[113]
Several liberal studies have shown a majority of taxpayers and citizens would prefer a universal health care system over the current U.S. system^[114]^[115]^[116] (all 3 links are to liberal polls, clearly not "accross the divide") However, most Americans say that they are satisfied with their current health care. Even more Americans felt this way as early as Jan 2008, before some politicians claimed that there was a crisis in the current system.
Universal health care would provide for uninsured adults who may forgo treatment needed for chronic health conditions. However, folks with chronic health issues will probably not recieve the same quality of care as the do currently. Later in life it is very possible that they would be refused care as seen in many cases in Europe and Canada, where a rationing body may refuse medicince or treatment if it is too expensive and the probability of living long regardless is low. ^[117]
Wastefulness and inefficiency in the delivery of health care would be reduced.^[118] This is disputed by most in the health care industry however, and these issues arent of much discussion in the US system anyway.
America spends a far higher percentage of GDP on health care than any other country but has worse ratings on such criteria as quality of care, efficiency of care, access to care, safe care, equity, and wait times, according to the Commonwealth Fund. However, this fund is regarded widely as a liberal think tank, and most people across the political spectrum and in the health care industry find the exact opposite to be true. American care is at least one of, if not the best of quality in the world. People from nearly every country come to America to get a variety of proceeders done. Also, compared to the UK and Canada, the US is almost twice as good in waiting time. Some citizens of those countries have to wait months to get simple screenings and proceedures. The World Health Org. information is largely biased and most medical proffesionals dispute their findings. ^[119]
A universal system would align incentives for investment in long term health-care productivity, preventive care, and better management of chronic conditions. However President Obama has on a number of occasions alluded to taking away tax breaks for people who donate money, and also taxing health care benefits that Americans recieve in tax returns. If this is implimented, investment and donations to the medical industry are likely to declince. ^[120]
Universal health care could act as a subsidy to business, at no cost thereto. (Indeed, the Big Three of U.S. car manufacturers cite health-care provision as a reason for their ongoing financial travails. The cost of health insurance to U.S. car manufacturers adds between USD 900 and USD 1,400 to each car made in the U.S.A.) It could be argued however, that the extremely high cost these companies pay to unions is what led to their downfall. GM payed almost 60% of their profit to unions, whereas other companies like Toyota pay around 30% ^[121]
A 2008 opinion poll of 2,000 US doctors found support for a universal health care plan at 59%-32%, which is up from the 49%-40% opinion of physicians in 2002. These numbers include 83% of psychiatrists, 69% of emergency medicine specialists, 65% of pediatricians, 64% of internists, 60% of family physicians and 55% of general surgeons. The reasons given are an inability of doctors to decide patient care and patients who are unable to afford care. More recent polls however find that a vast majority of doctors do not support UNIVERSAL healthcare, but most agree that some kind of reform is in line. ^[122]
According to an estimate by Dr. Marcia Angell roughly 50% of health care dollars are spent on health care, the rest go to various middlepersons and intermediaries. A streamlined, non-profit, universal system would increase the efficiency with which money is spent on health care. However, many other random doctors do not feel this way, and argue that efficiency is not the problem and that our quality is top notch. ^[123]
In countries in Western Europe with public universal health care, private health care is also available, and one may choose to use it if desired. Most of the advantages of private health care continue to be present, see also two-tier health care. To most Americans this would be ideal, but many fear that a government entity without the need to make profit would ultimately destroy the private industry. ^[124]
Universal health care and public doctors would protect the right to privacy between insurance companies and patients. This is also already true in the current US system though, so not really a "pro or con" for either. ^[125]
Public health care system can be used as independent third party in disputes between employer and employee.^[126]

Conservatives can favor universal health care, because in countries with universal health care, the government spends less tax money per person on health care than the U.S. For example, in France, the government spends $569 less per person on health care than in the United States. This would allow the U.S. to adopt universal health care, while simultaneously cutting government spending and cutting taxes.^[127] First of all, this argument makes no sense. The government would have to cover millions of NEW PEOPLE, therefore they would have to spend money to cover them. So because they have to spend money to cover new citizens, they would have to come up with it by either raising taxes or printing more money increasing inflation even more. Also, France's population is not as much as the U.S. and the U.S. is largely considered to have better health care quality than France which could probably be the reason behind the cost.

| class="col-break " | Common arguments forwarded by opponents of universal health care systems include:

Health care is not a right, as it is defined by the Bill of Rights, or Constitution.^[104]^[128] As such, it is not the responsibility of government to provide health care.^[129]
Universal health care would result in increased wait times as seen in countries like the UK and Canada. Recently Britains health service refused a life saving breast cancer medicine to women who could have survived with it because it cost the government too much money.^[130]
Unequal access and health disparities still exist in universal health care systems. For instance, people could still pay doctors a personal fee to be treated immediately instead of having to wait. Also, health care quality would drop dramatically due to the lack of competition.^[131]
The performance of administrative duties by doctors results from medical centralization and over-regulation, and may reduce charitable provision of medical services by doctors.^[128]
Many problems that universal health insurance is meant to solve are presumed caused by limitations on the free market. As such, free market solutions have greater potential to improve care and coverage.^[132]
The widely quoted health care system ranking by the World Health Organization, in which the US system ranked below other countries' universal health care systems, used biased criteria, giving a false sense of those systems' superiority.^[133]
Empirical evidence on the Medicare single payer-insurance program demonstrates that the cost exceeds the expectations of advocates.^[134] As an open-ended entitlement, Medicare does not weigh the benefits of technologies against their costs. Paying physicians on a fee-for-service basis also leads to spending increases. As a result, it is difficult to predict or control Medicare's spending.^[131] Large market-based public program such as the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program and CalPERS can provide better coverage than Medicare while still controlling costs as well.^[135]^[136]
Universal health care systems, in an effort to control costs by gaining or enforcing monopsony power, sometimes outlaw medical care paid for by private, individual funds.^[137]
Most doctors and others in the American Medical Association are opposed to universal healthcare for a number of reasons.
Universal healthcare is not the only answer in America; most problems with the current system is the cost to the consumer. It would be much easier and cheaper for the government to simply regulate costs and require private companies to cover people with pre-existing conditions.
Government run health care would eventually destroy private companies because a government run program does not need to create profit to stay in existence. The government can simply print more money. Therefore, the private companies would struggle to match the prices the government can offer and eventually lose all business.
One issue in the U.S. Congress is the partisan politics with the reform bill. There have been a few alternatives offered, but none have been considered. Also, those who wrote the original bill refuse to change any of it.
The Obama administration is trying to force a vote on legislation before the August Reccess. Most in Congress would prefer the president and others in Congress to do it right and make sure it is a bill that everyone can agree on.
President Obama himself admitted on July 22 at a press confrence that he has not read the entire bill and did not know anything about a certain article in the bill when asked by a reporter. How can you push something and try and force a vote on it if you havent even read it yourself?

Template:EndMultiCol

References

^ ^a ^b Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 2004-01-14
^ In others tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long term chronic care. For an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries - nine universal systems and one non-universal system (the U.S.) - and their relative costs and key health outcomes, see http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/Int_Health_Comp.pdf. For a wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with universal health care, see the World Health Organization publication at http://www.euro.who.int/document/e85400.pdf.
^ Government of Canada, Social Union, News Release, "A Framework to Improve the Social Union for Canadians: An Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Governments of the Provinces and Territories, February 4, 1999," URL accessed 20 December 2006.
^ Public vs. private health care. CBC, December 1, 2006.
^ Press release, "Health care spending to reach $160 billion this year", Canadian Institute for Health Information, November 13, 2007, accessed November 19, 2007
^ National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975-2007, Canadian Institute for Health Information, November 13, 2007, accessed November 19, 2007
^ Private Health Insurance In Oecd Countries: The [[OECD]] Health Project. Organization for Economic. 2004. ISBN 92-64-00668-0. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
^ Steinbrook R (2006). "Private health care in Canada". N Engl J Med. 354 (16): 1661–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068064. PMID 16625005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Kraus, Clifford (2006-02-26). "As Canada's Slow-Motion Public Health System Falters, Private Medical Care Is Surging". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
^ http://www.sgmlaw.com/PageFactory.aspx?PageID=488
^ Message to the Nation from the President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, on the occasion of his first State of the Union Address
^ President Calderón during First National Week of Affiliation to Medical Insurance for a New Generation
^ President Calderón at Launching of Affiliation to Medical Insurance for a New Generation
^ International Women's Day
^ Law on Health Insurance published today
^ President Garcia: Law on Health Insurance marks major reform
^ "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007." U.S. Census Bureau. Issued August 2008.
^ Overview - What is Not Covered, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. CMS Programs & Information. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
^ "Report Brief: America's Health Care Safety Net: Intact but Endangered" (PDF). Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Science. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2007-10-22. In the absence of universal health insurance, a health care "safety net" is the default system of care for many of the 44 million low-income Americans with no or limited health insurance as well as many Medicaid beneficiaries and people who need special services. This safety net system is neither uniformly available throughout the country nor financially secure.
^ Briefing note for OECD Health Data 2001: How Does the United States Compare, OECD Health Data 2007, accessed 2007-10-28
^ "Health Systems Resources" (PDF). World Health Statistics 2008: Global Health Indicators. World Health Organization. 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
^ "Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations". Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ "No Health Insurance? So What?". The Cato Institute. 2002-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ Fahrenthold DA. "Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage." Washington Post; Wednesday, April 5, 2006; Page A01.
^ "Healthy San Francisco: About Us". City of San Francisco. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ Meredith, Adams. "San Francisco launches universal health care". Chicago Tribune. 2007-09-18. Retrieved on 2007-10-09
^ Neubauer, Deane. 1993. "State Model: Hawaii. A Pioneer in Health System Reform." Health Affairs, 12 (2): 31-39
^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (2007-01-09). "California Plan for Health Care Would Cover All". New York times. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ Hartford Courant, "Connecticut Clergy Pressuring State To Approve Health Insurance Plan", March 5, 2009
^ The New York Times, "Hartford Hears Health Care Proposal", January 16, 2009
^ Fairfield County Business Journal, "Health care options proliferate", January 9, 2009
^ Enfield Press, "Realtors' Association endorses heallth care proposal", February 26, 2009
^ Record Journal, "Universal Health Care Plan Gains Steam", February 17, 2009
^ Hartford Courant, "Foundation Presents Plan To Provide Universal Health Coverage", January 14, 2009
^ Hartford Courant, "Health Plan Advances", March 28, 2009
^ Human Services Committee Vote Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," April 22nd, 2009
^ Labor and Public Employees Committee Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," April 29nd, 2009
^ Labor and Public Employees Committee Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," April 29nd, 2009
^ Insurance and Real Estate Committee Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," May 7, 2009
^ Hartford Courant, "Connecticut House Backs Universal Health Care Coverage", May 21st, 2009
^ Hartford Courant, "Senate Approves Two Controversial Healthcare Bills Saturday", May 30, 2009
^ "Rell Vetoes Controversial Pooling and SustiNet Healthcare Bills", Hartford Courant, July 8, 2009
^ "House and Senate Both Override Rell on Universal Health Bill", Hartford Courant, July 20, 2009
^ Connecticut General Asembly, Office of Legislative Research, "OLR Acts Affecting Insurance," July 21, 2009
^ Connecticut General Asembly, Office of Legislative Research, "OLR Acts Affecting Insurance," July 21, 2009
^ Gadling Gadling
^ The Health Care System in Israel- An Historical Perspective Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
^ Ministry of Health and Nutrition, Sri Lanka
^ Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taiwan
^ Carrin G, Ron A, Hui Y; et al. (1999). "The reform of the rural cooperative medical system in the People's Republic of China: interim experience in 14 pilot counties". Soc Sci Med. 48 (7): 961–72. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00396-7. PMID 10192562. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ [ http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-01-21/191317091440.shtml国务院通过医改方案 3年内医改投入8500亿, accessed January 21, 2009]
^ "Hong Kong health indices among world's best". Government of the Hong Kong SAR. 2003-01-28. Retrieved 2008-02-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Healthy life expectancy in Hong Kong". World Health Organization. Retrieved on 7 June 2008.
^ "Rank Order - Life expectancy at birth". The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2008-02-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision" (PDF). United Nations. 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
^ Live Donor Liver Transplantation: Current Status
^ A list of the top rated hospitals in India. Several hospitals among these are government hospitals, Including AIIMS
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators
^ World Health Organization, "World Health Statistics 2007: Mortality", based on 2005 data.
^ ^a ^b John Tucci, "The Singapore health system – achieving positive health outcomes with low expenditure", Watson Wyatt Healthcare Market Review, October 2004.
^ Fanchiang, Cecilia."New IC health insurance card expected to offer many benefits", Taiwan Journal, January 2nd, 2004 Accessed March 28, 2008
^ "Taiwan Takes Fastrack to Universal Health Care". All Things Considered, NPR. 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
^ Jui-Fen Rachel Lu and William C. Hsiao (2003). "Does Universal Health Insurance Make Health Care Unaffordable? Lessons From Taiwan". Health Affairs. 22 (3): 77–88. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.22.3.77.
^ G20 Health Care: "Health Care Systems and Health Market Reform in the G20 Countries." Prepared for the World Economic Forum by Ernst & Young. January 3, 2006.
^ The Universal Coverage Policy of Thailand: An Introduction
^ Hughes D, Leethongdee S (2007). "Universal coverage in the land of smiles: lessons from Thailand's 30 baht health reforms". Health Affairs. 26 (4): 999–1008. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.999. PMID 17630443.
^ Portugal: Bentes M, Dias CM, Sakellarides C, Bankauskaite V. Health Care Systems in Transition: Portugal. WHO are Regional Offices for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004.
^ Constitution of Ukraine Chapter 2, Article 49. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996.
^ ^a ^b Physicians for a National Health Program "International Health Systems".
^ KELA - Use of European Health Insurance Card in Finland
^ http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_283_en.pdf European Commission: Health and long-term care in the European Union
^ History of German Health Care System
^ Gesetzliche Krankenversicherungen im Vergleich (English Translation)
^ Henke KD (2007). "[External and internal financing in health care]". Med. Klin. (Munich) (in German). 102 (5): 366–72. doi:10.1007/s00063-007-1045-0. PMID 17497087. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Length of hospital stay, Germany
^ Length of hospital stay, U.S.
^ Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C; et al. (2006). "Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon". Health Aff (Millwood). 25 (2): w61–73. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61. PMID 16495287. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ NHS now four different systems BBC January 2 2008
^ http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_093419 NHS Constitution for England
^ "New generation surgery-centers to carry out thousands more NHS operations every year". Department of Health. 2002-12-03. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
^ Introduction to NHS Wales 1960's www.wales.nhs.uk
^ Australian Taxation Office (19 June 2007). "What is the Medicare levy?". Retrieved 2008-02-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Bentes M, Dias CM, Sakellarides C, Bankauskaite V. Health Care Systems in Transition: Portuagal. WHO are Regional Offices for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004.
^ Chua, Kao-Ping. "Single Payer 101". February 10, 2006.
^ Sherry A. Glied, "Health Care Financing, Efficiency, and Equity," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13881, March 2008
^ Goliath - Research in Healthcare Financial Management - Industry & Business News Articles - Article, News, Research, Information
^ http://www.bupa.co.uk/heartbeat/html/not_covered.html BUPA treatment exclusion list
^ Michael Rothschild and Joseph Stiglitz, "Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information," Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1976 (90:629-649) (known as the Rothschild-Stiglitz Model)
^ Paulo Belli, How Adverse Selection Affects the Health Insurance Market
^ ^a ^b ^c "HealthCast 2020: Creating a sustainable future" (PDF). PriceWaterhouseCoopers (requires registration. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ "Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations". Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ CIA World Factbook table of life expectancies by country
^ -see table
^ CIA World Factbook; Guide to Rank Order Pages[1] and the complete article on the United States [2]
^ National Center for Public Policy Analysis. [3] Retrieved August 8, 2007.
^ Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC; et al. (2005). "A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century". N Engl J Med. 352 (11): 1138–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr043743. PMID 15784668. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB (2003). "Years of life lost due to obesity". JAMA. 289 (2): 187–93. doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.187. PMID 12517229. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [4] Retrieved August 8, 2007.
^ "No Health Insurance? So What?". The Cato Institute. 2002-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
^ Pacific Research Institute • Search
^ ^a ^b Center for Economic and Social Rights. "The Right to Health in the United States of America: What Does it Mean?" October 29, 2004.
^ ^a ^b Sade RM (1971). "Medical care as a right: a refutation". N Engl J Med. 285 (23): 1288–92. PMID 5113728. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
(Reprinted as "The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right.")
^ ^a ^b Thomas Bodenheimer, "The Political Divide In Health Care: A Liberal Perspective," Health Affairs, November/December 2005
^ Robert J. Blendon and John M. Benson, "Americans’ Views On Health Policy: A Fifty-Year Historical Perspective," Health Affairs, March/April 2001
^ United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948. Article 25 states: "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control."
^ National Health Care for the Homeless Council. "Human Rights, Homelessness and Health Care".
^ Kereiakes DJ, Willerson JT (2004). "US health care: entitlement or privilege?". Circulation. 109 (12): 1460–2. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124795.36864.78. PMID 15051650. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Miller W, Vigdor ER, Manning WG (2004). "Covering the uninsured: what is it worth?". Health Aff (Millwood). Suppl Web Exclusives: W4–157–67. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.w4.157. PMID 15451984.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
This study estimated that the value of health forgone each year because of uninsurance in the U.S. was $65–$130 billion and concluded that this figure constituted "a lower-bound estimate of economic losses resulting from the present level of uninsurance nationally."
^ "Won’t this raise my taxes?" PHNP.org.
^ Public Citizen. "Study Shows National Health Insurance Could Save $286 Billion on Health Care Paperwork:" http://www.citizen.org.
^ Reinhardt UE, Hussey PS, Anderson GF (2004). "U.S. health care spending in an international context". Health Aff (Millwood). 23 (3): 10–25. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.10. PMID 15160799.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Teixeira , Ruy. "Healthcare for All?" MotherJones September 27, 2005 .
^ CBSNews. "Poll: The Politics Of Health Care" CBSNews March 1, 2007 .
^ Blake, Aaron. "Poll shows many Republicans favor universal health care, gays in military" TheHill.com June 28, 2007.
^ http://covertheuninsured.org/media/docs/release050205a.pdf
^ Paul Krugman and Robin Wells, The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It, New York Review of Books, 2006-03-23, accessed 2007-10-28
^ "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care" by Karen Davis, Ph.D., Cathy Schoen, M.S., Stephen C. Schoenbaum, M.D., M.P.H., Michelle M. Doty, Ph.D., M.P.H., Alyssa L. Holmgren, M.P.A., Jennifer L. Kriss, and Katherine K. Shea Commonwealth Fund, May 15, 2007.
^ "The Best Care Anywhere" by Phillip Longman, Washington Monthly, January 2005.
^ "Detroit's big three seek White House help" Guardian Unlimited, November 15, 2006
^ Doctors support universal health care: survey | Health | Reuters
^ Statement of Dr. Marcia Angell introducing the U.S. National Health Insurance Act, Physicians for a National Health Program, February 4, 2003. Accessed March 4, 2008
^ ""Uguali e diversi" davanti alla salute" (PDF) (in Template:It). Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "Il segreto professionale nella relazione medico-paziente" (PDF) (in Template:It). Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "LEGGE 20 maggio 1970, n. 300 (Statuto dei lavoratori)" (in Template:It). pp. ART. 5. and ART. 6. Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ A Conservative Case for Universal Health Coverage, Randall Hoven, December 12, 2007
^ ^a ^b David E. Kelley, A Life of One's Own:Individual Rights and the Welfare State, Cato Institute, October 1998, ISBN 1-882577-70-1
^ Michael Tanner, "Individual Mandates for Health Insurance: Slippery Slope to National Health Care," Cato Institute, Policy Analysis No. 565, April 5, 2006
^ Cato-at-liberty » Depends on What the Meaning of “Universal” Is
^ ^a ^b Fuchs VR, Emanuel EJ (2005). "Health care reform: why? What? When?". Health Aff (Millwood). 24 (6): 1399–414. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.6.1399. PMID 16284011.
^ A Minority View
^ Glen Whitman, WHO's Fooling Who? The World Health Organization's Problematic Ranking of Health Care Systems, Cato Institute Briefing Paper No. 101, 2008-02-08, accessed 2008-05-28
^ Sue Blevins, Universal Health Care Won't Work — Witness Medicare, The Cato Institute, 2003-04-11, accessed 2007-10-28
^ Michael J. O’Grady, "Health Insurance Spending Growth - How Does Medicare Compare?," Joint Economic Committee, June 17, 2003
^ Jeff Lemieux, "Medicare vs. FEHB Spending: A Rare, Reasonable Analysis," Centrists.org, June 2003
^ Cato-at-liberty » Revolt Against Canadian Health Care System Continues

External links

Health Care for America NOW!. An advocacy group that supports a public health insurance option for universal health care.
Health Care Is a Right, Not a Privilege by U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders, The Huffington Post, June 8 2009
Health Revolution Petition Website
Healthcare-NOW!. A nonprofit advocacy group for single-payer universal healthcare.
Progressive Democrats of America, Democrats who support single-payer universal healthcare.
Republicans for Single-Payer Universal Healthcare Republicans who support single-payer healthcare.
Single Payer Action. Activist organization supporting single-payer universal healthcare.
Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut

[IOM-1] Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 2004-01-14

[2] In others tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long term chronic care. For an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries - nine universal systems and one non-universal system (the U.S.) - and their relative costs and key health outcomes, see http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/Int_Health_Comp.pdf. For a wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with universal health care, see the World Health Organization publication at http://www.euro.who.int/document/e85400.pdf.

[3] Government of Canada, Social Union, News Release, "A Framework to Improve the Social Union for Canadians: An Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Governments of the Provinces and Territories, February 4, 1999," URL accessed 20 December 2006.

[4] Public vs. private health care. CBC, December 1, 2006.

[5] Press release, "Health care spending to reach $160 billion this year", Canadian Institute for Health Information, November 13, 2007, accessed November 19, 2007

[6] National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975-2007, Canadian Institute for Health Information, November 13, 2007, accessed November 19, 2007

[7] Private Health Insurance In Oecd Countries: The [[OECD]] Health Project. Organization for Economic. 2004. ISBN 92-64-00668-0. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

[8] Steinbrook R (2006). "Private health care in Canada". N Engl J Med. 354 (16): 1661–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068064. PMID 16625005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[NYTimes-9] Kraus, Clifford (2006-02-26). "As Canada's Slow-Motion Public Health System Falters, Private Medical Care Is Surging". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-16.

[10] ttp://www.sgmlaw.com/PageFactory.aspx?PageID=488

[11] Message to the Nation from the President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, on the occasion of his first State of the Union Address

[12] President Calderón during First National Week of Affiliation to Medical Insurance for a New Generation

[13] President Calderón at Launching of Affiliation to Medical Insurance for a New Generation

[14] International Women's Day

[15] Law on Health Insurance published today

[16] President Garcia: Law on Health Insurance marks major reform

[Census_2007-17] "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007." U.S. Census Bureau. Issued August 2008.

[18] Overview - What is Not Covered, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

[19] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. CMS Programs & Information. Retrieved August 30, 2006.

[20] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act. Retrieved August 30, 2006.

[IOM_Safety_Net-21] "Report Brief: America's Health Care Safety Net: Intact but Endangered" (PDF). Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Science. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2007-10-22. In the absence of universal health insurance, a health care "safety net" is the default system of care for many of the 44 million low-income Americans with no or limited health insurance as well as many Medicaid beneficiaries and people who need special services. This safety net system is neither uniformly available throughout the country nor financially secure.

[22] Briefing note for OECD Health Data 2001: How Does the United States Compare, OECD Health Data 2007, accessed 2007-10-28

[WHO_2008-23] "Health Systems Resources" (PDF). World Health Statistics 2008: Global Health Indicators. World Health Organization. 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-30.

[24] "Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations". Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[25] "No Health Insurance? So What?". The Cato Institute. 2002-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[26] Fahrenthold DA. "Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage." Washington Post; Wednesday, April 5, 2006; Page A01.

[27] "Healthy San Francisco: About Us". City of San Francisco. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[28] Meredith, Adams. "San Francisco launches universal health care". Chicago Tribune. 2007-09-18. Retrieved on 2007-10-09

[29] Neubauer, Deane. 1993. "State Model: Hawaii. A Pioneer in Health System Reform." Health Affairs, 12 (2): 31-39

[30] Steinhauer, Jennifer (2007-01-09). "California Plan for Health Care Would Cover All". New York times. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[31] Hartford Courant, "Connecticut Clergy Pressuring State To Approve Health Insurance Plan", March 5, 2009

[32] The New York Times, "Hartford Hears Health Care Proposal", January 16, 2009

[33] Fairfield County Business Journal, "Health care options proliferate", January 9, 2009

[34] Enfield Press, "Realtors' Association endorses heallth care proposal", February 26, 2009

[35] Record Journal, "Universal Health Care Plan Gains Steam", February 17, 2009

[36] Hartford Courant, "Foundation Presents Plan To Provide Universal Health Coverage", January 14, 2009

[37] Hartford Courant, "Health Plan Advances", March 28, 2009

[38] Human Services Committee Vote Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," April 22nd, 2009

[39] Labor and Public Employees Committee Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," April 29nd, 2009

[40] Labor and Public Employees Committee Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," April 29nd, 2009

[41] Insurance and Real Estate Committee Tally Sheet, Bill No.: HB-6600, "AN ACT CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUSTINET PLAN," May 7, 2009

[42] Hartford Courant, "Connecticut House Backs Universal Health Care Coverage", May 21st, 2009

[43] Hartford Courant, "Senate Approves Two Controversial Healthcare Bills Saturday", May 30, 2009

[44] "Rell Vetoes Controversial Pooling and SustiNet Healthcare Bills", Hartford Courant, July 8, 2009

[45] "House and Senate Both Override Rell on Universal Health Bill", Hartford Courant, July 20, 2009

[46] Connecticut General Asembly, Office of Legislative Research, "OLR Acts Affecting Insurance," July 21, 2009

[47] Connecticut General Asembly, Office of Legislative Research, "OLR Acts Affecting Insurance," July 21, 2009

[48] Gadling Gadling

[49] The Health Care System in Israel- An Historical Perspective Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved June 7, 2006.

[50] Ministry of Health and Nutrition, Sri Lanka

[51] Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taiwan

[52] Carrin G, Ron A, Hui Y; et al. (1999). "The reform of the rural cooperative medical system in the People's Republic of China: interim experience in 14 pilot counties". Soc Sci Med. 48 (7): 961–72. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00396-7. PMID 10192562. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[53] [ http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-01-21/191317091440.shtml国务院通过医改方案 3年内医改投入8500亿, accessed January 21, 2009]

[54] "Hong Kong health indices among world's best". Government of the Hong Kong SAR. 2003-01-28. Retrieved 2008-02-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[55] "Healthy life expectancy in Hong Kong". World Health Organization. Retrieved on 7 June 2008.

[56] "Rank Order - Life expectancy at birth". The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2008-02-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[57] "World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision" (PDF). United Nations. 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-01.

[58] Live Donor Liver Transplantation: Current Status

[59] A list of the top rated hospitals in India. Several hospitals among these are government hospitals, Including AIIMS

[WHOSIS-60] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators

[61] World Health Organization, "World Health Statistics 2007: Mortality", based on 2005 data.

[Watson_Wyatt_Singapore-62] John Tucci, "The Singapore health system – achieving positive health outcomes with low expenditure", Watson Wyatt Healthcare Market Review, October 2004.

[63] Fanchiang, Cecilia."New IC health insurance card expected to offer many benefits", Taiwan Journal, January 2nd, 2004 Accessed March 28, 2008

[NPRart-64] "Taiwan Takes Fastrack to Universal Health Care". All Things Considered, NPR. 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-10-05.

[65] Jui-Fen Rachel Lu and William C. Hsiao (2003). "Does Universal Health Insurance Make Health Care Unaffordable? Lessons From Taiwan". Health Affairs. 22 (3): 77–88. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.22.3.77.

[G20-66] G20 Health Care: "Health Care Systems and Health Market Reform in the G20 Countries." Prepared for the World Economic Forum by Ernst & Young. January 3, 2006.

[67] The Universal Coverage Policy of Thailand: An Introduction

[68] Hughes D, Leethongdee S (2007). "Universal coverage in the land of smiles: lessons from Thailand's 30 baht health reforms". Health Affairs. 26 (4): 999–1008. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.999. PMID 17630443.

[69] Portugal: Bentes M, Dias CM, Sakellarides C, Bankauskaite V. Health Care Systems in Transition: Portugal. WHO are Regional Offices for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004.

[70] Constitution of Ukraine Chapter 2, Article 49. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996.

[Physicians_1-71] Physicians for a National Health Program "International Health Systems".

[72] KELA - Use of European Health Insurance Card in Finland

[73] ttp://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_283_en.pdf European Commission: Health and long-term care in the European Union

[74] History of German Health Care System

[GK-75] Gesetzliche Krankenversicherungen im Vergleich (English Translation)

[76] Henke KD (2007). "[External and internal financing in health care]". Med. Klin. (Munich) (in German). 102 (5): 366–72. doi:10.1007/s00063-007-1045-0. PMID 17497087. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[77] Length of hospital stay, Germany

[78] Length of hospital stay, U.S.

[79] Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C; et al. (2006). "Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon". Health Aff (Millwood). 25 (2): w61–73. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61. PMID 16495287. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[80] NHS now four different systems BBC January 2 2008

[81] ttp://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_093419 NHS Constitution for England

[82] "New generation surgery-centers to carry out thousands more NHS operations every year". Department of Health. 2002-12-03. Retrieved 2006-09-15.

[83] Introduction to NHS Wales 1960's www.wales.nhs.uk

[84] Australian Taxation Office (19 June 2007). "What is the Medicare levy?". Retrieved 2008-02-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[Bentes-85] Bentes M, Dias CM, Sakellarides C, Bankauskaite V. Health Care Systems in Transition: Portuagal. WHO are Regional Offices for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004.

[Chua-86] Chua, Kao-Ping. "Single Payer 101". February 10, 2006.

[87] Sherry A. Glied, "Health Care Financing, Efficiency, and Equity," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13881, March 2008

[88] Goliath - Research in Healthcare Financial Management - Industry & Business News Articles - Article, News, Research, Information

[89] ttp://www.bupa.co.uk/heartbeat/html/not_covered.html BUPA treatment exclusion list

[90] Michael Rothschild and Joseph Stiglitz, "Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information," Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1976 (90:629-649) (known as the Rothschild-Stiglitz Model)

[91] Paulo Belli, How Adverse Selection Affects the Health Insurance Market

[PWC-92] "HealthCast 2020: Creating a sustainable future" (PDF). PriceWaterhouseCoopers (requires registration. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[93] "Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations". Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[94] CIA World Factbook table of life expectancies by country

[95] -see table

[96] CIA World Factbook; Guide to Rank Order Pages[1] and the complete article on the United States [2]

[97] National Center for Public Policy Analysis. [3] Retrieved August 8, 2007.

[98] Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC; et al. (2005). "A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century". N Engl J Med. 352 (11): 1138–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr043743. PMID 15784668. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[99] Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB (2003). "Years of life lost due to obesity". JAMA. 289 (2): 187–93. doi:10.1001/jama.289.2.187. PMID 12517229. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[100] Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [4] Retrieved August 8, 2007.

[101] "No Health Insurance? So What?". The Cato Institute. 2002-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-27.

[102] Pacific Research Institute • Search

[CESR-103] Center for Economic and Social Rights. "The Right to Health in the United States of America: What Does it Mean?" October 29, 2004.

[Sade-104] Sade RM (1971). "Medical care as a right: a refutation". N Engl J Med. 285 (23): 1288–92. PMID 5113728. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
(Reprinted as "The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right.")

[Bodenheimer_2005-105] Thomas Bodenheimer, "The Political Divide In Health Care: A Liberal Perspective," Health Affairs, November/December 2005

[Blendon_&_Benson-106] Robert J. Blendon and John M. Benson, "Americans’ Views On Health Policy: A Fifty-Year Historical Perspective," Health Affairs, March/April 2001

[UN-107] United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948. Article 25 states: "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control."

[NHCHC-108] National Health Care for the Homeless Council. "Human Rights, Homelessness and Health Care".

[109] Kereiakes DJ, Willerson JT (2004). "US health care: entitlement or privilege?". Circulation. 109 (12): 1460–2. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000124795.36864.78. PMID 15051650. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[110] Miller W, Vigdor ER, Manning WG (2004). "Covering the uninsured: what is it worth?". Health Aff (Millwood). Suppl Web Exclusives: W4–157–67. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.w4.157. PMID 15451984.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
This study estimated that the value of health forgone each year because of uninsurance in the U.S. was $65–$130 billion and concluded that this figure constituted "a lower-bound estimate of economic losses resulting from the present level of uninsurance nationally."

[PHNPtaxes-111] "Won’t this raise my taxes?" PHNP.org.

[savings-112] Public Citizen. "Study Shows National Health Insurance Could Save $286 Billion on Health Care Paperwork:" http://www.citizen.org.

[113] Reinhardt UE, Hussey PS, Anderson GF (2004). "U.S. health care spending in an international context". Health Aff (Millwood). 23 (3): 10–25. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.10. PMID 15160799.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[polls-114] Teixeira , Ruy. "Healthcare for All?" MotherJones September 27, 2005 .

[polls2-115] CBSNews. "Poll: The Politics Of Health Care" CBSNews March 1, 2007 .

[polls3-116] Blake, Aaron. "Poll shows many Republicans favor universal health care, gays in military" TheHill.com June 28, 2007.

[117] ttp://covertheuninsured.org/media/docs/release050205a.pdf

[Krugman-118] Paul Krugman and Robin Wells, The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It, New York Review of Books, 2006-03-23, accessed 2007-10-28

[119] "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care" by Karen Davis, Ph.D., Cathy Schoen, M.S., Stephen C. Schoenbaum, M.D., M.P.H., Michelle M. Doty, Ph.D., M.P.H., Alyssa L. Holmgren, M.P.A., Jennifer L. Kriss, and Katherine K. Shea Commonwealth Fund, May 15, 2007.

[120] "The Best Care Anywhere" by Phillip Longman, Washington Monthly, January 2005.

[121] "Detroit's big three seek White House help" Guardian Unlimited, November 15, 2006

[122] Doctors support universal health care: survey | Health | Reuters

[Angell-123] Statement of Dr. Marcia Angell introducing the U.S. National Health Insurance Act, Physicians for a National Health Program, February 4, 2003. Accessed March 4, 2008

[124] ""Uguali e diversi" davanti alla salute" (PDF) (in Template:It). Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[125] "Il segreto professionale nella relazione medico-paziente" (PDF) (in Template:It). Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[126] "LEGGE 20 maggio 1970, n. 300 (Statuto dei lavoratori)" (in Template:It). pp. ART. 5. and ART. 6. Retrieved 2008-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[127] A Conservative Case for Universal Health Coverage, Randall Hoven, December 12, 2007

[David_E._Kelley-128] David E. Kelley, A Life of One's Own:Individual Rights and the Welfare State, Cato Institute, October 1998, ISBN 1-882577-70-1

[129] Michael Tanner, "Individual Mandates for Health Insurance: Slippery Slope to National Health Care," Cato Institute, Policy Analysis No. 565, April 5, 2006

[130] Cato-at-liberty » Depends on What the Meaning of “Universal” Is

[Fuchs_&_Emanuel-131] Fuchs VR, Emanuel EJ (2005). "Health care reform: why? What? When?". Health Aff (Millwood). 24 (6): 1399–414. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.6.1399. PMID 16284011.

[132] A Minority View

[Whitman-133] Glen Whitman, WHO's Fooling Who? The World Health Organization's Problematic Ranking of Health Care Systems, Cato Institute Briefing Paper No. 101, 2008-02-08, accessed 2008-05-28

[Blevins-134] Sue Blevins, Universal Health Care Won't Work — Witness Medicare, The Cato Institute, 2003-04-11, accessed 2007-10-28

[135] Michael J. O’Grady, "Health Insurance Spending Growth - How Does Medicare Compare?," Joint Economic Committee, June 17, 2003

[136] Jeff Lemieux, "Medicare vs. FEHB Spending: A Rare, Reasonable Analysis," Centrists.org, June 2003

[137] Cato-at-liberty » Revolt Against Canadian Health Care System Continues

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 243: / Line 243: @@
 * About 59% of the U.S. health care system is already publicly financed with federal and state taxes, property taxes, and tax subsidies - a universal health care system would merely replace private/employer spending with taxes. Total spending would go down for individuals and employers.<ref name="PHNPtaxes"> [http://www.pnhp.org/facts/singlepayer_faq.php#raise_taxes "Won’t this raise my taxes?"] PHNP.org. </ref>
 *A single payer system could save $286 billion a year in overhead and paperwork.<ref name="savings">Public Citizen. [http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=1623 "Study Shows National Health Insurance Could Save $286 Billion on Health Care Paperwork:"] http://www.citizen.org. </ref> Administrative costs in the U.S. health care system are substantially higher than those in other countries and than in the public sector in the US: one estimate put the total administrative costs at 24 percent of U.S. health care spending.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reinhardt UE, Hussey PS, Anderson GF |title=U.S. health care spending in an international context |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=10–25 |year=2004 |pmid=15160799 |url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/23/3/10 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.10}}</ref>
-*Several studies have shown a majority of taxpayers and citizens across the political divide would prefer a universal health care system over the current U.S. system<ref name="polls">Teixeira , Ruy. [http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2005/09/universal_healthcare.html "Healthcare for All?"] MotherJones September 27, 2005 .</ref><ref name="polls2">CBSNews. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/01/opinion/polls/main2528357.shtml "Poll: The Politics Of Health Care"] CBSNews March 1, 2007 .</ref><ref name="polls3">Blake, Aaron. [http://thehill.com/campaign-2008/poll-shows-many-republicans-favor-universal-healthcare-gays-in-military-2007-06-28.html "Poll shows many Republicans favor universal health care, gays in military"] TheHill.com June 28, 2007.</ref>
+*Several liberal studies have shown a majority of taxpayers and citizens would prefer a universal health care system over the current U.S. system<ref name="polls">Teixeira , Ruy. [http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2005/09/universal_healthcare.html "Healthcare for All?"] MotherJones September 27, 2005 .</ref><ref name="polls2">CBSNews. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/01/opinion/polls/main2528357.shtml "Poll: The Politics Of Health Care"] CBSNews March 1, 2007 .</ref><ref name="polls3">Blake, Aaron. [http://thehill.com/campaign-2008/poll-shows-many-republicans-favor-universal-healthcare-gays-in-military-2007-06-28.html "Poll shows many Republicans favor universal health care, gays in military"] TheHill.com June 28, 2007.</ref>  (all 3 links are to liberal polls, clearly not "accross the divide") However, most Americans say that they are satisfied with their current health care. Even more Americans felt this way as early as Jan 2008, before some politicians claimed that there was a crisis in the current system.
-*Universal health care would provide for uninsured adults who may forgo treatment needed for chronic health conditions.<ref>http://covertheuninsured.org/media/docs/release050205a.pdf</ref>
+*Universal health care would provide for uninsured adults who may forgo treatment needed for chronic health conditions. However, folks with chronic health issues will probably not recieve the same quality of care as the do currently. Later in life it is very possible that they would be refused care as seen in many cases in Europe and Canada, where a rationing body may refuse medicince or treatment if it is too expensive and the probability of living long regardless is low. <ref>http://covertheuninsured.org/media/docs/release050205a.pdf</ref>
-*Wastefulness and inefficiency in the delivery of health care would be reduced.<ref name="Krugman">Paul Krugman and Robin Wells, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18802 The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It], New York Review of Books, 2006-03-23, accessed 2007-10-28</ref>
+*Wastefulness and inefficiency in the delivery of health care would be reduced.<ref name="Krugman">Paul Krugman and Robin Wells, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18802 The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It], New York Review of Books, 2006-03-23, accessed 2007-10-28</ref> This is disputed by most in the health care industry however, and these issues arent of much discussion in the US system anyway.
-*America spends a far higher percentage of GDP on health care than any other country but has worse ratings on such criteria as quality of care, efficiency of care, access to care, safe care, equity, and wait times, according to the Commonwealth Fund.<ref>[http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=482678 "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care"] by Karen Davis, Ph.D., Cathy Schoen, M.S., Stephen C. Schoenbaum, M.D., M.P.H., Michelle M. Doty, Ph.D., M.P.H., Alyssa L. Holmgren, M.P.A., Jennifer L. Kriss, and Katherine K. Shea Commonwealth Fund, May 15, 2007.</ref>
+*America spends a far higher percentage of GDP on health care than any other country but has worse ratings on such criteria as quality of care, efficiency of care, access to care, safe care, equity, and wait times, according to the Commonwealth Fund. However, this fund is regarded widely as a liberal think tank, and most people across the political spectrum and in the health care industry find the exact opposite to be true. American care is at least one of, if not the best of quality in the world. People from nearly every country come to America to get a variety of proceeders done. Also, compared to the UK and Canada, the US is almost twice as good in waiting time. Some citizens of those countries have to wait months to get simple screenings and proceedures. The World Health Org. information is largely biased and most medical proffesionals dispute their findings. <ref>[http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=482678 "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care"] by Karen Davis, Ph.D., Cathy Schoen, M.S., Stephen C. Schoenbaum, M.D., M.P.H., Michelle M. Doty, Ph.D., M.P.H., Alyssa L. Holmgren, M.P.A., Jennifer L. Kriss, and Katherine K. Shea Commonwealth Fund, May 15, 2007.</ref>
-*A universal system would align incentives for investment in long term health-care productivity, preventive care, and better management of chronic conditions.<ref>[http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0501.longman.html "The Best Care Anywhere"] by Phillip Longman, Washington Monthly, January 2005.</ref>
+*A universal system would align incentives for investment in long term health-care productivity, preventive care, and better management of chronic conditions. However President Obama has on a number of occasions alluded to taking away tax breaks for people who donate money, and also taxing health care benefits that Americans recieve in tax returns. If this is implimented, investment and donations to the medical industry are likely to declince. <ref>[http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0501.longman.html "The Best Care Anywhere"] by Phillip Longman, Washington Monthly, January 2005.</ref>
-*Universal health care could act as a subsidy to business, at no cost thereto. (Indeed, the Big Three of U.S. car manufacturers cite health-care provision as a reason for their ongoing financial travails. The cost of health insurance to U.S. car manufacturers adds between USD 900 and USD 1,400 to each car made in the U.S.A.)<ref>[http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1948040,00.html "Detroit's big three seek White House help"] Guardian Unlimited, November 15, 2006</ref>
+*Universal health care could act as a subsidy to business, at no cost thereto. (Indeed, the Big Three of U.S. car manufacturers cite health-care provision as a reason for their ongoing financial travails. The cost of health insurance to U.S. car manufacturers adds between USD 900 and USD 1,400 to each car made in the U.S.A.) It could be argued however, that the extremely high cost these companies pay to unions is what led to their downfall. GM payed almost 60% of their profit to unions, whereas other companies like Toyota pay around 30% <ref>[http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1948040,00.html "Detroit's big three seek White House help"] Guardian Unlimited, November 15, 2006</ref>
-*A 2008 opinion poll of 2,000 US doctors found support for a universal health care plan at 59%-32%, which is up from the 49%-40% opinion of physicians in 2002. These numbers include 83% of psychiatrists, 69% of emergency medicine specialists, 65% of pediatricians, 64% of internists, 60% of family physicians and 55% of general surgeons. The reasons given are an inability of doctors to decide patient care and patients who are unable to afford care.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/health/idINN3143203520080331 Doctors support universal health care: survey | Health | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+*A 2008 opinion poll of 2,000 US doctors found support for a universal health care plan at 59%-32%, which is up from the 49%-40% opinion of physicians in 2002. These numbers include 83% of psychiatrists, 69% of emergency medicine specialists, 65% of pediatricians, 64% of internists, 60% of family physicians and 55% of general surgeons. The reasons given are an inability of doctors to decide patient care and patients who are unable to afford care. More recent polls however find that a vast majority of doctors do not support UNIVERSAL healthcare, but most agree that some kind of reform is in line. <ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/health/idINN3143203520080331 Doctors support universal health care: survey | Health | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-*According to an estimate by Dr. [[Marcia Angell]] roughly 50% of health care dollars are spent on health care, the rest go to various middlepersons and intermediaries. A streamlined, non-profit, universal system would increase the efficiency with which money is spent on health care.<ref name="Angell">[http://www.pnhp.org/facts/statement_of_dr_marcia_angell_introducing_the_us_national_health_insurance_act.php Statement of Dr. Marcia Angell introducing the U.S. National Health Insurance Act], Physicians for a National Health Program, [[February 4]], [[2003]]. Accessed [[March 4]], [[2008]]</ref>
+*According to an estimate by Dr. [[Marcia Angell]] roughly 50% of health care dollars are spent on health care, the rest go to various middlepersons and intermediaries. A streamlined, non-profit, universal system would increase the efficiency with which money is spent on health care. However, many other random doctors do not feel this way, and argue that efficiency is not the problem and that our quality is top notch. <ref name="Angell">[http://www.pnhp.org/facts/statement_of_dr_marcia_angell_introducing_the_us_national_health_insurance_act.php Statement of Dr. Marcia Angell introducing the U.S. National Health Insurance Act], Physicians for a National Health Program, [[February 4]], [[2003]]. Accessed [[March 4]], [[2008]]</ref>
-* In countries in [[Western Europe]] with public universal health care, private health care is also available, and one may choose to use it if desired. Most of the advantages of private health care continue to be present, see also [[two-tier health care]].<ref>
+* In countries in [[Western Europe]] with public universal health care, private health care is also available, and one may choose to use it if desired. Most of the advantages of private health care continue to be present, see also [[two-tier health care]]. To most Americans this would be ideal, but many fear that a government entity without the need to make profit would ultimately destroy the private industry. <ref>
 {{cite web
  | url = http://www.farmindustria.it/farmindustria/documenti/001/etica.pdf
@@ Line 259: / Line 259: @@
  | language = {{it}}
 }}</ref>
-* Universal health care and public doctors would protect the right to privacy between insurance companies and patients.<ref>
+* Universal health care and public doctors would protect the right to privacy between insurance companies and patients. This is also already true in the current US system though, so not really a "pro or con" for either. <ref>
 {{cite web
  | url = http://www.omceoto.it/News/31%20agosto%202005/TRIBUNE/MAGGIO%202005.pdf

Revision as of 18:53, 24 July 2009

Implementation

Americas

Brazil

Canada

Colombia

Mexico

Peru

United States

Asia

People's Republic of China

Hong Kong SAR

India

Israel

Singapore

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Thailand

Europe

Finland

Germany

Netherlands

United Kingdom

England

Northern Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Australia

New Zealand

Economics

Funding models

Single-payer

Public

Compulsory insurance

Private insurance

Politics

United States

Debate in the United States

See also

References

External links