User:Jnestorius/IFCO

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<Irish Film Classification Office <Film censorship in the Republic of Ireland

Historical ratings[edit]

Historical IFCO cinema and video ratings
Date Cinema/video General PG 12A 12 15A 15 16 18 21 Notes
1923 Cinema General Only occasional limited certificates were issued, after 1954 usually by the appeals board rather than the censor.
1965[1] Cinema General "Under 12s accompanied by an adult" [n 1] "Over 16s" "Over 18s" "Over 21s" Over 21s only awarded four times, all in the 1960s[1] "Under 12s accompanied by an adult" was often misinterpreted as "Under 12s accompanied by someone over 12".
1990 Cinema General "Under 12s accompanied by an adult" "Over 15s" "Over 18s" [3]
1994 Video G 12RA 15 18 1989 act's provisions commenced 1994;[4]
1994 Cinema General zzz[n 2] "Over 12s"[n 3] "Over 15s" "Over 18s" [5] British Board of Film Classification had introduced 12s rating in 1989 for Batman
1995 Cinema General "Parental Guidance" "Over 12s" "Over 15s" "Over 18s" [6]
1997 Video G PG 12 15 18 New 12 added, and 12RA "in the company of a responsible adult" changed to PG "under parental guidance" [7] This brought video classifications in line with the cinema classifications of the time.[8]
July 2001[9][8][10] Cinema G PG 12PG 15PG 18 there was some concern that the change from 15 to 15PG forced some movies into the 18 category[11][12][10] Others too low 15PG.[13][10] Pearl Harbor was first 12PG.[9] See also violence warnings below.)
Jan 2005[12] Cinema G PG 12A 15A 16 18 Controversy over the 15PG rating for Bad Santa added to the case for a 16 rating.[10] IFCO 2006 report specifically mentioned four 16s which would otherwise have been 18: Breakfast on Pluto, Brokeback Mountain, Constantine, The Forty Year Old Virgin. Ratings 12PG/15PG "accompanied by Parent or Guardian" were changed to 12A/15A "accompanied by responsible Adult" to avoid confusion with PG "Parental Guidance; some scenes unsuitable for younger children".[12][10] Also September 2004 survey of parents where many found some of the classifications too strict.[14] Distributor of Closer appealed 18 rating in December 2004 on the grounds that the 16 rating would be available from the following month; rejected.[15]
Notes
  1. ^ In 1970, The Bed Sitting Room was first given an "Over-12s" certificate, later changed to "Under 12s accompanied by an adult".[2]
  2. ^ The 1994 report shows 10 "Under 12s accompanied by an adult" certificates, but possibly this was replaced rather than supplemented by the new "Over 12s"?
  3. ^ Possibly the addition of 12 coincided with the coming into force of the Video 12RA rating in May 1994?

The 2008 act made offence to supply videos to underage person; also replaced list of categories, but was that substantive or tidy-up/minor?[16]

2021 survey of parents:[17]

Most can name the main classifications, though it's common to forget 16 and/or refer to U rather than G. The majority have good awareness of what the classifications mean & the expectations

that are set, with some caveats. For example

  • The addendum 'A' isn’t always understood
  • There’s some lack of clarity between expectations for PG & 12A
  • Many see 18 as quite a broad classification, which could refer to very problematic material or simply content that’s of more interest to adults. This means there's a danger it's underestimated as a classification by some.
  • There's no clear understanding of what differentiates between 15A and 16

Personnel[edit]

IFCO heads[18][19]
Name Dates Notes
James Montgomery 1923–1940 Previously Dublin film censor
Richard Hayes 1940–1954 Medical doctor, former TD for Sinn Féin and Cumann na nGaedheal
Martin Brennan 1954–1956 Medical doctor, former TD for Fianna Fáil
Liam O'Hora 1956–1964
Christopher Macken 1964–1972 Doctor
Dermot Breen 1972–1978 first Censor to have worked in film or related areas
Frank Hall 1978–1986 RTÉ broadcaster
Sheamus Smith 1986–2003
John Kelleher 2003–2009 Former film producer and Controller of Programmes at RTÉ 1.[20][21] First use of a formal public application process.[22] Changed title unofficially then officially from FCO/"Chief Censor" to IFCO/"Director of Classification"
Gerard Connolly 2009–2022 Acting Director 2009–2016
George Sinclair 2022–2023 Acting Director
Ciarán Kissane 2023–
Appeal Board chair[23][19]
Name Dates Notes
William Magennis 1924–29 Metaphysics professor and (until June 1927) TD for the National University of Ireland
J. T. O'Farrell 1929–65 Trade unionist and Senator (1922–36 and 1948–51)
Conor Maguire 1965–75 Chief Justice of Ireland 1946–1961
John F. Carroll 1975–97 Trade unionist and Senator (1981–82)
Barbara Culleton 1997–2002 Former Fine Gael chair of Dun Laoghaire Corporation
Paul O'Higgins 2002–2013 A senior counsel
Margaret Taylor 2015– Former managing director of Virgin Cinemas (later UGC UK)[24]

Special ratings[edit]

The following are:

  • restricted certificates prior to the 1965 introduction of standard age-limited certificates. The Appeal Board issued 11 limited certs, all after 1954; O'Hora issued two or three in 1959 but only one thereafter following intervention by Department assistant secretary Peter Berry.[25] 1961 Dáil answer says 1956—7—8—9—60 censor/Board totals were 0/0—3/1—0/1—3/0—0/4 and "no prosecutions for breaches of the conditions",[26] although Blackboard Jungle apparently got a 16s cert in 1956.[27]
  • special certificates later than 1965, other than the standard age-limited certificates then in operation
    • In 2003 and 2004, some films had cert plus condition of warning about violence: 2003 5×15PG; 2004 1×PG, 1×12PG; 4×15PG "Such cautions will no longer be required, other than in exceptional circumstances, as the IFCO website provides a detailed information grid and comment box for all films classified."[15] However, in 2006 Jackass Number Two had condition that notice be added to see website warning.[29]
  • cases identified by Rockett where the officially issued certificate was accompanied by an unofficial agreement between the Censor's Office and the distributor to place additional restrictions on shows.
Year Film Cert Conditions
1937 The Call to Orders, a documentary on ordination in the Catholic Church allowed if shown alongside The Call of Silence after appeal from Congregation of the Holy Spirit.[30]
1943 The Baker's Wife general Unofficially over 18s, enforced by the Astor Cinema[31]
1943 Dr. Renault's Secret general unofficial over 16s; complained that not enforced[32]
1949 The Snake Pit over 18s, only in towns with a population of at least 5,000 reluctantly banned in 1948, resubmitted with cuts in 1949.[33]
Oct 1954 Born of Unknown Father over 18s appeals board[34]
1955 Prisoner of War over 18s appeals board[34]
1955 The Quatermass Experiment over 18s appeals board[34]
1956 Blackboard Jungle over 16s [27]
1957 Beau James over 18s appeals board[34]
1959 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof general Unofficially over 18s[35]
1959 I Want to Live! over 18s Possibly unofficial[25]
1959 Sister Letizia over 18s [25]
1960 House on Haunted Hill over 18s appeals board[34]
1960 Summer of the Seventeenth Doll over 18s appeals board[34] A review in The Furrow claimed over-18s was "a management restriction".[36] Dáil question "whether the film censor has come to any understanding with film renters", minister replied that restriction was per Appeal Board cert.[37]
1960 Bluebeard's Ten Honeymoons over 18s appeals board[34]
1960 Peeping Tom over 18s appeals board[34]
June 1961 The Curse of the Werewolf over-16s appeals board[38]
1962 Le Défroqué over 18s, only in Dublin, Cork, and Limerick The three most populous cities in the state.[31]
1962 Nights of Rasputin general appeals board, voluntary over 18s applied by distributor[38]
April 1964 Only Two Can Play over-18s appeals board[38]
June 1964 Lord of the Flies over-16s appeals board[38]
Dec 1964 Marnie over-18s appeals board[39]
1972 Fellini's Roma Over 18s unofficially restricted to one arthouse cinema in Dublin[40]
1988 The Last Temptation of Christ Over 18s + notice Notice that based on novel not Gospels[41]
1996 Michael Collins 12PG plus notice Labelled "PG", but under-12s to be accompanied by a parent or guardian, and display of a special warning about its violence and bad language[42]
2004 The Passion of the Christ 15PG plus notice because "a serious cinematic dramatisation of an event that goes to the core of the beliefs of very many people in Ireland", with extra warning notice "This film contains scenes of explicit violence which may disturb some viewers".[13]

Notes[edit]

  • Cinematograph Act 1909 repealed 1981[43]
  • 1920 Crime films are a ‘danger to the reputation of cinema’
  • 1923 act
    • s. 10 amended 1909 act by disallowing local authorities from attaching to a cinema licence "any condition or restriction as to the character or nature of the pictures to be exhibited"
    • s. 11 requires fees to be enough to fund office but no more
  • educational films need cert but zero charge (from 1944;[44] 1924 rate same reduced as "topical" etc.[45] cf. UK E certificate non-BBFC). Also lower rate until 2004 for "travel", "topical", and "interest".
    • "By interest films is meant a variety of subjects which cannot be classified under such recognized headings as fiction, travel, or topical. They include wonderful inventions, little known industries, applied art, feats of engineering, and other events capable of effective illustration."[46] "essentially early documentaries"[47] "certain short films made between 1895 and the 1920s which aimed to amuse rather than inform"[48] -- did censor define it as such in later years? May have applied only to short subjects?
  • dail/1924-03-05 minister spoke on industry complaint that fees were too high[49][45]
  • Between the Devil and the Holy See documentary on first censor
  • Article 52 of EPO (number 1; SR&O 224 of 1939) added emergency-related refusal criteria ["would be prejudicial to the public safety or the preservation of the State or the maintenance of public order or would be likely to lead to a breach of the peace or to cause offence to the people of a friendly foreign nation"]. For such criteria, no restricted certificate was allowed, and appeal was to minister's nominee rather than appeal board.
    • EPO number 6 (SR&O 260 of 1939) allowed withdrawal of previous certs.[50]
    • EPO 196 (1942) changed criteria to "would be prejudicial, directly or indirectly, to the public safety or to the preservation of the State" -- rest omitted, but Rockett says vague "indirectly" was broader than omitted details; also, no appeals at all, and other ministers than Justice could ban, notably Aiken and external affairs.[51]
  • From the 1920s, the censor's detailed interpretation of statutory criteria for acceptability was kept secret from distributors and public.[52]
  • In 1944, censor banned House of Frankenstein; said he would have given an over-16s cert but there was no mechanism for enforcing it.[53] was this before or after he gave 16s to The Whistler and/or the board overturned?
  • "Despite the practice of refusing limited certificates it was only in 1945, for the first time, it was given official articulation. The Minister for Justice, Gerald Boland, told the Dail that it was the view of the Official Censor and the Appeal Board that such certificates would serve only to 'arouse unhealthy curiosity'."[54]
  • Late 50s report on juvenile delinquency in Dublin stated: "Film censorship is reasonably effective for adults but there is a case for the adoption of some form of discrimination between the films suitable for all ages and those which might be harmful to juveniles."[55]
  • Late 1950s–early 1960s impelled change: British New Wave cinema, many bannings frustrated Irish intellectuals;[56] general increase in fraction of films receiving restricted rating in UK and then benned in Ireland led to a shortage of films in release.[57] Horror films such as Roger Corman's, which got X in UK, were cut in Ireland to get general certs.[58]
  • Censor cut trailers mentioning British "X certificate"; Irish version generally cut to achieve general version anyeay, but censor did not want to arouse morbid interest.[59]
  • dail debates on age-limited certs
  • 1960 FG complaint that Du und mancher Kamerad, an East German Communist propaganda film, could not be banned dail/1960-05-17; minister said change might be unconstitutional dail/1960-05-24; mentioned similar complaint about British propaganda dail/1960-06-02
  • When a film was banned, the fact was not widely publicised in Ireland, but Of Human Bondage had been filmed in Ireland, so its 1964 banning caused a wider controversy about hypocrisy.[60]
  • 1966: Ciaran Carty in the Sunday Independent criticised the over-21s rating and cuts to Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, appeals board chair Ciaran Maguire had right of reply the following week. Carty began inferring the length of cuts made by noting discrepancies between the advertised UK running time of features and the actual Irish running time.[61]
  • 1967: Ulysses banned; passed uncut in 2000 with 15 cert.[62]
  • Irish Cult Movie Classics: Rocky Road To Dublin The Irish film censor told the filmmaker he regrettably could not ban his film because, as Lennon laster recounted, "Since there is no sex in the film, Peter, there is nothing I can do against you."
  • From 1960,to 1974, the vote on the Estimates for the Minister for Justice included a summary of the censor and Appeal Board's work the previous year.
  • 1970: distinct from re-shows after making IFCO-mandated cuts, distributors had since 1920s been resubmitting banned films on an adhoc basis, typically after unilaterally making cuts. But in 1960s films banned decades earlier not resubmitted so old ban meant no rep showings.[63] A 1970 act regulated this by requiring a seven-year gap but not need for cuts.[64]
  • 1971: Carty began publishing a monthly list in the Sunday Independent of cuts in films, gleaned from the distributors in the absence of co-operation from the Censor's Office.[65]
  • June 1972 "after six and a half years of chaos, the Appeal Board was finally relieved of the huge backlog of work and its role quickly receded once again into the background."[66]
  • 1974: Carty's list ceased because "the original need for it — to undermine a secretive and reactionary censorship system by exposure and ridicule — had passed".[67]
  • 1978 How Judi Dench and Jeremy Irons shocked Ireland sez Langrishe, Go Down banned by censor, but TV play and coproduced by RTÉ. Broadcast RTÉ 8 Feb 1979 IT 1979/0208/Pg019
  • 1989: The video censorship act
    • required bans to be published in Iris Oifigiúil, unlike the unpublicised film bans.[68] ** The criteria for prohibition [1989 s.3(1)] are more extensive than in the 1923 act [1923 s. 7(2-3); replaced by 2008 s. 70(c) but still different from video, not amended].
    • The bill originally proposed only that videos be certified or rejected, no age limits. Any film with a cinema cert would be allowed a video cert.[69]
      • The opposition wanted age limited certs, and the govt inserted them as advisory only at Dáil Report Stage as amendment 6,[70] with debate having taken place alongside amendment 1.[71]
    • Opposition amendment to define and prohibit "pornographic" (as distinct from "obscene or indecent", prohibited but undefined) was defeated.[71]
    • did not cover possession (without intent to supply)[72]
    • fees and exemption criteria different from cinema. I think (some) changes in fees required (2008) act, not mere SI
  • 1991 delay commencing 1989 act ascribed in part to need to add video viewing facilities to FCO.[73] prohibition power commenced 1991.[74]
  • By March 1992 54 videos had been banned under 1989 act.[75] By July 1993 344.[74] By Sep 1994 1,369.[76]
  • 1992 act authorised assistant censors in relation to videos, due to increased flow of titles.[77] By Sep 1994 there were one fulltime and 7 parttime assistants.[76]
  • zzz Could FCO have unofficially started rating videos earlier than May 1994? Possibly illegal if ultra vires. Not mentioned in Annual Reports; 1994 says "Fees amounting to £114,800 were received in respect of video classification for the eight month period - May to December, 1994". Whereas 1993 only has prohibition orders, presumably referred by customs, garda, etc rather than applied by distributers. I wonder if any (a) referred for prohibition in 1993, viewed and not prohibited were (b) submitted for certification in 1994; if so did they have to be re-watched to gain certificate? Perhaps they took the standard fee but were able to speed up the 1994 decision by reading back over the 1993 file.
  • By 1992 54 videos had been banned under 1989 act.[78]
  • Art galleries showing video art installations have sometimes informally consulted the IFCO and applied age limits if advised, without a formal certification.[77]
  • 1996: Striptease poster restricted; censor banned; but appeals board allowed in newspapers and inside cinemas, but not outdoors. "the censor also vets all film advertising, including trailers, posters and publicity photos. It is unusual for the censor's decisions regarding posters to be referred to the Film Appeals Board."[79]
  • 1996 Irish Film Centre planned to show Natural Born Killers after it was refused a certificate, but backed out after threat of legal action from the Department of Justice.[80] Film clubs bypassing certificate requirement existed since the 1930s in a legal grey area. The Dept of Justice policy was to tacitly allow films which had not been submitted but protest at showing of films which had been refused certificates, especially if Dept considered the show was motivated by commercial rather than artistic concerns.[81]
  • Crash announced for 1997 Dublin International Film Festival before censor had decided on certification.[82]
  • 1997: Video library recording of Donnie Brasco was technically illegal because it was preceded by a trailer for Preaching to the Perverted which had not been submitted to the censor.[83]
  • Freedom of Information Act 1997 did not apply retrospectively but nevertheless the Censor made the office's previously secret material available to researcher Kevin Rockett and subsequently in the National Archives of Ireland.[84]
  • 1998: Christmas screening of It's A Wonderful Life at the Irish Film Centre was cast in doubt as it technically had no certificate; Censor expedited one free of charge.[85]
  • TV3 intended to show Natural Born Killers in 2000, despite it having been refused a certificate in 1994. It said it cancelled the broadcast after the Department of Justice informed it the minister 'intended "to take legal remedies to prevent the proposed screening" unless he received an assurance that it would not go ahead without a proper certificate from the film censor'. TV3 questions the censor's "public exhibition" remit included broadcasting.[86]
  • 2000: news report that Min Justice gave FCO permission to recruit inspector to visit video shops and libraries and report noncompliance to Garda.[87]
  • 2000 (and maybe later?) censor's report included "educational", "travel", "topical", "interest", in cert breakdown table, though all but first were 0 count. OTOH total volume was in hours, not feet.
  • 2001 when changing 12/15 to 12/15PG, censor also removed English title "Film Censor" from certificates, leaving Irish Scrúdóir na Scannán (literally "Examiner of Films").[9] New film certificates introduced
  • 2001 Ulysses Premiere 33 Years After Being Made
  • New Irish film censor is appointed
  • 2002 Film Censor to view new thriller in cinemobile
  • 2004 9 Songs first certified explicit sex[88] Sexually explicit film to get Irish release
  • 2004 fees switch from per foot to per minute; lower charge for minority films; higher fixed charge for ads and trailers.[89] Per foot charge would be 2:5 for 16mm:35mm (36:90 feet per minute).
  • 2004 censor says "The previous ethos was not to explain decisions. But that was from another era. We have moved from the age of censorship to one of classification." -- about limited certs rather than bans. New website at ifco.ie
  • 2005 inspector hired after "some years" with none[90]
  • 2005 New film cert campaign is launched Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire first non G Potter
  • 2005 IFCO and Irish Film Institute organised simulated classification for Transition Year students; many gave The Family Stone a 12A rating whereas IFCO rating was lower at PG.[91]
  • 2006 "the censor's office was involved in more than 50 court cases relating to illegal material on sale, while officials in the Revenue Commissioners seized more than 1,500 DVDs."[92]
  • 2007: in a test case for hard core pornography, the owner of an adult store appealed to the High Court for certiorari of a 2004 prohibition order against a video (Anabolic Initiations # 5[93]) on the grounds that the order did not give "adequate reasons". The censor had stated, "I am of opinion that, under s. 7(1)(c) of the Video Recordings Act, 1989, it is unfit for viewing because it would tend, by reason of the inclusion in it of obscene or indecent matter, to deprave or corrupt persons who might view it"; the Appeal Board "that the unanimous decision of the Censorship of Films Appeal Board is to affirm the decision of the Official Censor in the appeal". The High Court ruled that, although a statement of reasons was legally required, the provided recital of s. 7(1)(c) of the statute was sufficient.[94]
    • Note that all SIs setting fees have included a charge for "One copy of the reasons furnished by the Official Censor under section 8(2)" ['When notice of an appeal under this section has been given the Official Censor shall furnish to the Appeal Board his reasons in writing for the decision appealed against, and shall furnish, on payment of the prescribed fees, copies of such reasons to every person who is entitled to appear and be heard at the hearing of such appeal.']
  • Censor bans video game for first time Manhunt 2
  • 2007 select Committee Stage of 2008 act inserts and explains amendments to 1923-6 censor and 1989 video acts
  • 2008 act
    • "[Irish] Film Censor's Office" renamed "Irish Film Classification Office"[95] zzz I think "IFCO" dates from 2004 website, where C was still Censor
    • arthouse DVD fees reduced as per 2004 cinema fees[96]
  • In 2008 an adult video arcade in Galway was reported by a city councillor, who said that the IFCO was investigating;[97] the following year the premises' landlord was fined, not under censorship law, but for allowing the tenant to operate an unauthorised cinema.[98]
  • In 2009 the IFCO decommissioned its 1945 screening room in Harcourt Terrace, thereafter using the Light House Cinema in Smithfield.[99]
  • In 2009 IFCO website extended consumer information from cinema to video; added e-procurement facility for distributors.[100]
  • In 2009, a Galway video shop owner fined €1500 for having 5 prohibited videos;[101] in Carlow, 1500 banned DVDs were seized from sex shops but no fines were issues as the ownership was hidden behind shell companies.[102]
  • In 1990s, the first Assistant Classifiers were appointed on open-ended contracts; later replacements had fixed-term contracts. In 2016, a panel was established, whose members were to be recruited by the Public Appointments Service. Two Assistant Classifiers had open-ended contracts terminated and were not rehired; they lost a court case impugning the equity of the changes.[103]
  • 2023 soft news reports drawn from Freedom of Information requests on IFCO correspondence with deidentified members of the public[104]
  • 2023 Kissane symbolically changed colour filling the O in IFCO logo from red (18s) to green (PG)[105][106]

General commentary[edit]

Sources[edit]

Primary
Secondary
  • Carty, Ciaran (1995). Confessions of a sewer rat : a personal history of censorship & the Irish cinema. Dublin: New Island Books. ISBN 978-1-874597-27-8 – via Internet Archive.
  • Rockett, Kevin (2004). Irish film censorship: a cultural journey from silent cinema to internet pornography. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-844-3 – via Internet Archive.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Rockett 2004 p. 200
  2. ^ Rockett 2004 pp. 213, 427 n. 21
  3. ^ Censor's Annual Reports "CERTIFICATES GRANTED BY FILM CENSOR" show: 1990 51 Over 15s and 21 Over 16s; 1991 only Over 15s
  4. ^
  5. ^ Censor's Annual Reports "CERTIFICATES GRANTED BY FILM CENSOR" show: 1993 no Over 12s column, 1994 10 films rated Over 12s
  6. ^ Censor's Annual Reports "CERTIFICATES GRANTED BY FILM CENSOR" show: 1994 no "Parental Guidance" column, 1995 19 films rated "Parental Guidance"
  7. ^
  8. ^ a b Rockett 2004 p. 282
  9. ^ a b c van Strien-Reney, Candelaria (2001). "IE – Film Censor Issues New Ratings Certificates" (PDF). IRIS (7). European Audiovisual Observatory: 11. ISSN 1023-8565. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e Dwyer, Michael (10 December 2004). "Censor's changes to film certs". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  11. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 261
  12. ^ a b c "Censor may bring in 16s film classification". The Irish Times. Press Association. 3 September 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  13. ^ a b Linehan, Hugh (13 March 2004). "The parable of the censor and the cert". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  14. ^ {{multiref| van Strien-Reney, Candelaria (2004). "IE – Changes to Cinema Film Certificates" (PDF). IRIS (2). European Audiovisual Observatory: 17. ISSN 1023-8565. Retrieved 10 April 2024.| Lansdowne Market Research (2004). "Parental Usage & Attitudes Survey Of Film Classification" (PDF). Irish Film Classification Office.
  15. ^ a b IFCO 2004 p. 12
  16. ^ Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008 s. 69
  17. ^ Matthews, Maggie; O Mahony, John. "Film Classification National Research among Parents and Children" (PDF). Irish Film Classification Office. p. 8.
  18. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 372
  19. ^ a b Dáil Éireann (9 May 2023). "Appointments to State Boards". Written answers. KildareStreet.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  20. ^ Linehan, Hugh (9 November 2002). "Ex-RTE executive appointed as censor of films". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  21. ^ Dwyer, Michael (7 April 2003). "A cut above the rest". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  22. ^ a b Linehan, Hugh (18 November 2002). "Calling the censor to account". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  23. ^ Rockett 2004 pp. 372–6
  24. ^ Joint Oireachtas Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality (2 Dec 2015). "Classification of Film Appeals Board: Chairperson Designate". Oireachtas Joint and Select Committees. KildareStreet.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  25. ^ a b c Rockett 2004 p. 155
  26. ^ Haughey, Charles (10 May 1961). "Questions. Oral Answers. - Limited Exhibition of Films". Dáil Éireann (16th Dáil) proceedings. Houses of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  27. ^ a b Rockett 2004 pp. 143, 408 n. 3
  28. ^ Rockett 2004 pp. 347, 457 n. 76
  29. ^ irishtimes zzz
  30. ^ Rockett 2004 pp. 84, 393 n. 14
  31. ^ a b Rockett 2004 p. 114
  32. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 111
  33. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 113
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h Rockett 2004 p. 156
  35. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 135
  36. ^ Connolly, Peter R. (June 1960). "Films". The Furrow. 11 (6): 398–400. ISSN 0016-3120. JSTOR 27657873.
  37. ^ zzz
  38. ^ a b c d Rockett 2004 p. 157
  39. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 421 n. 85
  40. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 179
  41. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 439 n. 24
  42. ^ Dwyer, Michael (21 September 1996). "Censor gives `Collins' PG cert". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  43. ^ Fire Services Act 1981 s. 8(1)
  44. ^ S.I. No. 143/1944 - Censorship of Films Act, 1923 (Fees), Order, 1944
  45. ^ a b dail/1924-03-05 statement zzz
  46. ^ Davidson Boughey (1921) The Film Industry (London : Sir Isaac Pitman) p. 76
  47. ^ "Introduction" p. 2 Crash Cinema: Representation in Film
  48. ^ BFI zzz
  49. ^ dail/1924-03-05 response zzz
  50. ^ Rockett 2004 pp.335–338
  51. ^ Rockett 2004 pp. 348--9, 457 n. 88
  52. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 391 n. 69
  53. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 111
  54. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 111
  55. ^ dail/1961-05-04 zzz; catalogue.nli.ie zzz
  56. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 193
  57. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 196
  58. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 170
  59. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 166
  60. ^ Lennon, Peter (19 January 1965). "Lifting the Irish Curtain". The Guardian. London. p. 8. Retrieved 28 March 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  61. ^ Carty 1995 pp. 35–37
  62. ^ McGonagle, Marie (2001). "IE – Film Industry" (PDF). IRIS (2). European Audiovisual Observatory: 11. ISSN 1023-8565. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  63. ^ IT 1 Jan 1968 p. 10
  64. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 390 n. 60<
  65. ^ Carty 1995 p. 53
  66. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 219
  67. ^ Carty 1995 p. 100
  68. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 15
  69. ^ Dáil Éireann debate - Wednesday, 30 Nov 1988 Vol. 384 No. 9 Video Recordings Bill, 1987 [Seanad: Committee Stage. - SECTION 1.]
  70. ^ "Vol. 393 No. 9: Video Recording Bill, 1987: Report Stage (Resumed)". Dáil Éireann debates. 29 Nov 1989.
  71. ^ a b "Vol. 392 No. 8: Video Recording Bill, 1987: Report Stage". Dáil Éireann debates. 8 Nov 1989.
  72. ^ zzz irishtimes 1994/0413/Pg006
  73. ^ zzz irishtimes 1991/0105/Pg003
  74. ^ a b zzz IT 1993/0727/Pg004
  75. ^ zzz irishtimes 1992/0326/Pg002
  76. ^ a b zzz IT 1994/0831/Pg002
  77. ^ a b Rockett 2004 p. 286
  78. ^ zzz irishtimes 1992/0326/Pg002
  79. ^ "Display of film poster restricted". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  80. ^ Dwyer, Michael (23 November 1996). "`Crash', bang, wallop". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  81. ^ Rockett 2004 p. 258<
  82. ^ Dwyer, Michael (8 February 1997). "Cronenberg film to be shown during festival". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  83. ^ Dwyer, Michael (31 October 1997). "Trailer to video of gangster movie is illegal". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  84. ^ Linehan, Hugh Linehan (10 November 2004). "Keeping the big screen pure". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  85. ^ "Corrections And Clarifications". The Irish Times. 27 February 1999. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  86. ^ McNally, Frank (29 January 2000). "TV drops film after threat of legal action". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  87. ^ Brady, Tom (8 November 2000). "New video spy chief has rogue shops in his sights". Irish Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
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External links[edit]

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