Jump to content

User:R.Lemkin/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ethnic cleansing

[edit]

Let's start with definitions.

Ethnic cleansing

Although "ethnic cleansing" does not have a strict legal definition, it usually includes intentional forced migration (either direct or indirect) through coercion, intimidation, and/or genocide. These characteristics are mentioned by United Nations entities, including the UNSC.[1] Two other characteristics listed by the UNSC include "arbitrary arrest and detention ... confinement of civilian population in ghetto areas."[2]

Genocide

The intentional destruction of a people based on their perceived membership in a group. Also some genocide scholars and advocacy groups criticize the distinction, many media and scholars consider genocide to be a form of ethnic cleansing but not all ethnic cleansing is genocide.


Numerous reliable sources describe the blockade as aimed at ethnic cleansing and/or genocide.

Numerous reliable sources also characterize the blockade as a form of "intimidation", "coercion," and state that there is "intention" to "expel" or cause an "outflow" of the Armenian population.

Given this, I'm struggling to see why you added "alleged" to the infobox. Looking forward to hearing you feedback on this!

  • The founding prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Luis Moreno Ocampo, describes the blockade as a genocide, under Article II, (c) of the Genocide Convention: "Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction," adding that "... President Aliyev has Genocidal intentions: he has knowingly, willingly and voluntarily blockaded the Lachin Corridor even after having been placed on notice regarding the consequences of his actions by the ICJ’s [International Court of Justice] provisional orders."[3][4]
  • Another group of genocide scholars at the 2022 Global Forum Against the Crime of Genocide declared: "we believe that the actions of the Azerbaijani government pose a threat of genocide to Armenians in the region."[5][6][7]
  • "Khachatryan’s detention confirms the fears of many Karabakh Armenians that, if Azerbaijan assumes control over Karabakh, it will detain (and torture) them arbitrarily, using their participation in one or more of the wars as justification. This criteria extends to nearly every male resident of the small enclave."[8]
  • The Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect issued an "atrocity alert" in which it says Azerbaijan's "intentional and unlawful denial of humanitarian assistance may constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity."[9]
  • The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention: "These events are not isolated events; they are, instead, being committed within a larger genocidal pattern against Armenia and Armenians by the Azerbaijani regime."[10] The group also wrote "The genocidal intent of Baku has never been clearer and the actions carried out up to the moment highly predict this outcome."[11]The group wrote Azerbaijan's "intentions are clear: to wipe out all traces of Armenian life and of an Armenian presence in this region. Azerbaijani President, Ilham Aliyev, has consistently and repeatedly stated that he intends to eradicate the indigenous Armenians dwelling in Artsakh."[12][13]
  • International Association of Genocide Scholars – condemned the blockade and Azerbaijan's "deliberate attacks on ... [Artsakh's] ...critical infrastructure." The group noted "significant genocide risk factors exist in the Nagorno-Karabakh situation concerning the Armenian population." The government of Azerbaijan...has issued repeated threats to empty the region of its indigenous Armenian population."[14]
  • Genocide Watch – issued an alert stating "Due to its unprovoked attacks and genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan's assault on Armenia and Artsakh to be at Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 7: Preparation, Stage 8: Persecution, and Stage 10: Denial."[15] The group described the blockade as "a clear attempt by the Azerbaijani government to starve, freeze, and ultimately expel Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh."[16]
  • "The humanitarian catastrophe we are now witnessing—or, more accurately, the world is refusing to witness—is a textbook enactment of ethnic cleansing. More than a dozen nongovernmental organisations, including Genocide Watch, have issued a stark warning that Azerbaijan’s blockade is “designed to, in the words of the Genocide Convention, deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated to bring about the end of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group in whole or in part. All 14 risk factors for atrocity crimes identified by the UN Secretary-General’s Office on Genocide Prevention are now present.”
  • "This tactic is meant to bring about an outflow of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh through the creation of a humanitarian crisis."[17]
  • "Here, a deadly brew of armed aggression and ethnic cleansing against the majority population of Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh"[18]
  • "The blockade...has as its aim the takeover of historic Armenian lands in the Republic of Artsakh and in the Republic of Armenia along with the forced displacement (“ethnic cleansing”) of the Armenian populations in Azeri-acquired territory."[19]
  • "This time, Armenians are being ethnically cleansed by Azerbaijan..."[20]

Status after the 2020 War

[edit]

The political status of Nagorno-Karabakh has remained unresolved since its declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[21][22] During the Soviet Union, it had been an ethnic Armenian autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Wheras Azerbaijan demands full control and sovereignty over the region and Artsakh insists on independence. Since 1994, the United Nations Security Council, OSCE Minsk Group, and other bodies made various statements and proposed dialogue initiatives; none of them successful. The Republic of Artsakh is not recognized by any country, including Armenia, although international mediators and human rights organizations have emphasized self-determination for the local Armenian population, both as an internationally recognized right but also as a form of genocide prevention.[23][24][25][26]

Since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan rescinded its offer of special status or autonomy to its indigenous Armenian residents and instead insists on their "integration" into Azerbaijan.[27][28] Azerbaijani President Aliyev said that Artsakh residents must be "reintegrated" as "normal citizen[s] of Azerbaijan" and that "the [special] status [for the region] went to hell. It failed; it was shattered to smithereens. It is not and will not be there. As long as I am president, there will be no status." Aliyev has also threatened military action if the Artsakh government does not disband.[29][30]

Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship, Artsakh residents do not trust Azerbaijan's guarantees of security due to the country's history of human rights abuses, Armenophobia, and lack of rights to ethnic minorities.[31][32][33] Since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan no longer promises any special status or autonomy to its indigenous Armenian residents.[27][28] Various human rights observers, scholars specializing in genocide studies, and politicians consider the ongoing blockade of Artsakh to be a form of ethnic cleansing and warn of the risk of genocide.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Many observers also do not consider Azerbaijan's claim that Artsakh Armenians can live safely under Aliyev’s regime to be credible[41][42][43][44]

Political analyst Eric Hacopian has said that "[Expecting Armenians to submit to the rule of a nationalistic and undemocratic Azeri government] is the equivalent of asking 100,000 Israelis to live under Hamas."[45] Caucuses expert, Laurence Broers wrote "the blockade renders irrelevant any talk of the civil integration of Karabakh Armenians. It vindicates the worst fears of the Karabakh Armenian population."[46] If Azerbaijan takes control over the region, political analysts predict that Azerbaijan will arbitrarily detain and torture civilians, under the pretext of their association with the Artsakh government or with previous wars.[47]

d

Distinction between ("re-gain control/re-capture" vs "capture")

[edit]

NMW03 has repeatedly made attempts to obfuscate the distinction between the following:

  • Azerbaijan has "re-gained control over"
  • Azerbaijan has "re-captured" Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh:

Although NMW03 stated "per source" here when reverting me for the second time on this very precise wording, the source does not, in fact, say Azerbaijan "re-captured" one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh. The source instead says this:

  • "Following the second Karabakh war in 2020, Azerbaijan regained control over much of the previously occupied seven regions. Azerbaijan also captured one-third of Karabakh itself during the war." link

A large number of reliable sources state that Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh has never been de facto controlled by an independent Azerbaijan. Neither the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918-1920) nor the modern Azerbaijani Republic (1991-ongoing) has ever had de facto control of the region.

  • It is true that an independent Azerbaijan once had de facto control over the seven regions that surround Nagorno-Karabakh (pre-1994).
  • It is not true that an independent Azerbaijan ever had de facto control over Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh.
  • It is debatable to what extent the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan ever had de jure control over Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh, given that the region was considered an "autonomous oblast."

The overall consensus among reliable sources is that Azerbaijan has never had de facto control over Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh.

When the newly-independent Azerbaijan attempted to remove Nagorno-Karabakh’s status as an autonomous oblast, the region declared its independence as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh after a referendum in December 1991. That is, when the Soviet Union collapsed, newly independent Azerbaijan had no de facto control over Nagorno-Karabakh; thus Stepanakert did not secede from an existing independent state and has never been de facto part of the post-Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan.

This is evidenced by the following reliable sources:

  • "As a result of the 2020 war, however, Azerbaijan received all territories around Soviet-era Nagorno Karabakh that were occupied by Armenian forces during the first Karabakh war, plus the two regions of Nagorno Karabakh proper: Shushi/Shusha and Hadrut." link
  • "The Armenian side also lost territories within the former NKAO, namely the district of Hadrut and the strategic town of Shusha/Shushi, areas that were not even considered for handover to Azerbaijan during the long years of diplomatic negotiations between the two wars." link
  • "The new agreement allows Azerbaijan to keep the territory it took by force, including Shusha and Hadrut, within the historic boundaries of Nagorno-Karabakh. It also requires Armenian forces to turn over other territories they have occupied for the last 26 years, including the so-called Lachin corridor, which is Nagorno-Karabakh's primary link to Armenia proper." link
  • "Nagorno-Karabakh had never been ruled by a post-Soviet independent Azerbaijan" link
  • "Thus, the above-mentioned clearly shows that Nagorno Karabakh has never been part of independent Azerbaijan." link[a]
  • "Disputing the historical basis for Azerbaijan’s claim of title to territory, Armenia points out that the League of Nations refused to recognize the 1918–20 Azerbaijan Republic in part because the pro- spective state did not have effective control of the territory it claimed. This tidbit of historical legalism gives the Karabakh Armenians justification for claiming territory that was never, according to their argument, part of an independent Azerbaijan.... The Armenian argument emphasized not only that the disputed enclave had never been part of independent Azerbaijan but also that..." link
  • "Third, the region has never been part of the territory of independent Azerbaijan." link[b]
  • "Heydar Aliyev’s monument in the heart of Mexico City, which on the lower end has cost $5.5 million, was “generously” donated by oil-rich Azerbaijan and contains another underlying message: the huge map made out of marble behind Aliyev’s sculpture shows Nagorno Karabakh as part of modern Azerbaijan. This territory was never part of independent Azerbaijan and was granted to Soviet Azerbaijan upon Stalin’s dictatorial pressure in 1921." link
  • "Thus, Nagorno-Karabakh was arguably never truly a part of independent Azerbaijan."link
  • Considering the Karabakh question,for instance,Azerbaijani history usually begins in the mid-1800s; with the normative,ideal situation considered to be the state of affairs for the 20th century (i.e. Azerbaijan has sovereignty over Karabakh). While discussing the Southern Azerbaijan issue, however,the nationalists' historical record portrays the normative,ideal situation as having ended in 1828-but even that period is problematic because the "united Azerbaijan" was never independent(as Elchibey's previous remark about the "restoration of a united Azerbaijan"might mislead one to believe); instead,it was always a part of the Iranian empire." link
  • "Under the rule of the Russian Tsar, Nagorno-Karabakh was assigned to the administrative districts from which the Republic of Azerbaijan later emerged. When Russian supremacy was weakened as a result of the revolu- tions in 1917, both Armenians and Azerbaijanis laid claim to Nagorno-Karabakh. The region’s affiliation was disputed and not determined at that time. Moreover, the proclaimed Armenian and Azerbaijani republics could not be considered as independent states and their recognition was, therefore, refused by the League of Nations in 1920 due to the lack of recognized borders, of a constitution, and of a stable government.53" link
  • "On 2 September the Karabakh Armenians also declared independence, which they underscored by means of a swiftly organized referendum, in which 99 per cent of the (Armenian) population voted for full sovereignty. Reciprocally' the Azeri parliament abolished the autonomy of Karabakh, which, however, had no further real influence on developments." link
  • "Under this agreement Nagorno-Karabakh has not been part of an independent Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan has not exercised sovereignty over Nagorno-Karabakh." link


Azerbaijan's attempts to annex Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh in 1919-1920 failed. Azerbaijan's territorial claims at the time were not recognized the international level either (i.e., Azerbaijan did not have de jure control). On December 1, 1920, the Fifth Committee of the League of Nations rejected the request of Azerbaijan for admission to the League of Nations, stating that its decision was motivated by Azerbaijan’s lack of established state borders.

After the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, on November 30, 1920, the Soviets announced the (de jure) recognition of Nagorno-Karabakh / Artsakh, Zangezur and Nakhijevan as an integral part of Soviet Armenia. Later, however, with the support of the Soviets, Soviet Azerbaijan once again renewed its claims on Nagorno-Karabakh. On June 5, 1921, the Caucasus Bureau of the Communist Party of Russia, decided to include Nagorno-Karabakh within Azerbaijan as an autonomous region.

While it is true that Nagorno-Karabakh was an autonomous region of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, the region still maintained autonomy at the time, which is what prompted the Azerbaijani SSR to initiate Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a move which one author states "had no further real influence on developments." (link). Together, the evidence above shows that an independent Azerbaijan has never had de facto control over Nagorno-Karabakh. At most, Azerbaijan had de jure control during Soviet times, this limited de jure control was limited given that the region was considered an "autonomous oblast," and Azerbaijan was not really independent at the time (it was a Soviet state).


Therefore, it is more accurate the say that the outcome of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in an independent Azerbaijan "capturing" or "gaining control" of parts of the region for the first time.

NMW03: please respond.

Distinction between ("occupy" vs "control")

[edit]
Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–present)
Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh (2022–present)
Part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani soldiers set up checkpoint to Artsakh at the entrance of the Lachin corridor (top). Azerbaijani citizens calling themselves as "eco-activists" demand that their government set up a checkpoint to Artsakh.
DateDecember 12, 2022; 22 months ago (2022-12-12)
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh
Goals
  • Delegitimize and undermine the government of the Republic of Artsakh
  • Achieve Azerbaijani control over the territory of Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh
  • Obtain concessions from Armenia
Methods
  • Blockade of multiple roads
  • Barred entry and exit of food, supplies, and people
  • Illegal erection of border checkpoint
  • Greenwashing/false environmentalism
Resulted in
  • Scarcity and rationing of food and medical supplies
  • Separation of families
  • Hundreds of people unable to receive surgeries
  • Scarcity of electricity and gas
  • Depletion of water reservoirs
  • Detention of independent media personnel
  • Disregard for ICJ and ECHR legal rulings
Parties

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani "environmental activists"[48] (according to Azerbaijan)

 Azerbaijan
Lead figures

AzerbaijanIlham Aliyev[c]

Russia Alexander Lentsov

Material consequences for individuals
Death(s)1 civilian (a patient who could not be transferred to Armenia for tertiary care) died[52][53]
Detained3 independent journalists
Workers laid offhundreds













This is a list of confirmed instances where Armenian non-combatant civilians were individually targeted by Azerbaijani forces during the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the 2021-2022 border crisis. Note this list does not include reported instances of mistreatment of Armenian prisoners of war, despoliation of the dead, or civilians killed en masse that occurred in these conflicts.[54][55]

Reactions

[edit]

Official

[edit]

Azerbaijan started an investigation on war crimes by Azerbaijani servicemen in November 2021[56] and as of 14 December 2021, has arrested four of its servicemen .[57] The French National Assembly adopted a resolution calling for economic sanctions to be imposed on Azerbaijan for war crimes.[58] Both Genocide Watch and the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention have issued "Genocide Warnings" or "Red Flag" genocide alerts to Azerbaijan due to civilian casualties or civilian infrastructure being targeted [59] and "due to its genocidal rhetoric against ethnic Armenians."[60] The Baku Human Rights Club, an Azerbaijani NGO, collected videos of alleged atrocities and worked with international partners to determine their authenticity.[61] Referring specifically to Armenian farmers working in Nagorno-Karabakh/Artsakh, the prime minister of Armenia has written “Azerbaijan calls Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh ‘our citizens’ and, at the same time, shoots at them while they are doing agricultural work." According to Pashinyan, three civilians were killed and 16 wounded since Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a ceasefire agreement on November 9, 2020. There were, according to him, another 54 cases of “attempted murder.”[62] The Human Rights Ombudsmen for the Republic of Artsakh reported as of September 27, 2021 that the majority of Armenian civilians killed in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War occurred in the Hadrut region while in their place of residence, with 38 killed in captivity under Azerbaijani control.[63]

Public

[edit]

Certain Azerbaijanis were convinced that the videos of these extrajudicial killings were part of a Russian-orchestrated negative PR campaign while other Azerbaijani civil societies called for a criminal case to be opened if their authenticity were verified[64]. Elvin Basqalli, a news presenter of an Azerbaijani network, wrote on social media that Armenians deserved revenge for crimes against Azerbaijan.[65]

List

[edit]
Name Date Location Circumstances
Genadi Petrosyan and Yuri Asryan (Asriyan) Between 2020-10-28 and 2020-11-22 Madatashen The two elderly men were beheaded by Azerbaijani soldiers after refusing to leave their homes as Azerbaijani forces.[66] [67] Genadi Petrosyan was beheaded by Azerbaijani soldiers, with the severed head then placed on a dead pig.[68][69] In the video, Yuri is heard begging for mercy "in the name of Allah."[70]
Benik Hakobyan, Yuri Adamyan, and Elena Hakobyan 2020-10-14 Hadrut The men were wrapped in an Armenian flag and then shot with a machine gun at the town square.[71][72] Elena Hakobyan (the wife of Benik Hakobyan) was found beheaded near their house with her legs rapped in rope.[63]
Valera Khalapyan, Razmela Khalapyan, Marousya Khalapyan 2016-04-04 Talish The residents' home was entered and their bodies were found shot with their ears cut off.[73] This occurred during the Four-Day War.
Eduard Shakhkeldyan October 27, 2020 Avetaranots, Askeran The pensioner died while being beaten in detention by Azerbaijan forces.[74][75]
Alvard Tovmasyan 2021-01-14 Karintag

(Karin Tak)

According to forensic evidence, her death was a result of blunt craniocerebral injury and thus, her feet, hands, left ear and the tip of her tongue were cut[76][77][78]
Aram Tepnants 2021-10-09 Martakert The farmer was shot dead by Azerbaijani snipers while driving a tractor. Russia's Ministry of Defense confirmed the incident and launched an investigation.[79][80]
Seyran Sargsyan 2021-12-03 Martuni The farmer was detained by Azerbaijan soldiers and later shot.[81] His body was later handed over to Armenian officials under arbitration by Russian peacekeeping forces.[82]
Varujan Poghosyan 2020-10-10 Hadrut The farmer who was engaged in cattle breeding was killed in the yard of his house with a sniper shot when a subversive group of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces penetrated the town of Hadrut.[83] His body was found in the courtyard of his house. [84]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hayden, Robert M. (1996) "Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers" Archived April 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Slavic Review 55 (4), 727–48.
  2. ^ "Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. May 27, 1994. p. 33. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2020. Paragraph 129
  3. ^ Ռ/Կ, «Ազատություն» (2023-08-09). "Top International Lawyer Calls Azerbaijani Blockade Of Nagorno-Karabakh Genocide". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  4. ^ "Armenians face genocide in Azerbaijan, former International Criminal Court prosecutor warns". AP News. 2023-08-09. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  5. ^ "Statement on the Goris-Stepanakert Corridor Closure – Global Forum Against the Crime of Genocide". Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  6. ^ Papazian, Mary; Sahakian, Vatche (2023-01-31). "Op-Ed: We can't let history repeat itself with the siege of Nagorno-Karabakh". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  7. ^ Nazarian, Ara (February 17, 2023). "Azerbaijan must end Lachin corridor blockade". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  8. ^ Hauer, Neil (2023-07-31). "Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low". www.intellinews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-01. Khachatryan's detention confirms the fears of many Karabakh Armenians that, if Azerbaijan assumes control over Karabakh, it will detain (and torture) them arbitrarily, using their participation in one or more of the wars as justification. This criteria extends to nearly every male resident of the small enclave. "Arrests with linkages to the past wars, local army or the [Karabakh] government …would quality almost all local men for detentions," wrote Olesya Vartanyan, International Crisis Group's senior analyst for the South Caucasus. The detainees can expect torture or worse, as the Armenian prisoners of war following the 2020 war conflict experienced.
  9. ^ "Atrocity Alert No. 358: El Salvador, Nagorno-Karabakh and UN peacekeeping". Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  10. ^ "Red Flag Alert for Genocide – Azerbaijan – Update 5". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  11. ^ "Red Flag Alert for Genocide – Azerbaijan Update 4". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  12. ^ von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa; Victoria Massimino, Irene (2022-05-15). "Open Letter to Charles Michel, President of the European Council, Regarding Complicity in Genocide" (PDF).
  13. ^ "@LemkinInstitute". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  14. ^ "International Association of Genocide Scholars issues statement condemning the Azerbaijani blockade of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)". The Armenian Weekly. 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  15. ^ "Genocide Warning: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh", Genocide Watch, 23 September 2022, retrieved 3 January 2023
  16. ^ Hill, Nathaniel (2023-02-24). "Genocide Emergency: Azerbaijan's Blockade of Artsakh". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  17. ^ Oltramonti, Giulia Prelz (2023-03-13). "Nagorno-Karabakh: slowly but surely, Baku is weaponising the green movement to cut off the region's supplies". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  18. ^ Korah, Susan (2023-05-18). "Time for Canada to step up in the South Caucasus". Open Canada. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  19. ^ "A Serious Risk of Genocide: Recent Developments in Nagorno-Karabakh | City, University of London". www.city.ac.uk. 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  20. ^ Castro, Elijah de (2023-04-24). "Dispatch from Artsakh: 'A Continuous Effort to Ethnically Cleanse Armenians'". Progressive.org. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  21. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: The Volatile Core of the South Caucasus". 2023-03-04. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-06-09. The Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh is one of four frozen conflicts that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Legally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan, it declared independence in 1991 and then defended that independence in a war with Azerbaijan that lasted until 1994. While it enjoys no international recognition of sovereignty, Nagorno-Karabakh has been de facto independent since its declaration and has been supported militarily and economically by neighboring Armenia.
  22. ^ "Conflicts in Transcaucasia". assembly.coe.int. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2023-06-09. At the end of 1991 the parties were in stark confrontation after Azerbaijan abolished Nagorno-Karabakh's autonomous status and the latter declared independence after the plebiscite-referendum of 10 December 1991.
  23. ^ Bedevian, Astghik (2023-03-02). "German Leader Backs Karabakh's Right To Self-Determination". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  24. ^ "A Peace to End All Peace? Statement on the International Actors Sponsoring So-Called Peace Negotiations Between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. 2023-05-30.
  25. ^ "Kennan Cable No. 81: What's at Stake in Nagorno-Karabakh: U.S. Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-04. For nearly 30 years, they built a self-proclaimed independent republic with democratic elections, a free press, and a range of public institutions. Officially, it remained within the territorial boundaries of Azerbaijan, unrecognized by any foreign country, though international mediators made reference to the right of self-determination for local Armenians as part of ongoing peace talks.
  26. ^ "A Peace to End All Peace? Statement on the International Actors Sponsoring So-Called Peace Negotiations Between Armenia and Azerbaijan". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. 2023-05-23. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-06-09. The Lemkin Institute believes that, given the circumstances, the self-determination of the people of Artsakh is a form of genocide prevention in addition to a right recognized by the Charter of the United Nations and several human rights treaties and declarations, which has become part of international jus cogens. Self-determination is further a recognized right of all peoples under oppressive colonial regimes.
  27. ^ a b Isayev, Heydar (April 20, 2022). "Azerbaijan quiet as Karabakh negotiations progress". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  28. ^ a b Vock, Ido (2023-06-08). "Fear and loathing in Armenia". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-06-09. President Aliyev told Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians to 'obey the laws of Azerbaijan [and] be a loyal and normal citizen of Azerbaijan'. He threatened that if the territory's separatist institutions were not dissolved, Azerbaijan would dissolve them by force and rejected the prospect of international protections for ethnic Armenians.
  29. ^ "Azerbaijani president gives ultimatum to Karabakh authorities". Eurasianet. 2023-05-30. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2023-07-05. The president of Azerbaijan has delivered an ultimatum to de facto authorities in Nagorno Karabakh: disband your government or prepare for the consequences. He suggested Baku could easily end Armenian administration of the region through military action.
  30. ^ Aghayev, Ismi; Avetisyan, Ani (2023-03-07). "Nagorno-Karabakh claims Azerbaijan offered 'integration' or 'tougher measures'". OC Media. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  31. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh blockade: Azerbaijani journalist speaks out". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  32. ^ "Kennan Cable No. 81: What's at Stake in Nagorno-Karabakh: U.S. Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2023-04-04. The history of violence against Armenians in Azerbaijan, including the recent execution of Armenian prisoners of war and the sexual mutilation of female soldiers, give Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh little confidence in their safety...According to Freedom House, Azerbaijan's government "has worked to stifle public expressions of Talysh and Lezgin identity, among other targeted groups."
  33. ^ Vock, Ido (2023-06-08). "Fear and loathing in Armenia". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-06-09. Azerbaijan says the territory's inhabitants can live as Azerbaijani citizens under its sovereignty, but Armenians treat these claims with derision. 'Azerbaijani dissidents say even Azerbaijanis do not enjoy their constitutional rights,' Tigran Grigoryan, head of the Regional Centre for Democracy and Security, an Armenian think tank, told me. 'So how can Armenians expect to?'
  34. ^ "Genocide Warning: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh", Genocide Watch, 23 September 2022, retrieved 3 January 2023
  35. ^ "Genocide Warning: Nagorno Karabakh". 120,000 people are under siege. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  36. ^ "Red Flag Alert for Genocide – Azerbaijan Update 4". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  37. ^ Chidiac, Gerry (2023-02-09). "World stands by in the face of the Second Armenian Genocide". Troy Media. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  38. ^ Rhodes, January (2023-01-31). "Museum Statement: Artsakh Crisis". Illinois Holocaust Museum. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  39. ^ Gregorian, Alin K. (2022-12-20). "Difficult Road Ahead for Karabakh and Armenia". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  40. ^ "Azerbaijani activists end Nagorno-Karabakh sit-in as Baku tightens grip on region". POLITICO. 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2023-05-04. France's foreign minister has joined international observers in warning of the risk of 'ethnic cleansing' in the breakaway region.
  41. ^ "Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low". www.intellinews.com. 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  42. ^ Boy, Ann-Dorit (18 January 2023). "Blockade in the Southern Caucasus: "There Is Every Reason to Expect More Violence This Year"". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  43. ^ "In Other News: Reaching the Breaking Point". CIVILNET. 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  44. ^ Hauer, Neil (2023-07-31). "Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low". www.intellinews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-01. Khachatryan's detention confirms the fears of many Karabakh Armenians that, if Azerbaijan assumes control over Karabakh, it will detain (and torture) them arbitrarily, using their participation in one or more of the wars as justification. This criteria extends to nearly every male resident of the small enclave. "Arrests with linkages to the past wars, local army or the [Karabakh] government …would quality almost all local men for detentions," wrote Olesya Vartanyan, International Crisis Group's senior analyst for the South Caucasus. The detainees can expect torture or worse, as the Armenian prisoners of war following the 2020 war conflict experienced.
  45. ^ "It's Bad to Be a Sheep". Tablet Magazine.
  46. ^ "In Other News: Reaching the Breaking Point". CIVILNET. 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  47. ^ Hauer, Neil (2023-07-31). "Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low". www.intellinews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-01. Khachatryan's detention confirms the fears of many Karabakh Armenians that, if Azerbaijan assumes control over Karabakh, it will detain (and torture) them arbitrarily, using their participation in one or more of the wars as justification. This criteria extends to nearly every male resident of the small enclave. "Arrests with linkages to the past wars, local army or the [Karabakh] government …would quality almost all local men for detentions," wrote Olesya Vartanyan, International Crisis Group's senior analyst for the South Caucasus. The detainees can expect torture or worse, as the Armenian prisoners of war following the 2020 war conflict experienced.
  48. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ "Azerbaijan demands Karabakh mine access as condition to end protests blocking road". euronews. 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  50. ^ "Putin's Former Judo Sparring Partner Flees Russia". Newsweek. 2 December 2022.
  51. ^ "Thousands rally in Nagorno-Karabakh to protest land blockade". France 24. 25 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  52. ^ Բադալյան, Սուսան (21 December 2022). "Արցախում բուժօգնության կարիք ունեցող ծանր հիվանդներից մեկը մահացել է". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 2023-01-23.Արցախում բուժօգնության կարիք ունեցող ծանր հիվանդներից մեկը մահացել է
  53. ^ ""Every minute counts in an emergency" – Healthcare Minister on death of patient in Azeri blockade of Nagorno Karabakh". armenpress.am.
  54. ^ "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer". www.crisisgroup.org. 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  55. ^ When Embers Burst into Flames: International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law Violations During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War. International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR), Truth Hounds and Global Diligence LLP. 2021.
  56. ^ "Erməni əsirlərin cəsədlərilə qəddar rəftarı göstərən videolarla bağlı Azərbaycanda cinayət işi açılıb". BBC News Azərbaycanca (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  57. ^ "Azerbaijan arrests soldiers suspected of war crimes". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  58. ^ MassisPost (2022-11-30). "French National Assembly Adopts Resolution Supporting Armenia; Asks Sanctions to Be Imposed on Azerbaijan • MassisPost". MassisPost. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  59. ^ "Red Flag Alerts for Genocide". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  60. ^ Hill, Nat (2022-09-23). "Genocide Warning: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  61. ^ "Evidence of widespread atrocities emerges following Karabakh war | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  62. ^ Mirror-Spectator, The Armenian; Mirror-Spectator, The Armenian (2022-11-15). "Armenian PM Reacts to Reported Shooting at Farmers in Karabakh". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  63. ^ a b "INTERIM REPORT ON THE CASES OF THE KILLING OF CIVILIANS IN ARTSAKH BY THE ARMED FORCES OF AZERBAIJAN (UPDATED ON SEPTEMBER 27, 2021)". Ombudsman. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  64. ^ "Evidence of widespread atrocities emerges following Karabakh war | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  65. ^ "Evidence of widespread atrocities emerges following Karabakh war | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  66. ^ "Two men beheaded in videos from Nagorno-Karabakh war identified". the Guardian. 2020-12-15. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  67. ^ Nazaretyan, Hovhannes (Dec 20, 2020). "Azerbaijan's War Crimes".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  68. ^ Cookman, Liz (December 25, 2020). "Videos from Nagorno-Karabakh conflict prompt accusations of war crimes". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  69. ^ "Armenia/Azerbaijan: Decapitation and war crimes in gruesome videos must be urgently investigated". www.amnesty.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  70. ^ "INTERIM REPORT ON THE CASES OF THE KILLING OF CIVILIANS IN ARTSAKH BY THE ARMED FORCES OF AZERBAIJAN (UPDATED ON SEPTEMBER 27, 2021)". Ombudsman. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  71. ^ "An Execution in Hadrut". bellingcat. 2020-10-15. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  72. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 'Execution' video prompts war crime probe". BBC News. 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  73. ^ "A year after the war in Nagorno-Karabakh's frontline village of Talish". OC Media. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  74. ^ "Survivors of unlawful detention in Nagorno-Karabakh speak out about war crimes". Human Rights Watch. 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  75. ^ "INTERIM REPORT ON THE CASES OF THE KILLING OF CIVILIANS IN ARTSAKH BY THE ARMED FORCES OF AZERBAIJAN (UPDATED ON SEPTEMBER 27, 2021)". Ombudsman. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  76. ^ Coordinator, MENA Program (2021-01-16). "Missing Nagorno-Karabakh Woman Found Dead, Tortured". International Christian Concern. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  77. ^ Bulut, Uzay (2021-02-05). "Armenian Christians Are Still Being Held Captive by Azerbaijan". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  78. ^ Rights, Armenian Legal Center for Justice & Human (2021-05-10). "Armenian Legal Center for Justice and Human Rights issues statement on the release of POWs represented before the ECHR". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  79. ^ "Azerbaijani soldier kills civilian in Nagorno-Karabakh - report". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  80. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh civilian shot dead in apparent ceasefire violation". OC Media. 2021-10-11. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  81. ^ amartikian (2021-12-05). "Identity of the Azerbaijani serviceman who killed a civilian in Karabakh was established". English Jamnews. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  82. ^ "Body of killed civilian handed over to Artsakh". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  83. ^ "INTERIM REPORT ON THE CASES OF THE KILLING OF CIVILIANS IN ARTSAKH BY THE ARMED FORCES OF AZERBAIJAN".
  84. ^ "REPORT ON CIVILIAN KILLINGS BY THE AZERBAIJANI ARMED FORCES IN THE 2020 WAR (PART 2)".


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:R.Lemkin/sandbox&oldid=1170015431"