User:Ldm1954/Sandbox/EC

This is a timeline of crystallography involving electrons.

17th Century

18th Century

19th Century

One or two on electrons as waves?

20th Century

1924 - Louis de Broglie in his PhD thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta^[1] introduced his theory of electron waves. This was the start of electron and neutron diffraction and crystallography.
1927 - Two groups demonstrated electron diffraction, the first the Davisson–Germer experiment,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5], the other by George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid.^[6] Alexander Reid, who was Thomson's graduate student, performed the first experiments,^[7] but he died soon after in a motorcycle accident.^[8]
1928 - Hans Bethe published the first non-relativistic explanation of electron diffraction based upon Schrödinger's equation, which remains central to all further analysis.^[9]
1930 - Gas electron diffraction was developed by Herman Mark and Raymond Wierl,^[10]^[11]
1932 - Vadim E. Lashkaryov and Ilya D. Usyskin determined of the positions of hydrogen atoms in NH₄Cl crystals using electron diffraction,^[12]
1936 - Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases."^[13]
1936 - Hans Boersch [de] showed that electron microscope could be used as micro-diffraction cameras with an aperture^[14]—the birth of selected area electron diffraction.^[15]^{: Chpt 5-6}
1937 - Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in physics "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."^[16]
1939 - Walther Kossel and Gottfried Möllenstedt published the first work on convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED),^[17] It was extended by Peter Goodman and Gunter Lehmpfuhl,^[18] then mainly by the groups of John Steeds^[19]^[20]^[21] and Michiyoshi Tanaka^[22]^[23] who showed how to use CBED patterns to determine point groups and space groups.
1956 - James Menter published the first electron microscope images showing the lattice structure of a material.^[24]
1960 - Lester Germer and his coworkers at Bell Labs using a flat phosphor screen for the first modern low-energy electron diffraction camera combined with ultra-high vacuum, the start of quantitative surface crystallography.^[25]^[26]^[27]
1968 - Aaron Klug and David DeRosier used electron microscopy to visualise the structure of the tail of bacteriophage T4, a common virus, thus signalling a breakthrough in macromolecular structure determination.^[28]
1970 -Albert Crewe demonstrated imaging of single atoms in a scanning transmission electron microscopy.^[29]
1972 - The first quantitative matching of atomic scale images and dynamical simulations was published by J. G. Allpress, E. A. Hewat, A. F. Moodie and J. V. Sanders.^[30]
1982 - Aaron Klug won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.”^[31]
1983 - Effectively simultaneously Ian Robinson used surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD)^[32] to solve the structure of the gold 2x1 (110) surface, Laurence D. Marks used electron microscopy^[33] and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer used scanning tunneling microscope.^[34]
1984 - A team led by Dan Shechtman also involving Ilan Blech, Denis Gratias, and John W. Cahn discovered quasicrystals in a metallic alloy. These structures have no unit cell and no periodic translational order but have long-range bond orientational order, which generates a defined diffraction pattern.^[35]
1985 - Kunio Takanayagi led a team which solved the structure of the 7x7 reconstruction of the silicon (111) surface using Patterson function methods with ultra-high vacuum electron diffraction.^[36]^[37] This surface structure had defeated many prior attempts.
1986 - Ernst Ruska shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope".^[38]
1987 - John M. Cowley and Alexander F. Moodie shared the first IUCr Ewald Prize "for their outstanding achievements in electron diffraction and microscopy. They carried out pioneering work on the dynamical scattering of electrons and the direct imaging of crystal structures and structure defects by high-resolution electron microscopy. The physical optics approach used by Cowley and Moodie takes into account many hundreds of scattered beams, and represents a far-reaching extension of the dynamical theory for X-rays, first developed by P.P. Ewald".^[39]
1991 - Sumio Iijima used electron diffraction to determine the structure of carbon nanotubes.^[40]
1992 - The International Union of Crystallography changed the IUCr’s definition of a crystal to “any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction pattern” thus formally recognizing quasicrystals.^[41]
1994 - Roger Vincent and Paul Midgley invented the precession electron diffraction method for electron crystallography in a transmission electron microscope.^[42]
1995 - Douglas L. Dorset published Structural Electron Crystallography, a major text on electron crystallography.^[43]
1998 - The structure of tubulin and the location of the taxol-binding site is first determined by Eva Nogales and her team using electron crystallography.^[44]^[45]
1998 - A group led by Jon Gjønnes combined three-dimensional electron diffraction with precession electron diffraction and direct methods to solve an intermetallic, combining this with dynamical refinements.^[46]

21st Century

2007 - Ute Kolb and co-workers developed automated diffraction tomography for electron crystallography by combining diffraction and tomography within a transmission electron microscope.^[47]^[48]^[49]
2011 - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo led a team including Sandra Van Aert, Kees Joost Batenburg et. al. determined the 3D atomic positions of a silver nanoparticle using electron tomography.^[50]
2011 - Dan Shechtman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for the discovery of quasicrystals."^[51]
2012 - Jianwei Miao and his co-workers applied the coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) method in Atomic Electron Tomography (AET).^[52]^[53]
2013 - Tamir Gonen and his co-workers demonstrated microcrystal electron diffraction (microED) for lysozyme microcrystals at the Janelia Farm Research Campus.^[54]
2017 - Lukas Palatinus and co-workers used dynamical structure refinement to resolve hydrogen atom positions in nanocrystals using electron diffraction.^[55]^[56]
2017 - Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."^[57]
2020 - Two independent groups led respectively by Holger Stark and Sjors Scheres demonstrated that single-particle cryoelectron microscopy has reached atomic resolution.^[58]^[59]^[60]

References

^ de Broglie, Louis Victor. "On the Theory of Quanta" (PDF). Foundation of Louis de Broglie (English translation by A.F. Kracklauer, 2004. ed.). Retrieved 25 February 2023.
^ Davisson, C.; Germer, L. H. (1927). "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel". Nature. 119 (2998): 558–560. Bibcode:1927Natur.119..558D. doi:10.1038/119558a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4104602.
^ Davisson, C.; Germer, L. H. (1927). "Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel". Physical Review. 30 (6): 705–740. Bibcode:1927PhRv...30..705D. doi:10.1103/physrev.30.705. ISSN 0031-899X.
^ Davisson, C. J.; Germer, L. H. (1928). "Reflection of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 14 (4): 317–322. Bibcode:1928PNAS...14..317D. doi:10.1073/pnas.14.4.317. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1085484. PMID 16587341.
^ Davisson, C. J.; Germer, L. H. (1928). "Reflection and Refraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 14 (8): 619–627. Bibcode:1928PNAS...14..619D. doi:10.1073/pnas.14.8.619. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1085652. PMID 16587378.
^ Thomson, G. P.; Reid, A. (1927). "Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film". Nature. 119 (3007): 890. Bibcode:1927Natur.119Q.890T. doi:10.1038/119890a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4122313.
^ Reid, Alexander (1928). "The diffraction of cathode rays by thin celluloid films". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 119 (783): 663–667. Bibcode:1928RSPSA.119..663R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1928.0121. ISSN 0950-1207. S2CID 98311959.
^ Navarro, Jaume (2010). "Electron diffraction chez Thomson: early responses to quantum physics in Britain". The British Journal for the History of Science. 43 (2): 245–275. doi:10.1017/S0007087410000026. ISSN 0007-0874. S2CID 171025814.
^ Bethe, H. (1928). "Theorie der Beugung von Elektronen an Kristallen". Annalen der Physik. 392 (17): 55–129. doi:10.1002/andp.19283921704. ISSN 0003-3804.
^ Mark, Herman; Wierl, Raymond (1930). "Neuere Ergebnisse der Elektronenbeugung". Die Naturwissenschaften. 18 (36): 778–786. Bibcode:1930NW.....18..778M. doi:10.1007/bf01497860. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 9815364.
^ Mark, Herman; Wiel, Raymond (1930). "Die ermittlung von molekülstrukturen durch beugung von elektronen an einem dampfstrahl". Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie. 36 (9): 675–676. doi:10.1002/bbpc.19300360921. S2CID 178706417.
^ Laschkarew, W. E.; Usyskin, I. D. (1933). "Die Bestimmung der Lage der Wasserstoffionen im NH4Cl-Kristallgitter durch Elektronenbeugung". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 85 (9–10): 618–630. Bibcode:1933ZPhy...85..618L. doi:10.1007/BF01331003. ISSN 1434-6001. S2CID 123199621.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936"
^ Boersch, H. (1936). "Über das primäre und sekundäre Bild im Elektronenmikroskop. II. Strukturuntersuchung mittels Elektronenbeugung". Annalen der Physik (in German). 419 (1): 75–80. Bibcode:1936AnP...419...75B. doi:10.1002/andp.19364190107.
^ Cite error: The named reference HirschEtAl was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937"
^ Kossel, W.; Möllenstedt, G. (1939). "Elektroneninterferenzen im konvergenten Bündel". Annalen der Physik. 428 (2): 113–140. doi:10.1002/andp.19394280204. ISSN 0003-3804.
^ Goodman, P.; Lehmpfuhl, G. (1968). "Observation of the breakdown of Friedel's law in electron diffraction and symmetry determination from zero-layer interactions". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 24 (3): 339–347. Bibcode:1968AcCrA..24..339G. doi:10.1107/S0567739468000677.
^ Buxton, B. F.; Eades, J. A.; Steeds, John Wickham; Rackham, G. M.; Frank, Frederick Charles (1976). "The symmetry of electron diffraction zone axis patterns". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 281 (1301): 171–194. Bibcode:1976RSPTA.281..171B. doi:10.1098/rsta.1976.0024. S2CID 122890943.
^ Steeds, J. W.; Vincent, R. (1983). "Use of high-symmetry zone axes in electron diffraction in determining crystal point and space groups". Journal of Applied Crystallography. 16 (3): 317–324. Bibcode:1983JApCr..16..317S. doi:10.1107/S002188988301050X. ISSN 0021-8898.
^ Bird, D. M. (1989). "Theory of zone axis electron diffraction". Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique. 13 (2): 77–97. doi:10.1002/jemt.1060130202. ISSN 0741-0581. PMID 2681572.
^ Tanaka, M.; Saito, R.; Sekii, H. (1983). "Point-group determination by convergent-beam electron diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 39 (3): 357–368. Bibcode:1983AcCrA..39..357T. doi:10.1107/S010876738300080X. ISSN 0108-7673.
^ Tanaka, M.; Saito, R.; Watanabe, D. (1980). "Symmetry determination of the room-temperature form of LnNbO 4 (Ln = La,Nd) by convergent-beam electron diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 36 (3): 350–352. Bibcode:1980AcCrA..36..350T. doi:10.1107/S0567739480000800. ISSN 0567-7394. S2CID 98184340.
^ "The direct study by electron microscopy of crystal lattices and their imperfections". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 236 (1204): 119–135. 1956. doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0117. ISSN 0080-4630.
^ Scheibner, E. J.; Germer, L. H.; Hartman, C. D. (1960-02-01). "Apparatus for Direct Observation of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Patterns". Review of Scientific Instruments. 31 (2): 112–114. doi:10.1063/1.1716903. ISSN 0034-6748.
^ Germer, L. H.; Hartman, C. D. (1960-07-01). "Improved Low Energy Electron Diffraction Apparatus". Review of Scientific Instruments. 31 (7): 784–784. doi:10.1063/1.1717051. ISSN 0034-6748.
^ Germer, Lester H. (1965). "The Structure of Crystal Surfaces". Scientific American. 212 (3): 32–41. ISSN 0036-8733.
^ De Rosier, D. J.; Klug, A. (1968). "Reconstruction of Three Dimensional Structures from Electron Micrographs". Nature. 217 (5124): 130–134. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..130D. doi:10.1038/217130a0. PMID 23610788.
^ Crewe, A. V.; Wall, J.; Langmore, J. (1970). "Visibility of Single Atoms". Science. 168 (3937): 1338–1340. doi:10.1126/science.168.3937.1338. ISSN 0036-8075.
^ Allpress, J. G.; Hewat, E. A.; Moodie, A. F.; Sanders, J. V. (1972). "n -Beam lattice images. I. Experimental and computed images from W 4 Nb 26 O 77". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 28 (6): 528–536. doi:10.1107/S0567739472001433. ISSN 0567-7394.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982"
^ Robinson, I. K. (1983). "Direct Determination of the Au(110) Reconstructed Surface by X-Ray Diffraction". Physical Review Letters. 50 (15): 1145–1148. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1145. ISSN 0031-9007.
^ Marks, L. D. (1983-09-12). "Direct Imaging of Carbon-Covered and Clean Gold (110) Surfaces". Physical Review Letters. 51 (11): 1000–1002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.1000. ISSN 0031-9007.
^ Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H.; Gerber, Ch.; Weibel, E. (1982). "Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy". Physical Review Letters. 49 (1): 57–61. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57. ISSN 0031-9007.
^ Shechtman, D.; Blech, I.; Gratias, D.; Cahn, J. W. (1984). "Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry". Physical Review Letters. 53 (20): 1951–1953. Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.1951S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951.
^ Takayanagi, K.; Tanishiro, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Takahashi, S. (1985). "Structural analysis of Si(111)-7×7 by UHV-transmission electron diffraction and microscopy". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. 3 (3): 1502–1506. Bibcode:1985JVSTA...3.1502T. doi:10.1116/1.573160. ISSN 0734-2101.
^ Takayanagi, Kunio; Tanishiro, Yasumasa; Takahashi, Shigeki; Takahashi, Masaetsu (1985). "Structure analysis of Si(111)-7 × 7 reconstructed surface by transmission electron diffraction". Surface Science. 164 (2–3): 367–392. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(85)90753-8. ISSN 0039-6028.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986"
^ "First Ewald Prize"
^ Iijima, Sumio (1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon". Nature. 354 (6348): 56–58. doi:10.1038/354056a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ "Report of the Executive Committee for 1991". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 48 (6): 922–946. 1992. Bibcode:1992AcCrA..48..922.. doi:10.1107/S0108767392008328.
^ Vincent, R.; Midgley, P.A. (1994). "Double conical beam-rocking system for measurement of integrated electron diffraction intensities". Ultramicroscopy. 53 (3): 271–282. doi:10.1016/0304-3991(94)90039-6.
^ Dorset, D.L. (1995). Structural electron crystallography, Plenum, New York, 452pp. ISBN 9781475766219
^ Nogales, Eva; Wolf, Sharon G.; Downing, Kenneth H. (1998). "Structure of the αβ tubulin dimer by electron crystallography". Nature. 391 (6663): 199–203. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..199N. doi:10.1038/34465. PMID 9428769.
^ Nogales, Eva; Whittaker, Michael; Milligan, Ronald A.; Downing, Kenneth H. (1999). "High-Resolution Model of the Microtubule". Cell. 96 (1): 79–88. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80961-7. PMID 9989499.
^ Gjønnes, J.; Hansen, V.; Berg, B. S.; Runde, P.; Cheng, Y. F.; Gjønnes, K.; Dorset, D. L.; Gilmore, C. J. (1998-05-01). "Structure Model for the Phase AlmFe Derived from Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction Intensity Data Collected by a Precession Technique. Comparison with Convergent-Beam Diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography. 54 (3): 306–319. doi:10.1107/S0108767397017030.
^ Kolb, U.; Gorelik, T.; Kübel, C.; Otten, M.T.; Hubert, D. (2007). "Towards automated diffraction tomography: Part I—Data acquisition". Ultramicroscopy. 107 (6–7): 507–513. doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.10.007.
^ Kolb, U.; Gorelik, T.; Otten, M.T. (2008). "Towards automated diffraction tomography. Part II—Cell parameter determination". Ultramicroscopy. 108 (8): 763–772. doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.12.002.
^ Kolb, U.; Mugnaioli, E.; Gorelik, T. E. (2011). "Automated electron diffraction tomography – a new tool for nano crystal structure analysis". Crystal Research and Technology. 46 (6): 542–554. doi:10.1002/crat.201100036. ISSN 0232-1300.
^ Van Aert, Sandra; Batenburg, Kees J.; Rossell, Marta D.; Erni, Rolf; Van Tendeloo, Gustaaf (2011-02-02). "Three-dimensional atomic imaging of crystalline nanoparticles". Nature. 470 (7334): 374–377. Bibcode:2011Natur.470..374V. doi:10.1038/nature09741. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21289625. S2CID 4310850.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011"
^ Scott, M. C.; Chen, Chien-Chun; Mecklenburg, Matthew; Zhu, Chun; Xu, Rui; Ercius, Peter; Dahmen, Ulrich; Regan, B. C.; Miao, Jianwei (2012). "Electron tomography at 2.4-ångström resolution". Nature. 483 (7390): 444–447. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..444S. doi:10.1038/nature10934. PMID 22437612.
^ Miao, Jianwei; Ercius, Peter; Billinge, Simon J. L. (2016). "Atomic electron tomography: 3D structures without crystals". Science. 353 (6306). doi:10.1126/science.aaf2157. PMID 27708010.
^ Shi, Dan; Nannenga, Brent L; Iadanza, Matthew G; Gonen, Tamir (2013-11-19). "Three-dimensional electron crystallography of protein microcrystals". eLife. 2: e01345. doi:10.7554/eLife.01345. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 3831942. PMID 24252878.
^ Palatinus, L.; Brázda, P.; Boullay, P.; Perez, O.; Klementová, M.; Petit, S.; Eigner, V.; Zaarour, M.; Mintova, S. (2017-01-13). "Hydrogen positions in single nanocrystals revealed by electron diffraction". Science. 355 (6321): 166–169. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..166P. doi:10.1126/science.aak9652. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28082587.
^ McCusker, Lynne B. (2017-01-13). "Electron diffraction and the hydrogen atom". Science. 355 (6321): 136. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..136M. doi:10.1126/science.aal4570. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28082549.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017"
^ Herzik Jr, Mark A. (2020-11-05). "Cryo-electron microscopy reaches atomic resolution". Nature. 587 (7832): 39–40. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02924-y. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ Yip, Ka Man; Fischer, Niels; Paknia, Elham; Chari, Ashwin; Stark, Holger (2020-11-05). "Atomic-resolution protein structure determination by cryo-EM". Nature. 587 (7832): 157–161. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2833-4. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ Nakane, Takanori; Kotecha, Abhay; Sente, Andrija; McMullan, Greg; Masiulis, Simonas; Brown, Patricia M. G. E.; Grigoras, Ioana T.; Malinauskaite, Lina; Malinauskas, Tomas; Miehling, Jonas; Uchański, Tomasz; Yu, Lingbo; Karia, Dimple; Pechnikova, Evgeniya V.; de Jong, Erwin (2020-11-05). "Single-particle cryo-EM at atomic resolution". Nature. 587 (7832): 152–156. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2829-0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7611073. PMID 33087931.

17th Century

18th Century

19th Century

20th Century

21st Century

References

Further reading