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Article Draft Additions Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

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The Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (German: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften) is the oldest continuously existing learned society in the world. The Leopoldina is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle. Founded on January 1, 1652 based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the Academia Naturae Curiosorum until 1677 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and 1687 when he named it after himself. It was then known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences[1]

History[edit]

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The Leopoldina was founded in the imperial city of Schweinfurt on 1 January 1652 under the Latin name ''Academia Naturae Curiosorum'', translated into English as "Academy of the Curious as to Nature." It was founded by four local physicians- Johann Laurentius Bausch, the first president of the society, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Metzger, and Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth; and was the only academy like it at the time making it the oldest academy of science in Germany.[1]

In 1670 the society began to publish the Ephemeriden or Miscellanea Curiosa, one of the earliest scientific journals and one which had a particularly strong focus on medicine and related aspects of natural philosophy, such as botany and physiology. p. 7–8 It was recognized by Emperor Leopold I and raised to an academy in 1677, and then declared a Reich Academy, or "Rich Academy" in 1687. This is also where the name of the academy can be accredited to, as Emperor Leopold I took quite an interest in the sciences.[1]

At first, the society conducted its business by correspondence and was located wherever the president was working.pp. 8–9 After Schweinfurt, the Academy was rooted in many places before it was permanently located in Halle in 1878. Following Schweinfurt in chronological order: Nuremberg, Augsburg, Altdorf, Erfurt, Halle, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bonn, Jena, Dresden, and finally Halle.[1]

There were multiple efforts during prosperous years to elevate the Academy to a 'national institute,' but all efforts resulted in failure. It those times the academy was not on the nation's conscious at a political or academic level. They began enriching the Academy with an obligation to be present to better their public standing. They began holding regular monthly meetings in 1924,pp. 8–9 which had to be attended by all local members.[1]

When Adolf Hitler became Germany's chancellor in 1933, the Leopoldina started to exclude and expel its Jewish members.[1] Albert Einstein was one of the first victims, more than 70 followed until 1938. Eight of them were murdered by the Nazis over the course of World War II. It must also be noted that the Leopoldina did not suffer as much influence from the National Socialist regime as other German academies, thanks to the president of the Leopoldina at the time, Emil Abderhalden.[1] He resisted against the National Socialists by reorganizing Sections of the Academy and introducing a new series 'Biographies of German Natural Scientists' in 1932.[2]

After WW II, the rest of the country was left in pieces after the territorial splintering Germany endured. Halle became part of East Germany and the communist government that occupied it from the end of the war to the fall of the wall. During this time, the government shut down all societies, leading the members of the Leopoldina to meet unofficially and in private. Efforts were made to make the academy official once more, although, and The Works of Science by Goethe began being edited under the academy's name in 1947, and lectures started again in 1948. However, the academy was not officially reopened until 1952. This reopening came just in time for the academy to celebrate their 300 year anniversary.[3]

After reopening, the Leopoldina successfully resisted attempts from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to be nationalized for the sake of East Germany and continued to think of itself as an institution for the whole of Germany. This was greatly affected by the building of the Berlin Wall in August of 1961. The yearly meeting for the academy was planned for October of that year in West Germany; invitations had been sent out in June announcing that they would be disscussing energy, but not two months later were letters of cancellation sent out, stating that members living in the GDR would not be given permission to travel. [3]

In 1991, after German reunification, the Leopoldina was granted the status of a non-profit organisation. It is now funded jointly by the German government and the government of the state of Saxony-Anhalt., pp. 10–14 A new section was also created for the history of culture with the emphasis on medicine and the natural sciences.[1]

In November 2007, German science minister Annette Schavan announced the renaming of the Leopoldina to "German Academy of Sciences" (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften), and said that "due to its international prestige, the Leopoldina is predestined to represent Germany within the circle of international academies." As the German Academy of Sciences, it is a counterpart to the rights and responsibilities of institutions such as Britain's Royal Society and the United States' National Academy of Science. As the national academy, the Leopoldina will act as a consulting service on matters of science and science related policy for the German government, including parliament and social and political organizations. [1]

Membership[edit]

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Three quarters of the members are from German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and one quarter from about 30 other nations.[1] The election to membership of the Leopoldina is the highest academic honor awarded by an institution in Germany. Some laureates are also fellows of the Leopoldina.

Among the most noted of fellows are:[3][4]

Members might also attribute discoveries and success to the academy. For example, the asteroid 893 Leopoldina is named in its honor.

Leadership[edit]

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At the head of the Academy there is a Presidium, elected by the Senate, consisting of the President, acting as the chair, four Vice Presidents, and other members at large. These position terms are five years long and can only be held twice by the same person. The Senate of the Academy currently consists of 39 members representing different sections and disciplines of science, as well as representatives from Switzerland and Austria. Senate members serve for four years and can only be re-elected once. The latest President of the Academy, Dr. Gerald Haug, from Berlin, became the Academy's 27th president when he took office on March 1st, 2020.[4]

Past Presidents of the Leopoldina and their times in office:


Review by K8shep (talk) 16:18, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

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1. What does the article do well? Is there anything from your review that impressed you? Any turn of phrase that described the subject in a clear way?
So far this looks really good. I can't really tell easily what you've added unless I go line by line. But you have good sources and, in general, the work is flowing.

2. What changes would you suggest the author apply to the article? Why would those changes be an improvement?
Make sure you're explaining certain parts of the story. Why was the president of the academy so powerful in not aligning with the Nazis? That had to have been difficult. Who was it? Why did it work? These are all things you could add.

3. What's the most important thing the author could do to improve the article?
Keep up the good work and make sure you're citing your sources!


Article Evaluation

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Learned society

  • Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?

The significance section had one sentence that doesn't entirely seem accurate just from reading it, which is kind of kind of distracting.

  • Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear, heavily biased toward a particular position?

This article seems to be neutral. It is very short so there isn't a lot of space for them to form an opinion.

  • Are there viewpoints that are over represented, or underrepresented?

It doesn't talk about the history very much at all. It also talks about who might be in one of these societies and what they could do, but it doesn't talk at all about accomplishments of any of these mentioned learned societies.

  • Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?

I tried a couple and they mostly link to other wikipedia pages, but they all work. A few at the bottom in the references section just link to websites, but the websites are still live, although they look kinda sketchy.

  • Is each fact reference with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that biased noted?

Most of them have a link to a source, but it links to wikipedia, and I'm not sure if that means it is biased or not.

  • Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?

It needs a lot of work in the history section. It could also use a section that talked about different notable societies and a little blurb about each one and what they were known for.

  • Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?

There is some conversation on the talk page. The last comment was early in 2019 and asked about learned societies being considered professional organizations. Other posts talk about citation issues.

  • How is the article rated? Is is a part of any WikiProkects?

This is rated Start-Class and is in both the Academic Journals and Organizations WikiProjects.

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jedlitschka, Karsten (June 20, 2008). "The Archive of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle (Salle): more than 350 year of the history of science". Notes & Records of The Royal Society. Vol. 62, No. 2: 237–244 – via JSTOR. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ "German Academy of Scientists Leopoldina". mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  3. ^ a b c Fortsch, Eckart (1999). Science Under Socialism: East Germany in Comparative Perspective. Harvard University Press. pp. 158–179.
  4. ^ a b "Presidium". www.leopoldina.org. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
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