Walmarting
Walmarting is a neologism referring to U.S. discount department store Walmart with three meanings. The first use is similar to the concept of globalization and is used pejoratively by critics[1] and neutrally by businesses seeking to emulate Wal-Mart's success.[2] The second, pejorative, use refers to the homogenization of the retail sector because of those practices.[3] The third, neutral use refers to the act of actually shopping at Wal-Mart.[4]
Background
The term "Walmarting" derives from debate over Walmart's business practices, which effectively apply optimization concepts from logistics, purchasing and finance to achieve and maintain low prices.[citation needed]. More generally, "Walmarting" refers to the spread of Wal-Mart's business model to other big-box retailers throughout the American economy, and the national or global implications of that proliferation.
The Wal-Mart business model includes: marketing to a broad "family" demographic that includes rural as well as urban, ethnic minorities as well as mainstream, people without a higher-level education, lower- or working-class consumers, as well as the middle-class; one-stop shopping based on a very large selection of goods and services; the use of intense price-competition and high-technology inventory management to stimulate and satisfy end-user demand; extreme economies of scale based on big-box delivery of consumables; aggressive supply-chain management that requires producers to reduce their costs significantly to find an outlet for their goods; employment of store workers for low wages, few benefits, and little job security to reduce overhead.[5]
Critics[who?] have claimed that the domestic impact of Walmarting is to force local businesses into bankruptcy because they are unable to compete with Wal-Mart's "low, low prices", and to reduce the standard of living for local workers who lose their jobs, then must accept work at Wal-Mart levels of compensation. Similarly, some critics argue that the international impact of Walmarting is to force American suppliers to rely on low-wage foreign producers for goods, leading in turn to an unfavorable national balance of trade and contributing to the growth of the American temporary and low-wage employment sector[citation needed].
In response, Wal-Mart proponents[who?] point out consumer monies saved by purchasing lower-cost goods can then be diverted elsewhere in the economy to create jobs. Supporters of Wal-Mart have also noted that retail-driven price competition rationalizes the economy and eliminates wasteful deployment of capital and labor. Wal-Mart advocates[who?] particularly emphasize the democratic values inherent in providing a store where all Americans can afford to shop.
Walmarting differs both from "Disneyfication" and "McDonaldization," though there is a significant resemblance. "Disneyfication" and "McDonaldization" emphasize the "fun" of theme park attractions and fast food dining, while Walmarting markets itself mainly upon shopping for savings. "Disneyfied" businesses embellish a particular theme as imagined history, while "McDonaldized" businesses rationalize a specific good or service. By contrast, "Walmarting" plays upon a single aspect of shopping – getting a bargain – and applies it across the board to a broad range of goods and services available in its "super-stores."
The "Walmarting" concept has been applied in various industries. The external links below cite examples of its usage for the first two definitions.
Outside the U.S.
India has experienced a similar phenomenon of Wal-Martization to the United States, with significant negative ramifications for its economy.[5]
See also
References
- ^ "Service employees propose a program for change". Interview with Andy Stern, president of the Service Employees International Union, by journalists David Bacon and Philip Maldari on KPFA-FM radio, Berkeley, CA, January 19, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
- ^ "More Fortunes out of Digits--Is Data Warehousing the Walmarting of the future?". Highly recommended resources by OmegaPoint Network Enterprises, 1999-2005. Archived from the original on September 13, 2003. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "First Friday's in Mt Jackson at The Art Group". Shenandoahmusic.com website. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
- ^ "Things to do around EIU". Eastern Illinois University electronic student handbook. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
- ^ a b Sridhar, V., and Vijay Prashad. 2007. Wal-Mart with Indian Characteristics. Connecticut Law Review, 39 (4):1785-1803. Title page
Further reading
- Bergdahl, Michael (2004). What I Learned from Sam Walton: How to Compete and Thrive in a Wal-Mart World. ISBN 0-471-67998-4.
- Bianco, Anthony (2006). The Bully of Bentonville: How the High Cost of Wal-Mart's Everyday Low Prices Is Hurting America. ISBN 0-385-51356-9.
- Dicker, John (2005). The United States of Wal-Mart. Jeremy P. Tarcher. ISBN 1-58542-422-6.
- Ehrenreich, Barbara (2002). Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. Owl Books. ISBN 0-7453-1846-0.
- Featherstone, Liza (2004). Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers' Rights at Wal-Mart. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02316-9.
- Fishman, Charles (2005). The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World's Most Powerful Company Really Works--and How It's Transforming the American Economy. Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-076-9.
- Joseph, Marc; Fischer, Rusty (2005). The Secrets of Retailing, or: How to Beat Wal-Mart!. Silverback Books. ISBN 1-59637-037-8.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - Lichtenstein, Nelson (2006). Wal-Mart: A Field Guide to America's Largest Company and the World's Largest Employer. New Press. ISBN 1-59558-035-2.
- Norman, Al (2004). The Case Against Wal-Mart. Raphel Marketing. ISBN 0-9711542-3-6.
- Ortega, Bob (1998). In Sam We Trust: The Untold Story of Sam Walton and Wal-Mart, the World's Most Powerful Retailer. ISBN 0-8129-6377-6.
- Peacock, Joe (2005). Mentally Incontinent: A Joe The Peacock Book, The Wal-Mart Story. ISBN 0-9774184-0-5.
- Porter, David (2003). Megamall on the Hudson: Planning, Wal-Mart, and Grassroots Resistance. Trafford. ISBN 1-55369-855-X.
- Quinn, Bill (2005). How Wal-Mart Is Destroying America and the World: And What You Can Do about It (3rd edition). Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-668-3.
- Slater, Robert (2003). The Wal-Mart Decade: How a New Generation of Leaders Turned Sam Walton's Legacy into the World's #1 Company. ISBN 1-59184-006-6.
- Slater, Robert (2004). The Wal-Mart Triumph: Inside the World's #1 Company. ISBN 1-59184-043-0.
- Soderquist, Don (2005). The Wal-Mart Way: The Inside Story of the Success of the World's Largest Company. ISBN 0-7852-6119-2.
- Spotts, Greg (2005). Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price. Disinformation Company. ISBN 1-932857-24-9.
- Westerman, Paul (2000). Data Warehousing: Using the Wal-Mart Model. ISBN 1-55860-684-X.
Documentaries
- Galloway, Ron (2005). Why Wal-Mart Works: And Why That Drives Some People C-r-a-z-y.
- Greenwald, Robert (2005). Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price.
- Peled, Micha (2001). Store Wars: When Wal-Mart Comes to Town.
- Young, Rick (2004). Frontline: Is Wal-Mart Good for America?.
External links
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