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San Antonio de Pala Asistencia, an asistencia of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, is located in Pala, California

Asistencias or visitas were smaller sub-missions of Catholic missions established during the 16th-19th centuries of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. They allowed the Catholic church and the Spanish crown to extend their reach into native populations at a modest cost.

Description

[edit]

Asistencias served missions and were much smaller than the main missions with living quarters, workshops and crops in addition to a church. They were typically staffed with a small group of clergymen and a relatively small group of indigenous neophytes in order to maintain the complex.

Particularly strategic asistencias were later elevated to the status of a full mission. This typically included an expansion of existing facilities to support a larger clergy and indigenous neophyte population, improvement of basic infrastructure such as roads, and rechristening under a new Catholic saint.[1][2]

In Spanish Florida, visitas were mission stations without a resident missionary. Church buildings at visitas were simple, or sometimes absent.[3] Visitas were often in satellite villages associated with a town with a doctrina (a mission with one or more resident missionaries). .

History

[edit]

The Spanish mission system in America first started in what they called La Florida (Spanish Florida), which included Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina.

The first visita that was founded and documented seems to be a visita established in the village of Soloy (in modern day Florida). Pedro Menéndez de Avilés designated it to become a blockhouse in 1567, but it became a visita to Mission Nombre de Dios in the beginning of the 1600s.[4]

More visitas were established in Spanish Florida during the early 1600s, but the only ones that seem to have been documented were four visitas to Mission San Pedro de Mocama and nine visitas to Mission San Juan del Puerto.[4]

During the early 1600s, a couple of visitas were founded in present day New Mexico, and almost a century and a half later, the third and final visita in New Mexico was established, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojoaque.

Starting in 1684 with the founding of Mission San Bruno in Baja California Sur by Spanish admiral Isidro de Atondo y Antillón and Father Eusebio Kino,[5] missions started to be founded in Baja California and Baja California Sur, along with visitas.

The first visita founded there was San Juan Bautista Londó in 1699, which served Mission Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó.[6] The final visita in Baja California and Baja California Sur was established in 1798 as San Telmo, which served Mission Santo Domingo de la Frontera.[7]

In 1687, Father Eusebio Kino started to establish missions in Pimería Alta, as well as visitas. In what is modern day Arizona, he established visitas at Huachuca, Quiburi, and Santa Cruz, as well as one called San Ignacio de Sonoitac.[8][9]

Sonoitac was originally just a ranchería which was said to have a bigger population than the Guevavi, Tumacácori, and Calabazas settlements. A church was built, it became a visita, and it was named San Ignacio de Sonoitac after or around 1737.[10]

After the Pima revolt of 1751, a new church was built at Sonoitac, as well as at Tumacácori, and Toacuquita (Toaqui, which became the Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas). Sonoitac apparently turned into a formal mission and was abandoned sometime in the 1780's.[10]

In 1692, San Agustín del Tucson was established by Kino as a visita to Mission San Xavier del Bac, but became a mission in 1768 as Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón.[11]

In 1749 and 1750, along the Lower Rio Grande Valley, there was a large colonization effort, mainly led by José de Escandón. The towns of Reynosa, Camargo, Mier, and Guerrero were established in present-day Mexico, along with missions.[12]

However, the visitas that were built to serve those missions were established in present-day Texas, so technically, these are the only visitas actually established within the boundaries of today's Texas.[12]

The mission system in California started with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769 by Father Junipero Serra.[13] The first asistencia in California, Santa Paula, was founded around 1782 to Mission San Buenaventura.[14] More asistencias were established to 6 out of the 21 missions in California.

America

[edit]

The following are lists of asistencias in America, sorted by year of establishment.

California

[edit]
Spanish asistencias in California
Name Image Location Established Notes References
Santa Paula 34.35584, -119.05086 1782 or after It served Mission San Buenaventura. [15]
Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles
34.05702, -118.2392 1784 It served Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.
San Pedro y San Pablo
37.58714, -122.49391 1786 It served Mission San Francisco de Asís. [2]
Santa Margarita de Cortona
35.40197, -120.6122 1787 It served Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. [16]
Santa Gertrudis 34.34752, -119.29704 Between 1792 and 1809 The second asistencia to serve Mission San Buenaventura. [17]
San Antonio de Pala
33.36591, -117.07419 June 13, 1816 It served Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.
San Rafael Arcángel
37.97427, -122.52798 1817 It was originally a medical asistencia to Mission San Francisco de Asís, but became a mission in 1822.
Santa Ysabel
33.13057, -116.67786 1818 It served Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
Las Flores
33.299722, -117.460833 1823 The second asistencia to Mission San Luis Rey de Francia. [3][18]

Arizona

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Arizona
Name Image Location Established Notes References
Santa Cruz Along the San Pedro River 1680s or after Santa Cruz is the name of the pueblo. The source says the visita Santa Cruz (along with Quiburi) were founded along the San Pedro River. The name might have been Santa Cruz de Pitaitutgam or Santa Cruz de Gaybanipite. [19][20]
San Agustín
32.21346, -110.98703 1692 It served Mission San Xavier del Bac. In 1768, it was elevated to the status of mission and became the Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón. [9]
San Martín de Aribac Arivaca 1695 It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. Described as being 10 leagues (26 miles) away from Guevavi, which is only a couple miles off from the current measurement of 27.8 miles. [19][20][21]
San Pablo de Quiburi Along the San Pedro River 1690s or after Quiburi (San Pablo de Quiburi is possibly the name of it rather than the visita) was a Sobaipuri ranchería. [8][22]
San Ignacio de Sonoitac
Near Patagonia Around or after 1737 It became a visita around or after 1737 (but before 1751). It served Mission San Cayetano de Tumacácori.and Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. [23]
Huachuca Babacomari Ranch[22] Likely late 17th or early 18th century Huachuca may be the name of the pueblo it was made in rather than the name of the visita itself. [19]

New Mexico

[edit]
Spanish visitas in New Mexico
Name Image Location Established Notes References
San Buenaventura de Cochití
35.608056; -106.345833 Early 1600s It served Mission Santo Domingo, but later became a mission. [24]
Santa Clara
35.96783, -106.08796 1628 It first served Mission San Juan Bautista de los Caballeros. It was destroyed during the Pueblo Revolt and then rebuilt to serve Mission San Ildefonso. It was remodeled around 1900 with a new roof which caused it to collapse in 1905. Rebuilt again around 1914 and remodeled in the 1960s. [25]
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojoaque
Around 1765 It served San Francisco de Nambé. [26]

Texas

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Texas
Name Image Location Established Notes References
San Agustín de Laredo (Camargo)
26.37135, -98.8563 1749 It served Mission San Agustín de Laredo, which was in Camargo. [27][28][12]
San Joaquin del Monte (Reynosa)
26.10515, -98.26046 1749 It served Mission San Joaquín del Monte, which was located in Reynosa. [27][29][12]
La Purísima Concepción (Mier)
26.46043, -99.02966 1750 It served Mission La Purísima Concepción, which was located in Mier. [27][30][12]
San Francisco Solano de Ampuero (Revilla)
26.90166, -99.26678 1750 It served Mission San Francisco Solano de Ampuero, which was located in present-day Guerrero. [27][31][12]

Spanish Florida

[edit]
Known Spanish visitas in Spanish Florida
Name Location Established Notes References
Soloy Florida 1567 Originally a blockhouse, but by the beginning of the 1600s, became a visita of Mission Nombre de Dios. [32]
Santa María de la Sena 30.57008, -81.45583[33][34][35][36] (Florida) 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [37]
San Antonio Possibly Georgia 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [38]
Chica Faya la Madalena Possibly Georgia By 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [38]
Veracruz Florida 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one-half league away from the mission. [38]
Molo/Moloa Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was five leagues from the mission. [38]
Potayo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was four leagues from the mission. [39]
San Mateo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was two leagues from the mission. [39]
San Pablo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half away from the mission. [39]
Hicachirico Florida 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league from the mission. [40]
Chinisca Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half from the mission. [40]
Carabay/Sarabay Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was a fourth of a league from the mission. [40]
Olatayco Possibly Georgia By 1604 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [41]
Yoa Georgia By 1609 It served Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. Identified by John Tate Lanning as "two leagues up a mainland river back of the bars of Zapala [Sapelo Sound] and Cofonufo [St. Catherines Sound]". [42]
Piritiriba Florida 1701 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was three leagues away from the mission. [43]

Mexico

[edit]

The following are lists of asistencias in Mexico, sorted by year of establishment.

Baja California

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Baja California
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
Calamajué 29°25′16″N 114°11′42″W / 29.42111°N 114.19500°W / 29.42111; -114.19500 (Visita de Calamajué) 1766 It served Misión San Francisco Borja. [44]
San Juan de Dios
30°10′58″N 115°10′05″W / 30.18278°N 115.16806°W / 30.18278; -115.16806 (Visita San Juan de Dios) 1769 It served Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá. [45]
San Telmo
30°58′05″N 116°05′31″W / 30.96806°N 116.09194°W / 30.96806; -116.09194 (Visita de San Telmo) 1798 It served Misión Santo Domingo de la Frontera. [7]
San Isidoro
30°45′55″N 115°32′50″W / 30.76528°N 115.54722°W / 30.76528; -115.54722 (Visita de San Isidoro) It served Misión San Pedro Mártir de Verona. [46]
Santa Ana
28°41′25″N 113°49′14″W / 28.69028°N 113.82056°W / 28.69028; -113.82056 (Visita de Santa Ana) It served Misión San Francisco Borja de Adac. [47]

Baja California Sur

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Baja California Sur
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
San Juan Bautista Londó
26°13′31″N 111°28′25″W / 26.22528°N 111.47361°W / 26.22528; -111.47361 (Visita de San Juan Bautista Londó) 1699 It served Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. [48]
Angel de la Guarda
23°53′28″N 110°10′15″W / 23.89111°N 110.17083°W / 23.89111; -110.17083 (Visita de Angel de la Guarda (El Zalato)) 1721 It served Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí. [49]
La Pasión
24°53′14″N 111°01′50″W / 24.88722°N 111.03056°W / 24.88722; -111.03056 (Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá (La Pasión)) 1721 Established as the Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá, it was downgraded to a visita of Mission San Luis Gonzaga in 1741. [50][51]
Todos Santos
The current church.
 23°27′37″N 110°13′08″W / 23.46028°N 110.21889°W / 23.46028; -110.21889 (Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas (Todos Santos)) 1724 Established as the Visita de Todos Santos to Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí. It became a mission in 1733 as the Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas. [52][17]
La Presentación
25°43′45″N 111°32′37″W / 25.72917°N 111.54361°W / 25.72917; -111.54361 (Visita de la Presentación) 1769 It served Misión San Francisco Javier de Viggé-Biaundó [53]
San José de Magdalena
27°03′30″N 112°10′07″W / 27.05833°N 112.16861°W / 27.05833; -112.16861 (Visita de San José de Magdalena) 1774 It served Misión Santa Rosalía de Mulegé. [54]
San Pablo (y/o Los Dolores de Arriba)
27°42′08″N 113°08′42″W / 27.70222°N 113.14500°W / 27.70222; -113.14500 (Visita de San Pablo) It served Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillá. [55]
San Jacinto
23°14′34″N 110°04′38″W / 23.24278°N 110.07722°W / 23.24278; -110.07722 (Visita de San Jacinto) It served Misión Santa Rosa de las Palmas (which used to be visita Todos Santos). [56]

Sonora

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Sonora
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
Concepción Curimpo After 1614 It served Mission Natividad Navojoa. [57]
Espíritu Santo Cócorit Before 1617 Established as a mission some time before 1617. After 1617, it served Mission Santa Rosa de Bácum. [58]
Trinidad Potam 1617 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Rahum. [59]
San Francisco Buenavista 1619 It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa. In 1765, a presidio was built here, as well as a new church whose construction started in 1772. The visita is now underwater. [60]
San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa 1619 It originally served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. Later it became a headquarters mission with two visitas. [58]
San José de Pimas 1620 It originally served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. It became a headquarters mission in 1771. [61]
San Joaquin y Santa Ana de Nuri 1622 It served Mission Santa Maria de Movas. [62]
San Ignacio Bacanora 1627 It originally served Mission San Xavier de Arivechi, but by 1793, it served Mission Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Sahuaripa. [63]
Santa Rosalía de Onapa 1627 It served Mission San Xavier de Arivechi. It eventually became a mission with two/three visitas. [62]
Pondia 1627 It originally served Mission San Xavier de Arivechi. [61]
Nuestra Senora Asuncion Alamos 1629 It served Mission San José de Mátape. [63]
Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviácora 1638 It was originally founded as a head mission, with a visita at San Pedro Aconchi. Later it became a visita of Aconchi. [60]
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacameri 1638 It served Mission San Miguel de Ures, Mission Nuestra Señora del Populo del Seri, and Mission Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de Opodepe, in chronological order. [62]
San Pedro Aconchi 1639 It was initially founded as a visita of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviácora. Over time, that mission became its visita. [64]
Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Beramitzi
30.00765, -110.21768 1639 It originally served Mission San Lorenzo de Güepaca.

It eventually became a head mission, with the mission it used to serve (Guepaca) as its visita.

[64]
Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de Opodepe 1644 Originally served Mission Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe. In 1762, it became a mission, with Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacameri as its visita. [61]
San Luis Gonzága de Bacadéhuachi 1645 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de Nácori Chico. Eventually, it became a mission with two visitas (one of them being San Ignacio Mochapa). [63]
San Ignacio Mochapa 1645 It served Mission San Luis Gonzága de Bacadéhuachi [65]
San Miguel de Bavispe 1645 It served Mission Santa María Asunción Baserac. [60]
San Juan Evangelista de Huachinera 1645 Originally served Mission Santa María de Baserac. It became a mission by 1688 and had one visita. [57]
San Ignacio de Oputo 1645 It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Guásavas. [61]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Cumpas 1645 It originally served Mission San Miguel Arcángel de Oposura, then served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Guásavas. [58]
San Miguel Bacoachi 1648 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe. Apparently either became a mission or was a mission at one point. [63]
San José de Chinapa 1648 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe. Briefly an independent mission. [58]
San Francisco Xavier de Rebeico 1673 It served Mission San José de Mátape. [59]
San Francisco Xavier de Maicoba 1676 It served Mission San Idelfonso de Yécora. [65]
San José de Imuris 1687 It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) de San Ignacio de Cabórica. [65]
San Juan de Bisani(n)g
Likely 1690's It served Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca. On Valentine's Day, 1694, it became a mission, and was named San Valentin del Bizani. However, it stayed as a visita for most of its life after. [66][67]
Santa María Magdalena
30.6302, -110.97343 1690 It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) de San Ignacio de Cabórica. It may have had a visita at one point. [65][68][69]
San Antonio (Paduano) de(l) Oquitoa
30.74371, -111.73494 1690 Founded by Father Eusebio Kino as a visita to Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama. In 1756 it was a visita of Mission Santa Teresa de Atil. [61][70]
Santa Teresa de Atil 1692 It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama.
San Diego del Pitiquito
30.67504, -112.05761 1694 It served Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca. [61][71]
San Lázaro 1695 It served Mission Santa María Suamca. [72][59]
San Luis Baconacos 1697 At various times, it served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi.

Originally, Father Eusebio Kino founded a ranch here, and by 1706 its church was built.

[60]
Santa María de Bugota/Santa María de Suamca 1698 It served Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera. Founded by Father Eusebio Kino. He said the first mass there in 1698, but the actual church was built in 1706. [73]
San Ambrosio del Busanic y Tucubavia 1698 It served Mission Santa Gertrudis del Sáric. [73]
San Bernardo de Aquimuri Between 1700-1701 Founded by Father Eusebio Kino. It served Mission Santa Gertrudis del Sáric. By 1706, a church was built here, and stood till at least 1772. [63]
San Ildefonso de Ostimuri It served Mission Santa Rosalia de Onapa. [61]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "California Mission Life". Factcards.califa.org. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  2. ^ a b "Mission Trail Today - Mission Asistencias and Estancias". U.S. Mission Trail. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  3. ^ a b Worth, John E. (1998). Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 35. ISBN 0-8130-1575-8.
  4. ^ a b Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453–456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866 – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ Burckhalter, David, Sedgwick, Mina, and Fontana, Bernard L. (2013), Baja California Missions, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, p. 17; Bolton, 1936
  6. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  7. ^ a b "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja". Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  8. ^ a b Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275.
  9. ^ a b Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Xavier del Bac - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Ignacio de Sonoitac - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Xavier del Bac - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c d e f Association (TSHA), Texas State Historical. "The Spanish Missions in Texas". Texas Almanac. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
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  18. ^ "Las Flores Asistencia Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
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  41. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 451. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  42. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 458. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  43. ^ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 436. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  44. ^ "Sitio Visita de Calamajue · 21856 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico". Sitio Visita de Calamajue · 21856 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  45. ^ "San Juan de Dios". www.elvigia.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  46. ^ "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja". Retrieved 2024-09-10.
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  53. ^ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
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  57. ^ a b Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614-1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 174. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
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  66. ^ "Ruins of the San Valentin del Bizani Kino Mission". Explore Sonora. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
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