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Multiple timeline of Croatia

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This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of Croatia, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories.
Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines
The Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska) is a republic with a popularly elected president, a parliament, the Assembly, elected in free multi-party elections, and a government responsible to the parliament. Croatia is member of the European Union.
Kingdom of the Ardiaei
  • 260 BC: Part of present-day Albania becomes part of the Kingdom of the Ardiaei.
  • 229 BC: Rome invades the Illyrian coast.
  • 220–219 BC: The Ardiaei attack Rome and a Roman army is sent to Illyria. The kingdom becomes a vassal of the Romans.
Roman Republic
  • 168 BC: King Gentius of the Ardiaei is defeated. The region is annexed to the Roman Republic.
Roman Empire
  • 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor.
  • 6–9: Various Illyrian tribes revolt against the Roman Empire, but are defeated by Rome.
  • 9: The northern part of present-day Croatia, populated by Celtic tribes, is annexed to the Roman Empire.
  • 330: The Vandals are believed to have migrated from Silesia and are confined to Pannonia by the Goths.
  • 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
  • 406: The Huns force the Vandals to migrate from Pannonia. They cross the Rhine into Gaul.
Kingdom of the Ostrogoths
  • 476: The region is conquered by the Ostrogoths.
  • 476: When Iulius Nepos is deposed as emperor of the Western Roman Empire, he continues to rule Dalmatia, with parts of present-day Montenegro, under the title of Roman Emperor.
Kingdom of Italy
  • 480: Odoacer deposes Iulius Nepos and adds the area to Italy
Kingdom of the Goths and the Romans
  • 493: King Theodericus defeats Odoacer and conquers Italy, making it the centre of its kingdom.
Roman Empire[1]
  • 535: The region is conquered by the Roman Empire.
  • 582: The Roman emperor Mauricius starts a campaign to defend the Balkan against the Avars.
Avar Khaganate
  • 600s: The Avars conquers part of the region.

  • 600s: Croats start to settle in Dalmatia.
  • 700s: Croats settle in the region.
Kingdom of the Franks
  • 700s: The city of Ragusa is controlled by the Romans.
Duchy of Lower Pannonia
  • c. 800: Vojnomir becomes duke Lower Pannonia, part of the time under Frankish and/or Bulgarian suzerainity.
  • 827: Ratimir is installed as duke of Lower Pannonia.
Duchy of Croatia
  • 796: The Frankish Empire defeats the Avars and conquer the region. Around the same time Višeslav becomes duke of Croatia under Frankish suzerainity.
  • 854: Khan Boris of Bulgaria commences a war with duke Trpimir of Croatia. The war ends undecisive.
  • 879: Duke Branimir gets papal recognition and during his reign, Croatia retains its sovereignty from both Frankish and Roman rule and became de jure independent.

  • 804: He is succeeded by Johann.
  • c. 812: Istria is reintegrated into Friuli.
March of Friuli
  • 843: With the partition of Francia, the region becomes as March of Friuli part of Middle Francia.
  • 855: The region becomes part of Italy.
Kingdom of Croatia March of Verona
  • 952: Friuli is succeeded by the March of Verona inside East Francia[2]
  • 962: Otto merges Italy with East-Francia into the Holy Roman Empire. Verona is one of its marches.
Ragusa
  • 10th century: Ragusa is established as a city state, under domination of the Roman Empire as well for some times of Venice and Normans.


  • 1000s: Bosnia is controlled by Bulgaria.


Republic of Venice
  • 1000s-1400s: Venice conquers large parts of Dalmatia, disputed by other countries.
Bulgarian Empire
  • 1000s: The region is probably controlled by Bulgaria
March of Istria
  • 1012: Poppo becomes Margrave of Istria.

Roman Empire
  • 1018: After a long struggle Bulgaria, probably with this region, is annexed by the Roman Empire.
Kingdom of Duklja
  • 1077: Prince Mihailo Vojislavljević of Duklja styles himself king of the Slavs and is crowned by the pope. His realm includes part of Dalmatia.
  • 1097: King Kálmán of Hungary invades Croatia to seize the throne. As a result he becomes king of both countries.
  • 1102: In the Pacta conventa institutions of separate Croatian statehood are maintained.



Principality of Duklja
  • 1102: Duklja becomes a principality.

Kingdom of Duklja

Kingdom of Hungary
  • 1154: The region probably becomes part of Hungary.





  • 1173: Berthold of Andechs becomes margrave of Istria and Carniola.
Banate of Bosnia
  • 1154: Hungary appoints Borić as ban of Bosnia, including this part of Dalmatia.
  • 1166: The Roman Empire defeats the Hungarians and appoint in 1180 Kulin as ban.

  • 1183: Kulin becomes a vassal of Hungary. In the upcoming decades, he makes Bosnia a de facto independent state.
  • 1209: Parts of Istria are acquired by Aquileja.
  • 1228: Duke Otto of Merania becomes margrave.
  • 1205: Ragusa is annexed to Venice.
  • 1248: Meriana is dissolved, Trsat, the later Fiume, is restored to Croatia.
Patriarchate of Aquileia
  • 1248: Istria falls to Aquileia.
  • 1278: The west coast of Istria becomes part of Venice.



Kingdom of Bosnia Republic of Ragusa
  • 1358: Ragusa secedes as a republic from Venice, originally as a Hungarian vassal state. The supreme governing body is a grand council, consisting of members of the aristocracy, which elects a minor council as government and a a rector as head of state, elected for a term of office for one month (from 1358).
  • 1419: Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia. The Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire.
  • 1420: Venice holds Dalmatia undisputed. Aquilea is acquired by Venice. Carniola holds a part of Istria.
Duchy of Saint Sava
  • 1440: Władysław III of Poland becomes also king of Hungary and Croatia .
  • 1444: The personal union of Poland with Hungary and Croatia ends. Duke Ladislaus of Austria is as Ladislav restored as king of Hungary and Croatia.


  • 1458: Ragusa becomes a Ottoman tribute state.


Austrian Hereditary Lands Subleme Ottoman Empire
  • 1490: King Vladislav II of Bohemia becomes as one of the claimants to the Hungarian throne after the death of Hunyadi Mátyás also king of Hungary and Croatia. A war with the Maximilian of Austria, who claims the Hungarian throne, commences.
  • 1491: In the Peace of Pressburg Vladislav II renounces Lower Austria, conquered by Hunyadi Mátyás in Austria, and is recognized as king of Hungary.
  • 1493: The Ottoman Empire commences a long war with Croatia. It conquers parts of the country.
  • 1514: A peasant's uprising led by Dózsa György is suuppressed in Transylvania.
  • 1520: Sultan Süleyman conquers Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
Habsburg Monarchy
  • 16th century: Next to the minor council a senate is established as governing body.
  • 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans cede most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to the Habsburg Empire while Podolia returned to Poland-Lithuania.
  • 1779: Fiume is annexed to Hungary.
Empire of Austria
  • 1804: Archduke Franz II becomes emperor of Austria, being at the same time emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806). Both Hungary and Croatia are integrated into the new Empire of Austria, of which it becomes constituent monarchies, Croatia with subordinate Kingdom of Slavonia.
Kingdom of Italy
  • 1805: Austrian Dalmatia becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy, a French client state.
  • 1806: Ragusa is occupied by France.
  • 1808: Ragusa is annexed to Italy.
French Empire
  • 1809: Istria, Dalmatia, Fiume and other parts of Croatia as well as Ragusa are annexed to France and merged with Carniola into the Illyrian Provinces.
Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
  • 1918: Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers lose World War I. Austria-Hungary collapses. Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia, together rendered as Croatia, join Carniola and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Fiume is annexed to the new state.
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Kingdom of Italy
  • 1919: Istria and Zara becomes part of Italy.
Italian Regency of Carnaro
  • 1919: Gabriele D'Annunzio establishes as duce Carnaro. The constitution establishes a corporatist state with a bicameral parliament.


  • 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye between France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with Germany-Austria ends the war with the formal dissolution of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Carnaro secedes from Yugoslavia.
Free State of Fiume
  • 1920: In the Treaty of Rapallo Italy and Yugoslavia agree on Fiume as a free state. Fiume has a parliament elected in free multi-party elections.

  • 1920: In the Treaty of Rapallo Italy and Yugoslavia agree on the borders between the countries and the establishment of the Free State of Fiume. Istria and Zadar become Italian.
  • 1921: Croat miners in Albona, Istria, establish the Labin Republic. It is defeated the same year.


  • 1922: Fascist seize power in a coup d’etat. Italy occupies Fiume.


  • 1924: Italy and Yugoslavia agree in the Treaty of Rome to the Italian annexation of Fiume and the incorporation of Sušak into Yugoslavia.
  • 1924: Italy and Yugoslavia agree in the Treaty of Rome to the Italian annexation of Fiume and the incorporation of Sušak into Yugoslavia.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Independent State of Croatia
  • 1941: Yugoslavia is occupied or annexed to Nazi Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Italy. The Ustaše establish the collaborationist Independent State of Croatia, a separate fascist dictatorship. It includes most of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  • 1943: Italian Dalmatia and Fiume are occupied by Nazi Germany. after a short period of Yugoslav partisan control, Istria is also occupied by Nazi Germany.
  • 1945: Zara is occupied by Yugoslavia.
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
  • 1945: A new of government of Yugoslavia is formed by communists. The National Liberation Army defeats Croatia, the Slovenian Home Guard and the remaining German forces and liberates Yugoslavia. Croatia is reincorporated into Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia is restored. The Italian annexations are occupied by Yugoslavia. The People's Republic of Croatia becomes one of the constituent republics.
  • 1947: Fiume is as Rijeka incorporated into Yugoslavia, as part of Croatia. Istria as well as the Italian islands in Dalmatia and Zara are incorporated into Yugoslavia, as part of the Croatia. Trieste is seceded from Italy. Zone B of Trieste is governed by a Yugoslav governor.
  • 1954: Yugoslavia incorporates part of Trieste (zone B) and divides it between Croatia and Slovenia.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Republic of Croatia
  • 1991: After its declaration of independence, Yugoslavia attacks Slovenia. Croatia declares after a referendum its independence. The Brioni Agreement ends the fights in Slovenia and independence of Slovenia and Croatia is suspended with three months. A new constitution establishes a popularly elected president and a government responsible to the parliament, consisting out of a popularly elected chamber and a chamber with elected representatives of the counties, both elected in free multi-party elections. The independence is followed by secessions of Serbian Krajina and a Yugoslav occupation of the surroundings of Dubrovnik from Croatia and an attempt to create a Dubrovnik Republic.
  • 1992: The region around Dubrovnik is reincorporated into Croatia. Croatia joins the United Nations.
Republic of Serbian Krajina
  • 1991: Croatian Serbs secede and form an unrecognized republic. A civil war between the Croatian government and Serbian separatists takes place, ending in 1995.


  • 1995: The main part of Serbian Krajina is conquered by the Croatian army. Serbian Krajina is reincorporated into Croatia.
  • 1996: Croatia joins the Council of Europe.
Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
  • 1995: Serbian Kraijina is abolished. Eastern Slavonia establishes itself as a unrecognized state.
  • 1998: Eastern Slavonia is reincorporated into Croatia.
  • 2000: The parliament becomes unicameral and the government becomes responsible to the parliament.
  • 2013: Croatia joins the European Union.

  1. ^ The name Byzantine Empire for the (Eastern) Roman Empire since 395 is used by historicans afterwards, but that was never a contemporary name.
  2. ^ East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire consists out of entities with own rulers subject to the emperor. In the upcoming centuries various of these entities become more or less de facto independent.
  3. ^ According to some sources Istria and Carniola didn't have continiously the same margraves.