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Westland Whirlwind (fighter)

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This article is about the Second World War fighter aircraft. For the postwar helicopter of the same name, see Westland Whirlwind (helicopter).
Whirlwind
Westland Whirlwind in a rare Second World War colour photograph
Role Heavy fighter
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer Westland Aircraft Limited
First flight 11 October 1938
Introduction June 1940
Retired October 1943
Primary user Royal Air Force
Produced 1940 – January 1942
Number built 116

The Westland Whirlwind was a British twin-engined heavy fighter developed by Westland Aircraft. A contemporary of the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane, it was the Royal Air Force's first single-seat, twin-engined, cannon-armed fighter.

When it first flew in 1938, the Whirlwind was one of the fastest and most heavily armed combat aircraft in the world. Protracted development problems with its Rolls-Royce Peregrine engines delayed the project, and only a relatively small number of Whirlwinds were built. During the Second World War, only three RAF squadrons were equipped with the Whirlwind, and, despite its successful use as a fighter and ground attack aircraft, it was withdrawn from service in 1943.

Design and development

Westland Whirlwind second prototype, L6845, photographed at Martlesham Heath while being tested by the A&AEE, July 1939. Note the overall aluminium paint scheme, with polished spinners.[1]

By the mid-1930s, aircraft designers around the world perceived that increased attack speeds were imposing shorter firing times on fighter pilots. This implied less ammunition hitting the target and ensuring destruction. Instead of two rifle-calibre machine guns, six or eight were required; studies had shown that eight machine guns could deliver 256 rounds per second.[2] However, the eight machine guns installed in the Spitfire and the Hurricane fired rifle-calibre rounds, which did not deliver enough damage to quickly knock out an opponent. Cannon, such as the French 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404, which could fire explosive ammunition, offered another type of heavy firepower, and attention turned to aircraft designs which could carry four cannon. While the most agile fighter aircraft were generally small and light, their limited fuel storage also limited their range and tended to restrict them to defensive and interception roles. The larger airframes and bigger fuel loads of twin-engined designs were therefore favoured for long-range, offensive roles.

The first British specification for a high-performance machine-gun monoplane was F.5/34, but the aircraft produced were overtaken by developments by Hawker and Supermarine.[3] The RAF Air Staff thought that an experimental aircraft armed with the 20 mm cannon was needed urgently and Air Ministry specification F.37/35 was issued in 1935. The specification called for a single-seat day and night fighter armed with four cannon. The top speed had to be at least 40 mph (64 km/h) greater than that of contemporary bombers – at least 330 mph (530 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,570 m).[4][5]

Eight aircraft designs from five companies were submitted in response to the specification. Boulton Paul offered the P.88A and P.88B (two related single engine designs); Bristol the single-engined Type 153 and the twin-engined Type 153A; Hawker offered a variant of the Hurricane; the Supermarine 312 was a variant of Spitfire and the Supermarine 313 a twin-engined design with four guns in the nose and potentially a further two firing through the propeller hubs; the Westland P.9 had two Rolls-Royce Kestrel K.26 engines and a twin tail.[6][7]

When the designs were considered in May 1936, there were two issues – concern that two engines would be less manoeuvrable than a single-engined design and that uneven recoil from cannon set in the wings would give less accurate fire. The conference favoured two engines with the cannon set in the nose and recommended the Supermarine 313.[8]

Although Supermarine's efforts were favoured due to their previous success with fast aircraft and the promise of the Spitfire which was undergoing trials, neither they nor Hawker were in a position to deliver a modified version of their single-engined designs quickly enough. Westland, which had less work and was further advanced in their project, was chosen along with the P.88 and the Type 313 for construction. A contract for two P.9s was placed in February 1937 which were expected to be flying in mid-1938. The P.88s were ordered in December along with a Supermarine design to F37/35 but both were cancelled in January.[8]

Westland's design team, under the new leadership of W. E. W. "Teddy" Petter (who later designed the English Electric Canberra, Lightning and Folland Gnat) designed an aircraft that employed state-of-the-art technology. The monocoque fuselage was tubular, with a T-tail at the end, although as originally conceived, the design featured a twin tail which was discarded when large Fowler flaps were added that caused large areas of turbulence over the tail unit.[9] The horizontal stabilizer (tailplane) was moved up out of the way of the disturbed airflow caused when the flaps were down.[9] Handley Page slats were fitted to the outer wings, and to the leading edge of the radiator openings; these were interconnected by duraluminium torque tubes.[10] In June 1941, the slats were wired shut on the recommendation of the Chief Investigator of the Accident Investigation Branch, after two Whirlwinds crashed when the outer slats failed during hard manœuvering; tests by the A&AEE confirmed that the Whirlwind's takeoff and landing was largely unaffected with the slats locked shut, while the flight characteristics improved under the conditions in which the slats normally deployed.[11]

The engines were developments of the Rolls-Royce Kestrel K.26, later renamed Peregrine. The first prototype, L6844, used long exhaust ducts that were channeled through the wings and fuel tanks, exiting at the wing's trailing edge. This configuration was quickly changed to more conventional, external exhausts after Westland's Chief test pilot Harald Penrose nearly lost control after an exhaust duct broke and heat-fractured an aileron control rod.[12] The engines were cooled by ducted radiators, which were set into the leading edges of the wing's centre-sections to reduce drag.[13] The airframe was built mainly of stressed-skin duraluminium, with the exception of the rear-fuselage, which used a magnesium alloy stressed skin.[14][13] With the pilot sitting high under one of the world's first full bubble canopies and the low and forward location of the wing, allround visibility was good (except for directly over the nose). Four 20 mm cannon were mounted in the nose; the 600 lb/minute fire rate made it the most heavily armed fighter aircraft of its era.[15][clarification needed] The clustering of the weapons also meant that there were no convergence problems as with wing-mounted guns. Hopes were so high for the design that it remained "top secret" for much of its development, although it had already been mentioned in the French press.

L6844 first flew on 11 October 1938, construction having been delayed chiefly due to the new features, and also because of the late delivery of the engines.[13] L6844 was passed to RAE Farnborough at the end of the year, while further service trials were later carried out at Martlesham Heath.[16] The Whirlwind exhibited excellent handling characteristics and proved to be very easy to fly at all speeds. The only exception was the inadequate directional control during takeoff which necessitated an increased rudder area above the tailplane.[9]

Whirlwind I undergoing fighter-bomber trials at the A&AEE.

The Whirlwind was quite small, only slightly larger than the Hurricane in overall size, but smaller in terms of frontal area. The landing gear was fully retractable and the entire aircraft was very "clean" with few openings or protuberances. Radiators were in the leading edge on the inner wings rather than below the engines. This careful attention to streamlining and two 885 hp Peregrine engines powered it to over 360 mph (580 km/h), the same speed as the latest single-engine fighters.[9]

There were problems as well, however. The aircraft had limited range, under 300 miles combat radius, which made it marginal as an escort. The first deliveries of Peregrine engines did not reach Westland until January 1940.

By late 1940, the Supermarine Spitfire was scheduled to mount 20 mm cannon so the "cannon-armed" requirement was being met. In addition, by this time the role of escort fighters was becoming less important as RAF Bomber Command turned to night bomber missions. The main qualities the RAF were looking for in a twin-engine fighter were range and carrying capacity (to allow the large radar apparatus of the time to be carried), in which requirements the Bristol Beaufighter could perform just as well as or even better than the Whirlwind.

Production orders were contingent on the success of the test program; delays caused by over 250 modifications to the two prototypes led to an initial production order for 200 aircraft being held up until January 1939 followed by a second order for a similar number, deliveries to fighter squadrons being scheduled to begin in September 1940.[17] Earlier, due to the lower expected production at Westland, there had been suggestions that production should be by other firms and an early 1939 plan to build 600 of them at the Castle Bromwich factory was dropped in favour of Spitfire production.[13][18]

However, in spite of the Whirlwind's initial promise, production ended in January 1942, after the completion of just two prototypes and 112 production aircraft. A primary reason for the limited production was the need for Rolls-Royce to concentrate on the development and production of the Merlin, and the troubled Vulture, rather than the Peregrine engine.[19] Westland was aware that its design – which had been built around the Peregrine – was incapable of using anything larger without an extensive redesign.[20] After the cancellation of the Whirlwind, Petter campaigned for the development of a Whirlwind Mk II, which was to have been powered by an improved 1,010 hp Peregrine, with an improved, higher altitude supercharger, also using 100 Octane fuel with an increased boost rating.[nb 1]This proposal was aborted owing to Rolls-Royce's cancellation of further development of the engine.[23] [nb 2] In addition to the limitations of the Peregrine, it was shown that building a Whirlwind consumed three times as much alloy as a Spitfire.[22]

Operational history

Whirlwind Mark I, P7116 HE-F Bellows Argentina No. 2, flown by the Officer Commanding 263 Squadron RAF based at Colerne, Wiltshire, on the snow-covered airfield at Charmy Down, Somerset.

Many pilots who flew the Whirlwind praised its performance. Sergeant G. L. Buckwell of 263 Squadron, who was shot down in a Whirlwind over Cherbourg, later commented that the Whirlwind was "great to fly – we were a privileged few... In retrospect the lesson of the Whirlwind is clear... A radical aircraft requires either prolonged development or widespread service to exploit its concept and eliminate its weaknesses. Too often in World War II, such aircraft suffered accelerated development or limited service, with the result that teething difficulties came to be regarded as permanent limitations."[25] Bruce Robertson, in The Westland Whirlwind Described, quotes a 263 Squadron pilot as saying, "It was regarded with absolute confidence and affection." [26]

An aspect of the type often criticised was the high landing speeds imposed by the wing design.[citation needed] Because of the low production level, based on the number of Peregrines available, no redesign of the wing was contemplated, although Westland did test the effectiveness of leading-edge slats to reduce speeds. When the slats were activated with such force that they were ripped off the wings, the slats were wired shut.[27]

As the performance of the Peregrine engines fell off at altitude, the Whirlwind was most often used in ground-attack missions over France, attacking German airfields, marshalling yards, and railway traffic. The Whirlwind was used to particularly good effect as a gun platform for destroying locomotives. Some pilots were credited with several trains damaged or destroyed in a single mission. The aircraft was also successful in hunting and destroying German E-boats which operated in the English Channel. At lower altitudes, it could hold its own against the Bf 109. Though the Peregrine was a much-maligned powerplant, it actually proved to be more reliable than the troublesome Napier Sabre engine used in the Hawker Typhoon, the Whirlwind's successor.[citation needed] The Whirlwind's twin engines meant that seriously damaged aircraft were able to return from dangerous bombing missions over occupied France and Belgium with one engine knocked out.[citation needed] The placement of the wings and engines ahead of the cockpit allowed the aircraft to absorb a great deal of damage, while the cockpit area remained largely intact. The rugged frame of the Whirlwind gave pilots greater protection than contemporary aircraft during crash landings and ground accidents.[citation needed]

The basic feature of the Whirlwind was its concentration of firepower: its four closely-grouped heavy cannon in the nose had a rate of fire of 600 lb./minute – which, until the introduction of the Beaufighter, placed it ahead of any fighter in the world. Hand in hand with this dense firepower went a first-rate speed and climb performance, excellent manoeuvrability, and a fighting view hitherto unsurpassed. The Whirlwind was, in its day, faster than the Spitfire down low and, with lighter lateral control, was considered to be one of the nicest "twins" ever built… From the flying viewpoint, the Whirlwind was considered magnificent.

— P. J. R. Moyes[28]

The first squadron to receive the Whirlwind was No. 25 Squadron, then based at North Weald. The squadron was fully equipped with radar-equipped Bristol Blenheim IF night fighters when Squadron Leader K. A. K. MacEwen flew prototype Whirlwind L6845 from Boscombe Down to North Weald on 30 May 1940.[29] The following day it was flown and inspected by four of the squadron's pilots, and the next day was inspected by the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair, and Lord Trenchard.[citation needed] The first two production Whirlwinds were delivered in June to 25 Squadron for night-flying trials.[30][31] It was then decided, however, to re-equip No. 25 Squadron with the two-seat Bristol Beaufighter night fighter, as it was already an operational night fighter squadron.[32]

It was instead decided that the first Whirlwind squadron would be 263 Squadron, which was reforming at Grangemouth, Scotland after disastrous losses in the Norwegian Campaign. The first production Whirlwind was delivered to No. 263 Squadron by its commander, Squadron Leader H. Eeles on 6 July.[33] Deliveries were slow, with only five on strength with 263 Squadron on 17 August 1940, with none serviceable.[34] (The squadron supplemented its strength with Hawker Hurricanes to allow the squadron's pilots to fly in the meantime.[32]) Despite the Battle of Britain and the consequent urgent need for fighters, 263 Squadron remained in Scotland - Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding, in charge of RAF Fighter Command, stated on 17 October that 263 could not be deployed to the south because "there was no room for 'passengers' in that part of the world".[31]

Whirlwind showing the new paint scheme introduced in November 1940: while the black underside to the port wing was temporary, the sky fuselage band was a longer-lasting change.

The first Whirlwind was written off on 7 August when Pilot Officer McDermott had a tyre blow out while taking off in P6966. In spite of this he managed to get the aircraft airborne. Flying Control advised him of the dangerous condition of his undercarriage, and to land the aircraft in such condition was extremely hazardous. PO McDermott bailed out of the aircraft between Grangemouth and Stirling. The aircraft dived in and buried itself eight feet into the ground.[35] On recent inspection of the salvaged wreck of P6966, it was noticed that the defective tyre fitted was not of the correct size for a Whirlwind. Instead, it was the correct size for a Hurricane which 263 Squadron was also flying at that time.

No. 263 Squadron moved south to RAF Exeter and was declared operational with the Whirlwind on 7 December 1940.[33] Initial operations consisted of convoy patrols and anti E-boat missions.[33][36] The Whirlwind’s first confirmed kill occurred on 8 February 1941, when an Arado Ar 196 floatplane was shot down; the Whirlwind responsible also crashed into the sea and the pilot was killed.[37] From then on the squadron was to have considerable success with the Whirlwind while flying against enemy Junkers Ju 88s, Dornier Do 217s, Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s.

263 Squadron also occasionally carried out day bomber escort missions with the Whirlwinds. One example was when they formed part of the escort of 54 Blenheims on a low-level raid against power stations near Cologne on 12 August 1941; owing to the relatively short range of the escorts, including the Whirlwinds, the fighters turned back near Antwerp, with the bombers continuing on without escort. Ten Blenheims were lost.[38][39]

The major role for the squadron's Whirlwinds, however, became low-level attack, flying cross-channel "Rhubarb" sweeps against ground targets and "Roadstead" attacks against shipping.[37] The Whirlwind proved a match for German fighters at low level, as demonstrated on 6 August 1941, when four Whirlwinds on an anti-shipping strike were intercepted by a large formation of Messerschmitt Bf 109s, and claimed three Bf 109s destroyed for no losses.[38] A second Whirlwind squadron, No. 137, formed in September 1941,[37] specialising in attacks against railway targets.[40] In the summer of 1942, both squadrons' Whirlwinds were fitted with racks to carry two 250 lb or 500 lb bombs, and nicknamed Whirlibombers.[41][42] These undertook low-level cross-channel "Rhubarb" sweeps, attacking locomotives, bridges, shipping and other targets.

Three Westland Whirlwinds of 263 Squadron in stepped line-astern formation

No. 137 Squadron's worst losses were to be on 12 February 1942 during the Channel Dash, when they were sent to escort five British destroyers, unaware of the escaping German warships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. Four Whirlwinds took off at 13:10 hours, and soon sighted warships through the clouds about 20 miles from the Belgian coast. They descended to investigate and were immediately jumped by about 20 Bf 109s of Jagdgeschwader 2. The Whirlwinds shot at anything in their sights, but were heavily outnumbered. While this was happening, at 13:40, two additional Whirlwinds were sent up to relieve the first four, and two more Whirlwinds took off at 14:25. Four of the eight Whirlwinds failed to return.

From 24 October until 26 November 1943, Whirlwinds of 263 Squadron made several heavy attacks against the German blockade runner Münsterland, in dry dock at Cherbourg. As many as 12 Whirlwinds participated at a time in dive bombing attacks carried out from 12,000 to 5,000 ft using 250 lb bombs. The attacks were met by very heavy anti-aircraft fire, but virtually all bombs fell within 500 yards of the target. Only one Whirlwind was lost during the attacks.

The last Whirlwind mission to be flown by 137 Squadron occurred on 21 June 1943,[40] when five Whirlwinds took off on a "Rhubarb" attack against the German airfield at Poix. One (P6993) was unable to locate the target and instead bombed a supply train north of Rue. While returning, the starboard throttle jammed in the fully open position and the engine eventually lost power. It made a forced landing in a field next to RAF Manston, but the aircraft was a complete write-off, although, as in many other crash landings in the type, the pilot walked away unhurt.

No. 263 Squadron, the first and last squadron to operate the Whirlwind, flew its last Whirlwind mission on 29 November 1943, turning in their aeroplanes and converting to the Hawker Typhoon in December that year.[43] On 1 January 1944, the type was officially declared obsolete.[44] The remaining serviceable aircraft were transferred to No. 18 Maintenance Unit, while those undergoing repairs or overhaul were allowed to be repaired only if they were in near-flyable condition. An official letter forbade aircraft needing repair to be worked on.

P6969 'HE-V' of 263 in flight over the West Country

The aircraft was summed up by Francis Mason,

Bearing in mind the relatively small number of Whirlwinds that reached the RAF, the type remained in combat service, virtually unmodified, for a remarkably long time…The Whirlwind, once mastered, certainly shouldered extensive responsibilities and the two squadrons were called upon to attack enemy targets from one end of the Channel to the other, by day and night, moving from airfield to airfield within southern England.

— F. K. Mason[45]

Variants

P.9 prototype
Single-seat twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype. Two built (L6844 and L6845), can be distinguished from later production samples by the mudguards above the wheels (Though the first production sample (P6966) had them as well), the exhaust system and the so-called 'acorn' on the joint between fin and rudder. L6844 had a distinctive downward kink to the front of its pitot tube, atop the tail not seen again in following models. L6844's colour was dark grey and not red, as is often stated. L6844 had opposite-rotation engines, L6845 had the same rotation engines as per production machines.
Whirlwind I
Single-seat twin-engine fighter aircraft, 400 ordered, 2 prototype & 114 production aircraft, total aircraft built 116
Whirlwind II
Single-seat twin-engine fighter-bomber aircraft, fitted with underwing bomb racks, were nicknamed "Whirlibombers". At least 67 conversions made from the original Mk I fighter.
Experimental variants

A Mk I Whirlwind was tested as a night fighter in 1940 with No. 25 Squadron. The first prototype was armed with an experimental twelve 0.303 machine guns, and another a single 37 mm cannon.[26][46]


Proposed Merlin-powered variant

Westland proposed fitting Merlin engines in a letter to Air Marshal Sholto Douglas.[47] The proposal was rejected but Westland used the design work already performed in developing the Welkin high-altitude fighter.

Operators

 United Kingdom
  • Royal Air Force
    • No. 25 Squadron RAF tested three aircraft between May and July 1940. ( might have carried code letters "ZK" )
    • No. 263 Squadron RAF operated Whirlwinds between July 1940 and December 1943. Aircraft had applied Squadron's "HE" code letters.
    • No. 137 Squadron RAF operated Whirlwinds between September 1941 and June 1943. Aircraft had applied Squadron's "SF" code letters.

US Navy, one aircraft P6994 was sent to the USA for trials in June 1942 and survived there until at least late 1944.

Survivors

After retirement in December 1943, all but one of the surviving Whirlwinds were sent to 18 Maintenance Unit at Dumfries, Scotland, where they were scrapped. The sole exception, P7048 was retained by Westland, and was granted a civil certificate of airworthiness on 10 October 1946, with the registration G-AGOI. It was used as a company hack for a short time before being withdrawn in 1947 and scrapped.[44][48]

In October 1979, the remains of Whirlwind P6966, the first Whirlwind to be lost, were recovered near Grangemouth by enthusiasts in a dig group. The two Peregrine engines were recovered, as well as many pieces of the airframe.[49]

The Whirlwind Fighter Project began building a full-scale replica Whirlwind in 2011, with the intention to have it ground running in approximately four years.[50]

Plans for a 2/3 scale replica were marketed for home building in the late 1970s and early 1980s as the Butterworth Westland Whirlwind.[51]

Specifications (Whirlwind)

Chief test pilot of Westland, Harald Penrose flying one of the last production Whirlwinds P7110.

Data from Westland's Double Trouble (Article)[52]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One pilot
  • Airfoil: NACA 23017-08

Performance Armament

  • Guns: 4x Hispano 20 mm cannon with 60 rounds per gun
  • Bombs: 2x 250 lb (115 kg) or 500 lb (230 kg) bombs

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ Using 100 Octane fuel, the standard Peregrine could use up to +9 lb/sq in boost for take-off or operations.[21] The improved Peregrine envisaged by Petter would use + 12 lb/sq in and be rated to 20,000 feet.[22]
  2. ^ Additional proposals included the use of Bristol-built or American radial engines, while another possibility mooted in 1941 was to use two 1,400 hp Merlin XX engines.[24][22]

Citations

  1. ^ Franks 2014, pp. 44-45, 56.
  2. ^ Buttler 2004, p.7
  3. ^ Buttler 2004, p.8
  4. ^ Bingham 1987, pp. 14-15.
  5. ^ Meekoms & Morgan 1994, pp. 217-218.
  6. ^ Bingham 1987, pp. 14-16.
  7. ^ Buttler 2004, pp. 34–35
  8. ^ a b Buttler 2004, pp. 36–37
  9. ^ a b c d Green 1964, p. 51.
  10. ^ Bingham 1987, p. 55.
  11. ^ Corduroy 2013, p. 68.
  12. ^ Bingham 1987, p. 28.
  13. ^ a b c d Buttler 2004, p. 37.
  14. ^ Bingham 1987, p. 57.
  15. ^ Moyes 1967, p.3.
  16. ^ Moyes 1967, p. 5.
  17. ^ James 1991, p. 263.
  18. ^ Corduroy 2013, p. 33.
  19. ^ Corduroy 2013, pp. 35-36.
  20. ^ Buttler 2004, p. 38.
  21. ^ Air Ministry 1940, Vol 1, Sect 2 Para 29.
  22. ^ a b c Corduroy 2013, p. 44.
  23. ^ Corduroy 2013, pp. 40-42
  24. ^ Bingham 1987, pp. 40, 42.
  25. ^ Mason 1969
  26. ^ a b Robertson 1970, p. 16.
  27. ^ James 2006, p. 65.
  28. ^ Moyes 1967, pp. 278–279.
  29. ^ James 1991, p. 268.
  30. ^ James 1991, pp. 268–269.
  31. ^ a b Buttler 2002, p. 11.
  32. ^ a b James 1991, p. 269.
  33. ^ a b c Heffernan 1985, p. 62.
  34. ^ Price 1995, p. 162.
  35. ^ "RAF Westland Whirlwind / P6966." Air Crash Sites Scotland, 2011. Retrieved: 20 September 2013.
  36. ^ James 2006, pp. 70–71.
  37. ^ a b c James 2006, p. 71.
  38. ^ a b c Price 1995, p. 163.
  39. ^ Richards 1995, pp. 118–119.
  40. ^ a b Buttler 2002, p. 15.
  41. ^ Buttler 2002, pp. 14–15.
  42. ^ James 1991, p. 270.
  43. ^ James 2006, pp. 71–72.
  44. ^ a b James 2006, p. 73.
  45. ^ Mason 1969, p. 64.
  46. ^ Green 1961, p. 125.
  47. ^ PRO/NA air 16-326 page 82A
  48. ^ Buttler 2002, p. 16.
  49. ^ "RAF Westland Whirlwind / P6966." Air Crash Sites Scotland, 2011. Retrieved: 20 September 2013.
  50. ^ "Whirlwind Fighter Project. About us." whirlwindfighterproject.org, 2011. Retrieved: 20 September 2013.
  51. ^ Taylor 1982, p. 534.
  52. ^ James 2006, p. 69.
  53. ^ James 1991, pp. 370–371.

Bibliography

  • Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes: The Whirlwind I Aeroplane, Two Peregrine I Engines. Air Publication 1709A. London, UK: Air Ministry, June 1940.
  • Bingham, Victor. Whirlwind, The Westland Whirlwind Fighter. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1987. ISBN 1-85310-004-8.
  • Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935-1950. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland, 2004. ISBN 1-85780-179-2.
  • Buttler, Tony. "Reap The Whirlwind: Britain's Pioneer Cannon Fighter". Air Enthusiast. No. 99, May/June 2002, pp. 2–16. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Cordury, Niall. Whirlwind; Westland's Enigmatic Fighter. Stroud, UK: Fonthill Media Limited, 2013. ISBN 978-1-78155-037-3
  • Franks, Richard A. The Westland Whirlwind: A Detailed Guide to the RAF's Twin-engine Fighter (Airframe Album 4). Bedford, UK: Valiant Wings Publishing, 2014. ISBN 978-0-9575866-3-5
  • Green, William, ed. "Foremost with Four Cannon." Flying Review International', Volume 19, No. 7, April 1964.
  • Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Fighters, Vol. 2. London: Macdonald, 1961.
  • Heffernan, Terry. "Something Special from Somerset – Part 2". Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 13, No. 2, February 1985, pp. 60–64. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991. ISBN 1-55750-921-2.
  • James, Derek N. "Westland's Double Trouble" (Database). Aeroplane, Vol. 34, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 60–73. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Mason, Francis K. Royal Air Force Fighters of World War Two, Volume One. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Hylton Lacy Publishers Ltd., 1969.
  • Meekoms, K. J. and E. B Morgan. The British Aircraft Specifications File: British Military and Commercial Aircraft Specifications 1920-1949. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1994. ISBN 0-85130-220-3
  • Moyes, Philip J.R. Westland Whirlwind (Profile No. 191). London: Profile Publications, 1967.
  • Price, Alfred. "The Vortex from Yeovil: The Story of the Westland Whirlwind Fighter". Air International. Vol. 48 No. 3, March 1995, pp. 157–164. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Robertson, Bruce. Westland Whirlwind Described. Dandenong, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications, 1970. ISBN 0-85880-004-7

Further Reading

  • Crawford, Alex and Phil H. Listemann. "Westland Whirlwind Mk.I." (Allied Wings No.4). London: Casemate Pub & Book Dist. Llc, 2008. ISBN 2-9526381-8-7
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files - RAF Fighters, Part 3. London: Jane's, 1981. ISBN 0-7106-0119-0
  • Hall, Alan W. Westland Whirlwind F.Mk.I (Warpaint Series no.54). Luton, Berfordshire, UK: Warpaint Books, 2006. No ISBN.
  • James, Derek N. Westland (Images of England). Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 1997. ISBN 0-7524-0799-6
  • James, Derek N. Westland: A History. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2772-5
  • Mondey, David. Westland (Planemakers 2). London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0134-4
  • Morgan, Eric B. "Westland P.9 Whirlwind." Twentyfirst Profile, Vol. 2, No. 14. New Milton, Hertfordshire, UK: 21st Profile Ltd. ISSN 0961-8120
  • Ovcácík, Michal and Karel Susa. Westland Whirlwind: Mk.I Fighter, Mk.I fighter-bomber. Prague, Czech Republic: Mark 1 Ltd., 2002. ISBN 80-902559-6-5
  • Richards, Denis. The Hardest Victory: RAF Bomber Command in the Second World War. London: Coronet, 1995. ISBN 0-340-61720-9
  • Taylor, John W. R.. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2
  • Taylor, John W.R. "Westland Whirlwind" Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2
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