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The Cotton Club Boys were nationally acclaimed American chorus line entertainers who, from 1934, performed precision unison dance drills as part of musical revues produced almost exclusively by the Cotton Club in New York until 1940 – when the Broadway Cotton Club closed – then as part of Cab Calloway's Revue on tour, until the end of 1942. They debuted in the 24th edition of Cotton Club Parade, spring 1934 — (i) a period that marked the beginning of the swing era, (ii) the post-Harlem Renaissance, (iii) about a year after the Prohibition, and (iv) the trough of the Great Depression. The chorus line name often included a prefix that reflected the number of members; viz., "The Six Cotton Club Boys," "The 12 Cotton Club Boys," and the like.[i]


Some of the alumni went on to become major influences in American arts and entertainment, which, in the case of Cholly Atkins, extended to, among other things, Motown (1965–1971), musical theatre, and film. The performing artists were African American. Yet, their home venues – the Uptown Cotton Club, and later, Broadway Cotton Club – maintained a whites-only policy for patrons.

History[edit]

Overview of the Cotton Club Review[edit]

The first Cotton Club Revue was in 1923. For the first 16 years, there were 2 productions a year. Leonard Harper directed and produced the first two Cotton Club Revues. The earliest shows were staged by Lew Leslie, widely known for his Blackbirds, musical revues produced in 1926, 1928, 1930, and 1939.

Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh, a songwriting team, scored much of the music for the earlier productions. Ted Koehler and Harold Arlen, collaborators, scored much of the music later.

Cotton Club house bands[edit]

Fletcher Henderson's band, his very first band, opened the club. Coleman Hawkins Don Redman were in the band.

When Henderson left, a 'house band' briefly took over.

In the fall of 1927, the Duke Ellington Orchestra became the house band.

In 1930, Cab Calloway and His Missourians debuted at the Cotton Club when the Ellington Orchestra went on tour. The shows were broadcast twice a week, nationally on NBC radio and locally on WMCA. In 1931, Cab Calloway began his residency at the Cotton Club and changed the name of his band to "Cab Calloway's Cotton Club Orchestra."

Connection between the club and the revue bearing the same name[edit]

The original Cotton Club, Harlem (1923–1936)[edit]

The Cotton Club first opened in 1923 in Harlem on the 2nd floor of a building at 142nd Street and Lenox Avenue, Harlem, Manhattan — not far from Sugar Hill. The space had been formerly leased and operated by Jack Johnson, the boxer, as the Club Delux, an intimate supper club. Owney Madden, a bootlegger and gangster, had taken over the the lease in 1923 after serving time in Sing Sing. He was the head of the syndicate owners that included beer baron Bill Duffy, boxer Tony Panica (né John Francis Panica), known in the boxing world as Tommy Wilson, and Harry Block.[2] Madden redecorated the space and changed the name to the Cotton Club. The Cotton Club sold liquor during the Prohibition, which lasted until 1933. Madden ran it as a whites-only club. When it opened, George "Big Frenchy" Demange (1896–1939) was the manager. Walter Brooks (1884–1968)[3], who had brought Shuffle Along to Broadway in 1921, served as front (slang for "nominal owner").[4]

The Savoy Ballroom, which, unlike the Cotton Club, always had a no-discrimination policy, was one block south at 596 Lenox. Smalls Paradise, which also had a no-discrimination policy, was 7 blocks south and 1 avenue west, at 2294 Seventh Avenue.

The old home of the Harlem Club (at 142nd and Lenox) was re-opened in May 1937 as the Plantation Club.

During the swing era, there were Cotton Clubs in other cities, such as:

  • The "New Nashville Cotton Club," operated in the 1930s by Thomas T. Wilson.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
  • The Cicero Cotton Club, Chicago, managed by Ralph Capone
  • Cotton Club, Philadelphia
  • Cotton Club, Lubbock, Texas
  • Cotton Club, Cleveland, taken over in 1934, by Connie Immerman, of the Immerman Brothers and former operator of the famed Connie's Inn

Race riots of 1935[edit]

Following the repeal of the prohibition in 1933 and the Harlem riot of 1935, jazz venues began shifting from Harlem to Midtown (52nd Street) and Downtown[5]

The New Cotton Club, Midtown (1936-1940)[edit]

The new Cotton Club opened September 24, 1936, at Broadway and 48th Street, in the Great White Way area of the Theater District near Times Square. The original Cotton Club had been closed for a season (1936) while its owners were planning the move. During the interim, some of the performers from the original club performed in productions billed as the Cotton Club Revue at the Alhambra.

Closing of the Cotton Club (1940)[edit]

The last show in the Cotton Club ran Saturday night, May 15, 1940. The timing occurred just before Madden left New York. The impetus for the closing was likely the result of demands by Local 802 (New York musicians union) for back pay, specifically salaries owed to Andy Kirk's band.[6] The location subsequently became the Latin Quarter.[7]

Legacy of the Revue[edit]

In 2012, the Cotton Club Review was re-created in New York in a production by Encores! and Jazz at Lincoln Center. 




From 1926 to 19??, performed at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem.[8]


The so-called "original Cotton Club Revue"

Originally six male dancers, the troupe increased to ten


Excerpt from LOC The Cotton Club Girls had already become an institution in their own right and the Club's management, feeling they needed a new gimmick, decided to use a line of young male dancers. Dozens were auditioned, and ten were finally chosen: Maxie Armstrong, Louis Brown, Charles "Chink" Collins, Howard "Stretch" Johnson, Thomas "'Chink" Lee, Eddie Morton, Tommy Porter, Walter Shepherd, William Smith, and Jimmy Wright. They were made a feature acct of the show and their new style of group dancing, in which all moved together in rhythmic unison, was immediately popular. At the end of an eight-month run they became an established feature at the Club. The Boys later performed in specialty acts at the Apollo Theater and also toured with Cab Calloway and his band. Subsequent members of the Cotton Club Boys include Julius Adger, Al Alstock, Roy Carter, Sherman Coates, Warren Coleman, Ernest Frazier, Freddie Heron, and Roy Porter.[1]

Cotton Club Boys band[edit]

Productions[edit]

Cotton Club Review before the Cotton Club Boys[edit]

Cotton Club Boys with the Cotton Club Revue[edit]

1934[edit]

24th edition of The Cotton Club Parade[1][9]
Opened March 23, 1934 ... opening night was the largest show ever staged there ... the production ran for nine months, merging into the Fall edition
Produced by Dan Healy (né Daniel E. Healy; 1888–1969)[10]
This was Harold Arlen's last show with the Cotton Club Parade
Jimmie Lunceford and His Orchestra featuring Adelaide Hall
Debut of the Cotton Club Boys: Stretch Johnson, Charles "Chink Collins, William Smith, Walter Shepherd, Tommy Porter, Maxie Armstrong, Louis Brown, Jimmy Wright, Thomas "'Chink" Lee, and Eddie Morton
Songs introduced: "Ill Wind" and "Primitive Prima Donna," both written by Arlen (music) and Koehler (words) for Hall in this production
25th edition of The Cotton Club Parade
Produced by Dan Healy (né Daniel E. Healy; 1888–1969)[10]
Ran 8 months
Featuring: Adelaide Hall, Avon Long, and Lena Horne
Dances by Elida Webb (Elida Webb Dawson; 1893–1975); Staged by Dan Healy

1935[edit]

26th edition of The Cotton Club Parade[1]
August 2, 1935
Co-stars included Nina Mae McKinney
Claude Hopkins and His Orchestra with singer Orlando Roberson (vocalist)[a]
Music scoring and arranging: Will Vodery, Claude Hopkins, Alex Hill, Ted Koehler
Cotton Club Girls: Dolly McCormack, Lucille Wilson (who married Louis Armstong in 1942), Anna Jones, Joyce Beasley, Mae Williamson, Hy Curtiss, Tony Ellis, Ione Sneed, Anna Bell Wilson, Nan Joyce, Marie Robinson, Myrtle Quinland, Arlene Payas
Cotton Club Boys: Chink Lee, Freddie Heron, Ernest Frazier, Eddie Morton, Al Alstock, Louis Brown, and Jules Adger
At the Apollo
November 29, 1935 – December 6, 1935
Featuring: Claude Hopkins and His Band with Orlando Roberson (vocalist) and the New Fall Edition of the Cotton Club Revue:
Butterbeans and Susie, Babe Matthews, Cook and Brown — tap dance duo of Charles Cook and Ernest Brown — Miller and Mantan, Jesse Cryor (de) (1906–2006), Cora LaRedd (died 1968), Bob Wallace, Lena Horne, Dolly McCormack, the Cotton Club Boys, the Cotton Club Girls

1936[edit]

26th edition of The Cotton Club Parade[1]
Opened mid-September 1936, this production of the Cotton Club Revue was directed by Clarence Robinson; music was scored by Benny Davis and J. Fred Coots
A "sepia swing musical comedy" by Donald Heywood (né Donald Gerard Heywood; 1896–1967); directed by Earl Dancer,[b] and Lionel Heywood; produced by Earl Dancer and J.H. Levey
Production included the Cotton Club Boys
At the Apollo
Opening June 26, 1936 – for 1 week
Chick Webb and His Band with Bardu Ali (vocalist and MC)
Taft Jordan, trumpeter, was in the band
Staging by Addison Carey (likely a pseudonym; 1899–1952)
Cotton Club Boys
Stars include Charles Linton, Teddy McRae, Charlie Ray, Kitty Aublanche;
Pete, Peaches and Duke – precision dancers
Gary Lambert "Pete" Nugent (1909–1973)
Irving "Peaches" Beamon (born 1911)
Duke Miller (1910–1937)
Pigmeat-Mason-Baskette
Dewey "Pigmeat" Markham
John Mason
Jimmy Baskette
Vivian Harris (1902–2000)
At the Comedy Theater, 110 West 41st Street, Manhattan[11][12]
Black Rhythm, in 2 acts
By Donald Heywood
Produced by Earl Dancer and J.H. Levy
December 19, 1936, to December 24, 1936
Principal stars included Jeni LeGon and dancer Avon Long
Note: The opening performance was panned by the New York Times theater critic, Bosley Crowther[13]

1937[edit]

2nd edition of the Cotton Club Parade[1]
Duke Ellington and His Orchestra featuring Ethel Waters and the Nicholas Brothers
At the Nixon Grand Theatre, Philadelphia
April 1937
Jimmy Lunceford and His Orchestra, Phantom Steppers, Sandy Burns, Dusty Fletcher, George Wiltshire, the Six Cotton Club Boys
3rd edition of the Cotton Club Parade at the midtown Cotton Club
Staged by Leonard Reed
Duke Ellington (house band), Ethel Waters, Nicholas Brothers, George Dewey Washington (1898–1954), Bill Bailey, Renee and Estelle, Kaloah, Tip, Tap, and Toe (Samuel Green, Ted Frazier, Ray Winfield), Dynamite Hooker
The Chocolateers (acrobatic dance team); possible the original members: Al Bert "Gip" Gipson, Paul Black, known for his Chinese splits (straddling the floor as he walked), and Eddie West, with James Buster Brown replacing West for a short period of time

1938[edit]

4th edition of the Cotton Club Parade[1]
5th edition of the Cotton Club Parade[14]
At the Apollo
August 26–31, 1938;
WMCA broadcast
Luis Russell Orchestra featuring Red Allen (without Louis) and Sonny Woods, Hazel Diaz (1908–1997), the Cotton Club Boys

1939[edit]

At the Apollo
January 7–8 (midnight)
Featuring Jimmy Lunceford and His Band
Stars included Lora Pierre, tap dancer, Flash and Dash, The Three Chocolateers, Jackie Mabley, Dusty Fletcher, The Cotton Club Boys and the Harperettes
Cotton Club Revue (opened March 24, 1939)
Directed by Bill Robinson and Cab Calloway, score by Ted Koehler and Rube Bloom; Koehler supervised the whole production; featured Cab Calloway and His Orchestra, Sister Tharpe, Tanya, Katherine Perry, the Beachcombers, Glenn and Jenkins — comedy team of William "Willie" Henry Glenn and Walter Jenkins (né Walter Jenkins Manigault; 1884–1953)[15][16] — Ruby Hill, Myra Johnson, Son and Sonny — tap dancers Roland James and Sonny Montgomery) — Will Vodery's choir, the Six Cotton Club Boys, and a full complement of fifty Harlem dancing girls; Socarres's band alternated with Calloway's[17]
6th edition of the Cotton Club Parade
Opened November 1, 1939
World's Fair edition of the Cotton Club Revue[18]
Opened May 30, 1939, at the Broadway Cotton Club
The Hot Mikado 1939 New York World's Fair edition
The Six Cotton Club Boys, 14-month run with Bill Robinson, traveling with Cab Calloway and His Band[19]

1940[edit]

1940: The Hot Mikado
The Six Cotton Club Boys, 14-month run with Bill Robinson, traveling with Cab Calloway and His Band[19]
At the Apollo
May 23 to May 30, 1940
On tour
At the State Theater, Main Street and Morgan Street, Hartford
May 25 and 26, 1940,
Included The Six Cotton Club Boys
At the Apollo
Opened June 21, 1940
Anise and Aland and Pete Nugent along with the Cotton Club Boys and the Apollo Dancing Girls
Show included The Six Cotton Club Boys: Jules Adger, Louis Brown, Freddie Heron, Chink Lee (manager), Charles Atkinson, Eddie Morton
In Montreal
In Wrentham
In Norfolk
In Raleigh
In Knoxville
At the Paramount Theatre
On tour, Brendt circuit
At the Strand Theatre, 501 South Salina Street, Syracuse, New York
September 13, 1940
In Flatbush, Brooklyn
Opened around September 30, 1940, for a week engagement
At the Apollo[20]
Cab Calloway's New Revue
Opened Friday, Novembver 22, 1940
Stars included Avis Andrews, Anice and Aland, Cook and Brown, Sixteen Apollo Rockettes, and
The Six Cotton Club Boys: ???

1941[edit]

At the State-Lake Theater, Chicago
January 1941
At the Paramount Theater, 509 Grand Avenue, Des Moines
January 1941
At Shea's in Buffalo
February 1941
Featuring Cab Calloway and His Orchestra
Included The Six Cotton Club Boys
At the RKO Temple Theatre, 35 Clinton Avenue S., Rochester, New York
From February 7 – 13, 1941
At the Stanley Theatre, Pittsburgh
February 19, 1941
At the State Theater, Main Street and Morgan Street, Hartford
March 14, 15, 16, 1941
At the State Theater, 212 Locust Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
March 18, 1941
At the Earle Theatre, 11th and Market, Philadelphia
Cab Calloway's Quizzicale[21]
National boadcasts of live performances
July 6, 1941, to October 5, 1941
Mutual Broadcasting System
At Camp Wheeler, Macon, Georgia
At Fort Dix, near Trenton, New Jersey
At the State-Lake Theater, Chicago
4th appearance in 24 months
At the Rialto, Louisville, Kentucky
Opened October 25, 1941
At the Palace Theatre, Canton, Ohio
At the State Theatre, Uniontown, Pennsylvania
At the State Theater, Hartford
At the Adams Theatre, 28 Branford Place, Newark
At the Strand Theatre, Brooklyn

1942[edit]

Cab Calloway's Quizzicale
National boadcasts of live performances
Blue Network, ran weekly on Tuesday evenings for 6 months
February 25, 1942; OCLC 18067521
From Detroit, March 4, 1942; OCLC 18067504
From The Panther Room, Hotel Sherman, Chicago, April 21, 1942
At the Casa Mañana nightclub, 8781 Washington Boulevard in Culver City
Opened July 23, 1942
Largest 4-day opening in the club's history; opening night drew 9,084 patrons

1942–44 musicians' strike[edit]

Commencing August 1, 1942, no musician could perform on a radio broadcast or make a recording
At the Orpheum Theatre, Minneapolis
November 1942
At the Paradise Theatre, Detroit
December 4–10, 1942
Stars included Cholly and Dotty (Dotty Saulters; 1922–1962) (dancers), Benny Payne (de) (1907–1986) (vocalist), Cotton Club Boys

Selected personnel[edit]

Ten original members

  1. Howard Johnson (aka "Stretch Johnson," né Howard Eugene Johnson; 1915–2000); his sister, Winnie Johnson, was a member of the Cotton Club Girls, and, from 1937 to 1938 was married to Hollywood actor Stepin Fetchit[22]
  2. Charles (Ross?) "Chink" Collins (Chick Collins?), married to singer-dancer Lillian Fitzgerald??
  3. Billy Smith (né William Smith) went into the restaurant business; but during World War II, he served in the first fully integrated outfit in the U.S. Army as an entertained in Irving Berlin's stage production, This Is The Army[23]
  4. Walter Shepherd
  5. Tommy Porter (né Thomas Porter)
  6. Maxie Armstrong (né Maxwell Armstrong, Jr.; 1914–2001) sang with the 366th Infantry Band during World War II
  7. Louis Brown went on the become a liquor salesman
  8. Jimmy Wright
  9. Thomas "Chink" Lee (manager), went on to become a tavern manager
  10. Eddie Morton (né Edward James Morton, Jr.; 1910–1998), who, in 1951, married singer Ida James (de) (née Ida Mae James), then, in 1960, married Nan Steinburg

Subsequent members

  2. Cholly Atkins (né Charles Sylvan Atkinson; 1913–2003) began dancing with the Cotton Club Boys as a substitute from someone who was ill; Honi Coles, who lived in the same building as Atkins, made the recommendation; the production was Bill Robinson's The Hot Mikado, the biggest hit of The Cotton Club Revue; Atkins soon became a choreographer with Cotton Club Boys[24][25]
  1. Jules Adjer (né Julian Francis Adger, Jr.; 1913–1991) – among other things, was a dancer in the 1943 film, Cabin in the Sky
  2. Freddie Heron (né Frederick Clinton Heron; 1910–1977), born in the Panama Canal Zone, went on to become chief bartender at Shalimar by Randolph at 3638 Broadway (at 150th Street) and 2065 7th Avenue (at 123rd Street), owned by Luther "Red" Randolph (né Luther Jerry Randolph; 1912–2005); the club flourished from 1939 to 1966; in 1954, he went out on his own, taking on the food concession at the Silver Rail in Harlem — current location of Magic Johnson Theatres in Harlem
  3. Warren Coleman (1900–1968), brother of Ralph Coleman
  4. Roy Chink Baker went on to own the Mona Lisa Tavern on Lexington Avenue
  5. Al Martin
  6. Ernest Frazier
  7. Al Alstock (né Paxton Alfonson Allstock; 1914–1937); he died October 18, 1937; yet, had married Mary Leah Harris February 12, 1937
  8. Roy Carter
  9. Sherman Coates[c]

Influences[edit]

  • John Tiller (1854–1925), a pioneer of so-called precision dancing, influenced The Cotton Club Girl and Boys, who performed can-cans

References[edit]

Grammar note

  1. ^ In grammar, The Cotton Club Boys, as a branded name of an entertainment group, is singular; yet, as a phrase, it is plural – and even more overtly plural (in an idiomatic sense) when a countable prefix is added to define the size of the group (i.e., "The Six Cotton Club Boys"); neither (i) the Wikipedia Manual Style (MoS) nor (ii) The Chicago Manual of Style, an American English style guide used widely by U.S. publishers and academicians, offers guidance for this conflicting idiomatic phenomenon; but the AP Stylebook, an American English style guide used widely by U.S. journalists, recommends treating plural sounding organizational names as collective plurals
    Compare:
    The Cotton Club Boys was a nationally acclaimed chorus line
    The Cotton Club Boys were nationally acclaimed chorus line members (recommended)

Notes

  1. ^ Orlando Roberson (1909–1977) was a tenor vocalist with big bands during the swing era, noted for having been a pioneer of crooning during a period of technological advances with audio amplification that allowed for it; Roberson had four siblings – two sisters and a brother; one of his sisters, Ida Mae (1903–1986), was married (her 2nd of 4 marriages) to Countee Cullen – American poet of the Harlem Renaissance; Ida Mae, when she became his widow, devoted much of her remaining life as an public exponent of Cullen's works; biographer/author Keven A. Brown is the Orlando Roberson's 2nd great nephew; that is, Ida Mae was Keven Brown's maternal great grandmother
  2. ^ Earl Dancer (né Earl Harold Dancer; 1894–1963) was once thought to be married to Ethel Waters; in 1943 he married a pianist Viola Nicholas (née Harden; 1893–1971), widow of the late drummer Ulysses D. Nicholas (1892–1935); through her, Dancer had two stepsons: Fayard Nicholas and Harold Nicholas, who were the dancing duo known as Nicholas Brothers
  3. ^ Sherman Coates, who is identified as a "subsequent dancer" with the Cotton Club Boys by James Haskins (1941–2005) (The Cotton Club, 1997; Tap Dancing America Database, Library of Congress; retrieved February 27, 2017) is not the same person as Sherman Coates (1872–1912), pioneer of acro dancing of an earlier generation. The earlier Sherman Coates was part of a vaudevillian burlesque comedy duo with James Grundy (1876–1911); Coates was the straight man; those two, with their wives, Lulu Coates and Sue Grundy (1887–1934), and Tennie Russell (who replaced Gertine Miller) as Sam Patterson's (1881–1955) "Watermelon Trust" on tours, coast-to-coast; as part of the Harry Bryant Extravaganza Burlesque Company.
    Harry C. Bryant was formerly with Sefton & Watson, composed of Harry Sefton and Billy "Beef Trust" Watson, né Isaac Levy; 1852–1945), owned by Mr. Hill
    In 1914, Lulu Coates and Archie Leon Ware (1892–1974), Wilfred Blanks (born 1900), Harry Irons (1898–1943), Clifford James Carter (1893–1942) formed a singing-dance troupe, the "Crackerjacks;" Lulu Coates was director until her retirement in 1922, but the Crackerjacks flourished until about 1952; this act pioneered a type of dance chronicled as Acro dance

Inline citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Cotton Club Boys (biography)," Performing Arts Encyclopedia c/o Library of Congress (online) (retrieved February 21, 2017)
    Cotton Club Parade productions:
    (browse Encyclopedia)
    Uptown Cotton Club:

    24th ed. (Spring 1934)
    25th ed. (Fall     1934)
    26th ed. (Spring 1935)

    ??    ed. (Fall     1935)
    Midtown Cotton Club:

    1st   ed. (Fall     1936)
    2nd  ed. (Spring 1937)
    3rd   ed. (Fall     1937)
    4th   ed. (Spring 1938)
    6th   ed. (Spring 1939)

    7th   ed. (Fall     1939)
  2. ^ On and Off the Bandstand: A Collection of Essays Related to the Great Bands ..., by Author Bradley, iUniverse (2005); OCLC 633537244
  3. ^ "Cotton Club Figure Dies" (Walter Brooks; 1884–1968) New York Times, November 23, 1968, pg. 2
  4. ^ "Cotton Club" (alt link), Cary D. Wintz & Paul Finkelman (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (Vol. 1 of 2; A–J), Routledge (2004), pg. 256; OCLC 648136726, 56912455
  5. ^ "Club Venues" (encyclopedic entry), Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Future (Vol. 1; A–C), Jacqueline Edmondson, Ph.D. (ed.), Greenwood Press (2013); OCLC 911398950
  6. ^ "Broadway's Cotton Club Closes – May Reopen With New Kirk Show in July," Pittsburgh Courier, June 22, 1940, pg. 21
  7. ^ To Be, Or Not ... To Bop, by Dizzy Gillespie, University of Minnesota Press (1st pub. 1979; 2009), pg. 108; OCLC 442778381
  8. ^ Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop, by Frankie Manning & Cynthia R. Millman, Temple University Press (2007), pg. 111; OCLC 917451844
  9. ^ "Cotton Club Boys (biography)," Performing Arts Encyclopedia (continued)
    Music and literature:
    (browse Encyclopedia)

    24th ed. (Spring 1934)
    6th   ed. (Spring 1939)

    World's Fair ed. (1940)
  10. ^ a b Vaudeville Old & New – An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America (Vol. 1), Frank Cullen, Routledge (2004); OCLC 53155485
  11. ^ "Cotton Club Boys (biography)," Performing Arts Encyclopedia (continued)
    Other productions:
    (browse Encyclopedia)
    Black Rhythm (December 1936)
    Original source: The Cotton Club by James Edward Haskins (1941–2005)
  12. ^ A Century of Musicals in Black and White: An Encyclopedia of Musical Stage Works By, About, or Involving African Americans, by Bernard L. Peterson, Greenwood Press (1993), pps. 46–47; OCLC 770995297
  13. ^ "The Play – Out of Tune" (performance review), by B.C. (Bosley Crowther), New York Times, December 21, 1936
  14. ^ "Cotton Club presents Cotton Club Parade" (program; 5th ed.) (1938); OCLC 951748496
  15. ^ Glenn and Jenkins Scrapbook, 1922–1962, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts; OCLC 122686765
  16. ^ An Encyclopedia of South Carolina Jazz and Blues Musicians Benjamin V. Franklin V, PhD (born 1939), University of South Carolina Press (2016); OCLC 927379753
          "Jenkins, Walter (Walter Manigault)" (pg. 366)
         "Glenn, William Henry" (pg. 259)
  17. ^ "News of Night Clubs," by Theodore Strauss (né Theodore William Strauss; 1912–1989), New York Times, March 19, 1939
  18. ^ "Broadway Applauds Star-Studded Cast," by Isadora Smith, Pittsburgh Courier, April 2, 1939, pg. 20
  19. ^ a b "Cotton Club Boys' Smooth Act A Hit," Pittsburgh Courier, June 1, 1940, pg. pg. 20 (with photo) (accessed via www.newspapers.com)
  20. ^ "Cab Calloway's New Revue Set For The Apollo Theatre," New York Age, November 22, 1940, pg. 4
  21. ^ [Swingin' on the Ether Waves: a Chronological History of African Americans in Radio and Television Broadcasting, 1925–1955,] by Henry T. Sampson, Scarecrow Press (2005); OCLC 53846580
  22. ^ A Dancer in the Revolution: Stretch Johnson, Harlem Communist at the Cotton Club, Howard Eugene Johnson, Fordham University Press (2014), pg. 33; OCLC 907437335
  23. ^ "Veteran Troupe Celebrates 'This Is the Army'" by Kathryn Shattuck, New York Times, June 9, 1997
  24. ^ "Let the Punishment Fit the Crime: The Vocal Choreography of Cholly Atkins," by Jacqui Malone, Dance Research Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1 , Summer 1988, pps. 11–18 (retrieved March 17, 2917, via JSTOR)
  25. ^ Class Act: The Jazz Life of Choreographer Cholly Atkins, by Cholly Atkins & Jacqui Malone, Columbia University Press (2001), pg. 43; OCLC 974087440
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