User:Viriditas/Amaranthus brownii/Notes
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[edit]- Update description:
- C&C: --
- USFWS: -- Appears to be taken from Wagner et al. 1990
- Beecham: "...leafy upright or ascending stems that are 1-3 ft (0.3-0.9 m) long. The alternate leaves, 1.6-2.8 in (4-7 cm) long and 0.06-0.16 in (0.1-0.14 cm) wide, are long, narrow, slightly hairy, and more or less folded in half lengthwise. Flowers are either male or female, and flowers of both sexes are found on the same plant. The green flowers are subtended by two oval, bristle-tipped bracts about 0.04 in (1 mm) long and 0.03 in (0.7 mm) wide. Each flower has three bristle-tipped sepals. These are lance-shaped and 0.05 in (1 mm) long by 0.03 in (0.7 mm) wide in male flowers. Female flowers have spatula-shaped sepals that are about 0.03 in (0.7 mm) long by 0.01 in (0.2 mm) wide. Male flowers have three stamens; female flowers have two stigmas. The flattened oval fruit, approximately 0.03 in (0.7 mm) long and 0.02 in (0.5 mm) wide..."
- Wagner: "Plants monoecious; stems erect or ascending, densely leafy, 3-10 dm long, conspicuously striate. Leaves linear, somewhat conduplicate, 4-7 cm long, 1.5-4 mm wide, most of the surface sparsely puberulent, usually more densely so toward base, the hairs multicellular, gradually tapering to a petiole, 5-13 mm long. Flowers green, bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, apex aristate; sepals 3, dimorphic, those of the staminate flowers lanceolate, 1.3 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, apex aristate, those of the pistillate flowers spatulate, 0.8-1 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm wide, apex aristate; stamens 3; stigmas 2. Fruit ovoid, compressed, 0.8-1 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, indehiscent, the surface rugose, the apex with a short ring surrounding the stigmas. Seeds reddish black, shiny, lenticular. [2n = 34*.] Rare on Nihoa, 120-215m..."
- Compare with C&C
- Wagner: "Plants monoecious; stems erect or ascending, densely leafy, 3-10 dm long, conspicuously striate. Leaves linear, somewhat conduplicate, 4-7 cm long, 1.5-4 mm wide, most of the surface sparsely puberulent, usually more densely so toward base, the hairs multicellular, gradually tapering to a petiole, 5-13 mm long. Flowers green, bracts ovate, ca. 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, apex aristate; sepals 3, dimorphic, those of the staminate flowers lanceolate, 1.3 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, apex aristate, those of the pistillate flowers spatulate, 0.8-1 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm wide, apex aristate; stamens 3; stigmas 2. Fruit ovoid, compressed, 0.8-1 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, indehiscent, the surface rugose, the apex with a short ring surrounding the stigmas. Seeds reddish black, shiny, lenticular. [2n = 34*.] Rare on Nihoa, 120-215m..."
- Merge Final Recovery Plan[1]
- Describe coastal community (coastal dry shrubland)
- Merge Beecham and Christophersen from further reading into body (In progress)
- Merge Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i into body with reference and content update
- Upload b&w drawing? Likely copyrighted. Can't read botanical illustration initials: YWR? (p.73) Would be interesting if it turns out to be the original line drawing from 1923 Tanager Exp., as that might be clear for free use, however, line drawing does not appear in C&C 1931.
- Appears in USFWS but sourced to Wagner et al.1990 (MoFPoH)
- Could upload as non-free fair use. Convert to PNG.
- Done, but no hurry to upload. Might post request at WP:MCQ first, and/or complete non-free use media rationale.
- Currently reviewing archival discussions in project space for insight.
- Need to check The Manual one last time for any information on the botanical illustrator (YWR?) and date. Since it is also published in the USFWS report, it should be ok to use as nfu.
- Currently reviewing archival discussions in project space for insight.
- Done, but no hurry to upload. Might post request at WP:MCQ first, and/or complete non-free use media rationale.
- Could upload as non-free fair use. Convert to PNG.
- Appears in USFWS but sourced to Wagner et al.1990 (MoFPoH)
- W. Gagné was the last person to survey the species, counting less than a dozen plants in 1983.
- Hmmm, it looks like S. Conant did this work? Does Gagné get the credit because she was an associate?
- Gagné was the entomologist and Conant Research Associate in Zoology (G&C July 1983)
- Hmmm, it looks like S. Conant did this work? Does Gagné get the credit because she was an associate?
- Upload b&w drawing? Likely copyrighted. Can't read botanical illustration initials: YWR? (p.73) Would be interesting if it turns out to be the original line drawing from 1923 Tanager Exp., as that might be clear for free use, however, line drawing does not appear in C&C 1931.
- Listed as a "wild plant food" in UH Botany presentation, (Pakai) used for its leaves; [2]
- Seems to correlate with archaeological research by Emory (1928) who estimated that 7.7 percent of the island was used for terraced dry-land crop production (12 out of 156 acres) and could have supported 100 people. Emory identified 66 archaeological sites, but to date 86 sites have been found. (Rauzon 2001:12)
- Track down Herbst 1977; May not be important
List of plants on Nihoa article from (C&C 1931) could be linked here. Done. New article created.- Check description from Federal Register pubs. Expand?
- Add overall picture/context of isolated ecosystem (In progress)
- Plants of Nihoa Island could be expanded. Merge current footnote into body and expand
- Expand habitat
- 3 endangered plants, 72 insects, 2 endangered land birds. Only remaining example of a Hawaiian coastal scrub community left on the planet. 200 Nihoa Millerbirds, 1000 Nihoa Finches, and Nihoa fan palm protected by NWR. (Flint & Brainard 17 in J Maragos and D Gulko (eds). 2002. Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands)[3]
- Merge Latchininsky grasshopper study
- Add Kay 1995:381 (added to further reading)
- Merge into research history:
- C. Christensen visited Nihoa in 1980 to evaluate endemic species last observed on the 1923 Tanager Expedition.
- S. Conant and W. C. Gagne visited in 1983.
- Merge into research history:
- "Eight of the nine species of Amaranthus recorded in Hawaii" needs to be compared to other sources
- In progress
- Discrepancy in multiple sources seems to be attributed to unknowns and guesswork
- Found one missing: Achyranthes aspera var. aspera, Prickly achyranthes
- Why isn't Chenopodium oahuense (ʻĀheahea) mentioned, but A. viridis is, and why do they share the same Hawaiian name?
- Discuss chromosome evolution?
- (C&C 1931:4) thank a Mr. F. J. Rae for helping compare A. brownii with "certain material" at the National Herbarium of Victoria
- Determine if this specimen was stored at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum herbarium.
- Nihoa: fl, fr, June 17 1923, E. L. Caum No. 73. Type, B. P. Biship Mus.; fl, fr, June 20, 1923, C. S. Judd No. 2
- Similar to Amaranthus lineatus? (Australian amaranth) but different leaves...
- Only 3 segments of the female perianth?
- Determine if this specimen was stored at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum herbarium.
- Add endangered species candidacy history from [4]
- At least one known sample in database of Hawaiian plant specimens at the U.S. National Herbarium collected by Herbst, D.R.; Takeuchi, W. No. 6545; Collection Date: 27 Jul 1980; Hawaiian Islands, Nihoa, Middle Valley. Alt. 91 m.; Barcode: 00453038 USNM No.: 02921853[5]
- Note, this database entry seems to contradict the USFWS, who claims that it does not exist.
- Perhaps they mean, a living specimen
- Note, this database entry seems to contradict the USFWS, who claims that it does not exist.
Peer review
[edit]Kingdon's Comments:
- The article looks good. The one thing I'd expand on a bit is more of a description of the plant: how does it differ from other Amaranthus species? Probably a bit of "like other Amaranths, it blah blah blah" too. Does it reproduce vegetatively or by seed (if known)? If there's anything else such as medicinal uses or ornamental uses or anything, they'd go here too (although I suppose that's unlikely for a plant with such a small range). Kingdon (talk) 05:16, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
Ruhrfisch comments: Very briefly, here are some suggestions for improvement. If you want more comments, please ask here.
- The lead should be expanded per WP:LEAD to at least two paragraphs. My rule of thumb is to include every header in the lead in some way.
- I owuld try to be more specific (use a date) than "more recently" in More recently, the invasive Schistocerca nitens, a nonnative grasshopper, has presented an even larger threat to A. brownii. In five years it will not be as recent.
- This needs a ref: The plant is sometimes referred to as Brown's Amaranth, Brown's Pigweed, or Browns Amaranth, although it is unclear which, if any, common name is in use. Also the whole Nomenclature section is only two sentences - could it be combined with another section? "Nomenclature and morphology" perhaps?
- Any chance of adding a map so the location of the island is clearer?
Hope this helps. If my comments are useful, please consider peer reviewing an article, especially one at Wikipedia:Peer review/backlog (which is how I found this article). Yours, Ruhrfisch ><>°° 01:59, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
Maps and images
[edit]See also: Project Mapmaking Wiki Standards
- Conant 1985:143
- CCMA Maps
- Map of plant colonies could be useful. See Figure 3. Two major plant populations: Miller's Ridge (500') and around the west ridge of Middle Valley (300')
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Cliffs of Tanager Peak, looking east from Miller Peak. Nioha has an area of 0.65 square kilometers (0.25 square miles). In 1983, Amaranthus brownii was found on ridges in shallow soil on rocky, exposed outcrops at elevations between 30 to 242 meters (100 to 800) feet.[1]
Tables
[edit]Amaranthus
[edit]- Three missing entries
- A. graecizans;
- A. retroflexus
- Unknown species (either extinct or reclassified)
Genus | Species | Common name | Status | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthus | A. brownii | Brown's amaranth | Critically Endangered | Nihoa (end) |
A. dubius | Spleen amaranth | n/a | Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Hawaii | |
A. hybridus | Green amaranth | n/a | Oahu, Maui | |
A. lividus | Purple amaranth | n/a | Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii | |
A. spinosus | Spiny amaranth (pakai kuku) | n/a | Kure Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii | |
A. viridis | Slender amaranth (pakai, ʻaheahea, pakaikai, pakapakai) | n/a | Kure Atoll, Kaʻula, Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe, Hawaii |
Note: Before 1871, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus tricolor were cultivated, but did not become naturalized. (Why not?) and Source: Wagner & Herbst 1999
Amaranthaceae
[edit]Genus | Species | Status | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Achyranthes | A. atollensis | Extinct | Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Laysan (ex.) |
A. mutica | Critically Endangered | Kauai (ex), Hawaii (island) | |
A. splendens | Vulnerable | Oahu, Molokai (ex.), Lanai, Maui | |
Amaranthus | A. brownii | Critically Endangered | Nihoa |
Charpentiera | C. densiflora | Critically Endangered | Kauai |
C. elliptica | Kauai | ||
C. obovata | Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island) | ||
C. ovata | Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii (island) | ||
C. tomentosa | Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island) | ||
Nototrichium | N. divaricatum | Kauai | |
N. humile | Endangered | Oahu, East Maui | |
N. sandwicense | All eight southeastern Hawaiian Islands |
Source: Lilleeng-Rosenberger 2005
Assessment
[edit]Good Article Checklist for Amaranthus brownii
Assess | Criteria |
---|---|
1. well written | |
(a) clear prose, correct spelling and grammar | |
(b) complies with Manual of Style: | |
lead | |
layout | |
jargon | |
words to avoid | |
fiction | |
list incorporation | |
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2. factually accurate and verifiable |
(a) references for all sources; dedicated attribution section according to guideline | |
(b) in-line citations from reliable sources for direct quotes, statistics, public opinion, challengeable statements | |
(c) no original research | |
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3. broad in coverage |
(a) addresses main aspects of topic | |
(b) stays focused without unnecessary detail | |
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4. neutral |
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5. stable (no edit wars) |
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6. images |
(a) tagged with copyright status, valid fair use rationale for non-free content | |
(b) relevant to topic with suitable captions |
Sources
[edit]- Christophersen, E. 1931. Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin; No. 81; Tanager Expedition publication; No. 7. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press.
- Conant, Sheila. 1985. Recent observations on the plants of Nihoa Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 39: 135-149.
- Evenhuis, Neal L. (ed.). 2004. Natural History of Nihoa and Necker Islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies; No. 1. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press.
- Service, United States Fish and Wildlife. 1996a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for Three Plants from the Island of Nihoa, Hawaii. Federal Register 61, no. 163: 43178-43184.
- ---. 1996b. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for Three Plants from the Island of Nihoa, Hawaii. Federal Register 61, no. 163: 43178-43184.
- ---. 2003a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for Five Plant Species From the Northwestern Hawawiian Islands, Hawai. Federal Register 68, no. 99 (May 22): 28054-28075.
- Wagner, W.L. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. Revised. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
- ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (1998-03-31). "Final Recovery Plan for Three Plant Species on Nihoa Island" (Document). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 10547–10550.
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