User:Luecol202/sandbox
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | Carex |
| Species: | C. secta
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| Binomial name | |
| Carex secta | |
Description
[edit]Carex secta is a sedge endemic to New Zealand from the Cyperaceae family[1]. The Māori names include Purei, Pukio and Makura [2]. It grows in wetlands[1]. The genus Carex is Latin for sedge and the species secta means cut or divided, which refers to the divided flower head[3]. Sedges are visually similar to grasses and rushes but botanically different. Carex secta is a perennial monocotyledon[3].
Carex secta plants can grow up to 3 meters tall[3]. The base of the plant can form a clumpy trunk-like structure, measuring up to 1 meter in height and 50 cm in diameter[4]. This structure is made up of matted rhizomes, old culms, which are a structure made of older aerial stems, old rhizomes and roots[4]. These clumps are usually pale to dark brown in colour [5].
Other identifying features include plant leaves that are triangular in shape[5]. The leaves are very narrow, being 1.5–7 mm wide[5]. They have a simple leaf margin and are rough to the touch at the edges[5]. The leaves are usually longer than or equal in length to the flowers[3], and are pale to light green to yellow green in colour[5].
Flower stems, much like the leaves, are drooping, triangular in appearance and abrasive to the touch[5]. Flowers are formed on a loosely branching panicle that measures up to 45 centimetres long[5]. The panicle has numerous pale brown spikes that are mostly grouped at the tips of slender branchlets[5]. These brown spikes contain both male and female flowers, with the male flowers positioned closer to the tips of each spike and the female flowers sitting further down the panicle, containing two stigmas[3]. The fruit is a triangular or lens-shaped nut with a short beak that is 2.5–3 mm in length and 1.5 mm wide[3].
Range
[edit]Natural global range
[edit]Up to 2000 varieties of Carex can be found in cold and temperate climates as well as on tropical mountain ranges worldwide[3]. Within New Zealand, there are 100 species and of those 79 are endemic species. Carex secta is one of those endemic species[3].
New Zealand range
[edit]Carex secta can tolerate a wide variety of living conditions[1]. This species can be found all over New Zealand, in both the North and South Islands as well as Stewart Island[1]. Within this area, Carex secta can be found from coastal to mountainous areas usually up to 400 meters above sea level[1]. Carex secta can also be found on mainland Chatham Island, although is relatively rare in this location[1].
Habitat
[edit]In New Zealand, sedges are a very common type of swamp plant, and the Carex family includes the largest sedges[6]. Carex secta plants thrive in open water environments, which can include swamps, rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams[6]. Carex secta growth is not inhibited when its roots are saturated[3], and it can tolerate being waterlogged year-round[7]. Carex secta much prefers water depths between 10 and 30 cm which provide the optimal conditions for growth[8]. When naturally dispersed seeds germinate in water depths greater than 30cm, there is an increase in shoot height of the plant but a decrease in the shoot density[9]. Due to the ability of Carex secta to flourish with saturated roots, they are frequently found in riparian planting margins across the country[10]. Although Carex secta typically grows well in wetlands, it can also do well in drier environments[1]. Carex secta are best suited in moist to wet soils[11]. These soils which typically occur in wetlands are generally organic soils[12] or organic peaty soils[7]. Wetlands on the West Coast with a pH between 5.7 and 6.0 provide ideal growth conditions for Carex secta[6]. In these areas, it can succeed in much deeper water, up to 0.6 metres deep and form colonies with Carex coriacea[6].
At the head of the Gorge River in South Westland, which is about 700 metres above sea level, Carex secta is found above its typical altitude range[6]. It occupies a much shallower habitat in peat soils at this higher elevation[6]. In the Copland Valley, also in South Westland, Carex secta can be found growing at 450 meters above sea level in swamps where geothermal activity occurs nearby[6].
Ecology
[edit]Life cycle/Phenology
[edit]Flowering spikes of Carex secta are present in the spring/early summer from October through to November with fruiting occurring from October to March[1]. The seeds are produced in a dark brown seed head and are dispersed by water[11]. In warmer temperatures, germination of the seeds can take a few weeks, while germination in winter is much slower[11].
Although there have been no specific studies on Carex secta seeds, studies conducted on the Carex genus investigating the longevity of the seeds in the seed bank suggest that some species of Carex seeds are viable for up to 130 years[13].
Predators, Parasites, and Diseases
[edit]The obscure sedge shield bug (Rhopalimorpha obscura) feeds on sedges, including Carex secta[14]. It is an endemic bug that is commonly found in wetlands as well as forests on both New Zealand's North and South Islands[14]. Adults are 7.5–9.5 mm in length and about 22.5-28.5 mm wide[14]. They consume the seeds, stems, and leaves of these plants as food[14]. The obscure sedge shield bug is a Hemiptera, and therefore has sucking mouthparts that penetrate the plant when ingesting plant matter[14].
It is likely that Moa were a herbivore of Carex species in New Zealand as there has been evidence of Carex, Phormium, and Teucridium seed found in Moa gizzard remains[15]. Where soil and environmental conditions allow, wilding pines (e.g., Pinus radiata), Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), Willow species (Salix spp.) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) species frequently outcompete native plants, such as Carex secta [16]. Carex secta plants provide refuge for lizards from predators as well as offering them shade[7]. Insects have also been found to use Carex secta as camouflage to avoid predation [7].
Similar species
[edit]Carex sectoides, which is another species of Carex, endemic to New Zealand had previously been synonymised with Carex secta[17]. This species resides on two of New Zealand’s offshore islands, the Chatham Islands and the Antipodes, a cluster of volcanic islands that are 860km to the southeast of Stewart Island [17]. The two species were separated in 1970 by Elizabeth Edgar[18]. Carex sectoides is far less common than Carex secta, which is widespread on both the North and South Islands as well as Stewart Island[19].
Carex secta has also often been confused with Carex virgata because C. virgata can grow raised trunks formed by matted rhizomes and old culms, very similar to the form of Carex secta[20]. The distinguishing characteristics of C. virgata is that plants can only reach a maximum height of 1.2 meters, which is significantly less than C. secta[20]. The Carex virgata inflorescences are clearly branched and never droop, as the panicle remains rigid and with the basal branchlets often further apart[20].
Whilst many native and endemic plants to New Zealand are in various states of decline, as of 2012 Carex secta is not a threatened plant species[1]. However, Carex tenuiculmis, a close relative of the Carex secta that also grows in wetlands, is considered to be more vulnerable[21]. This species can be distinguished from Carex secta by its red leaves and shorter inflorescence[21]. It is far less abundant than Carex secta and is considered to be at risk – declining[21].
Cultural uses
[edit]Other uses for Carex secta include ornamental gardening, with it often being included in home gardens and landscape architecture[11].
Gallery
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i De Lange, P. "Carex secta fact sheet". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Healy, A. J.; Edgar, E. 1980: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous and Spathaceous Monocotyledons. Wellington, Government Printer [1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Champion, P; James, T; Papay, I; Ford, K (2012). An illustrated guide to common grasses, sedges and rushes of New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.).
- ^ a b Evert, R; Eichhorn, S (2013). Raven biology of plants (8 ed.). Peter Marshall.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Moore, L; Edgar, E (1970). Flora of New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wardle, P (1991). Vegetation of New Zealand (first ed.). The Blackburn Press.
- ^ a b c d Williams, K. "Native plant communities of the Canterbury Plains" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "Wetlands protection guide". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ Sorrell, B; Tanner, C; Brix, H (2012). "Regression analysis of growth responses to water depth in three wetland species". AoB Plants. 1: Article pls043. doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls043.
- ^ "Wetland and river/stream margin native plants". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Seed collection and propagation guide for grasses, sedges, lilies, flaxes, epiphytes and climbers". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ Hewitt, A, E; Balks, M, R; Lowe, D, J (2021). The soils of Aotearoa New Zealand. Springer Cham.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Schütz, W (2000). "Ecology of seed dormancy and germination in sedges (Carex)". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 3 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1078/1433-8319-00005.
- ^ a b c d e Martin, N. "Obscure sedge shield bug - Rhopalimorpha (Rhopalimorpha) obscura". Landcare Research.
- ^ Thorsen, M; Dickenson, K; Seddon, P (2009). "Seed dispersal in the New Zealand flora". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11 (4): 285–309. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.06.001.
- ^ "Geothermal sidestreams". Landcare Research. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Antipodes Islands". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ Healy, A; Edgar, E (1980). Flora of New Zealand volume III. Government Printer.
- ^ Heads, M (2017). Biogeographyof New Zealand's Subantartic Islands and the Chatham Islands (first ed.). CRC Press.
- ^ a b c De Lange, P. "Carex virgata fact sheet". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Heenan, B; De Lange, P; Murray, B (1997). "Carex tenuiculmis comb. et. stat. nov. (Cyperaceae), a threatened red-leaved sedge from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35 (2): 159–165. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1997.10414152.
secta Category:Endemic flora of New Zealand Category:Flora of New Zealand Category:Plants described in 1853 Category:Taxa named by Francis Boott