Władysław Broniewski
Władysław Broniewski | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 17 December 1897 |
| Died | 10 February 1962 (aged 64) |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Citizenship | Poland |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, Poet |
Władysław Kazimierz Broniewski (17 December 1897 – 10 February 1962) was a Polish poet, writer, translator and soldier, known for his revolutionary and patriotic writings.
Life
[edit]
He was the son of Antoni, a bank clerk. As a young man, Broniewski joined in 1915 the legions of Józef Piłsudski.[1] As a member of the 1st Legions Infantry Regiment, he participated in the Polish–Soviet War and in 1920 fought in the Battle of Białystok.[2] He was decorated for bravery with the order of Virtuti Militari.
Broniewski developed leftist sympathies and by the late 1920s he was a revolutionary poet. In summer 1931, he was arrested during a literary meeting of writers connected with the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) along with Jan Hempel and Aleksander Wat. He was helped by Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski.[3]
When Poland was attacked in 1939 by Germany, he wrote an important poem encouraging Poles to put away political differences and fight the aggressors. After Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union, Broniewski found himself in Soviet-occupied Lwów. His poems were printed in a Soviet-published newspaper, but he was soon arrested by the NKVD on trumped-up charges of "hooliganism". He refused to co-operate with the NKVD and after four months was transported to the Lubianka prison in Moscow, where he stayed for thirteen months.[3][1] Afterwards, he worked at the Polish embassy in Kuybyshev.[4] He left the Soviet Union with the Polish army led by General Władysław Anders and through Iran came to Iraq and then Palestine.[5]
After World War II and the establishment of the Polish People's Republic, he compromised by writing in 1951 a poem Słowo o Stalinie ('A Word about Stalin'). Subsequently, Broniewski became an important political figure and was proclaimed a foremost national poet by the authorities. He still managed to preserve a certain degree of independence, and some of his poems from this period are a testimony to his talent. He had also been an accomplished translator of poetry and prose, translating, among others, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Bertolt Brecht.
During the last years of Broniewski's life, his health had been ruined by alcohol abuse. He died in Warsaw.
Poetry
[edit]Broniewski's poetry deals with problems of human life in the context of historical events, such as wars and revolutions (for example, the Paris Commune), and with questions of justice, fight for freedom, patriotism and personal suffering. This last aspect is evident in the cycle Anka, dedicated to the memory of tragically deceased poet's daughter Anna, who was gas-poisoned on 1 September 1954 (often compared to Jan Kochanowski's Laments). Another important Broniewski poem is Ballady i romanse, alluding to the title of Adam Mickiewicz's collection. Ballady i romanse is about the Holocaust. Its hero is a thirteen year old Jewish girl Ryfka, who dies together with Jesus Christ shot by the Nazis. Broniewski was conservative regarding poetic form. He used classical forms of verse, traditional metres and stanzas. He often employed the dactylic metre.[6]
Poetry collections
[edit]- Wiatraki (1925)
- Dymy nad miastem (1927)
- Troska i pieśń (1932)
- Krzyk ostateczny (1938)
- Bagnet na broń (1943)
- Drzewo rozpaczające (1945)
- Nadzieja (1951)
- Anka (1956)
Honours and awards
[edit]National honours
[edit]
Silver Cross of the War Order of Virtuti Militari (1921)[7]
Gold Cross of Merit (1946)[8]
Order of the Banner of Labour, 1st Class (1949)[9]
Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1950)[10]
Order of the Builders of People's Poland (1955)[11]
Medal of the 10th Anniversary of People's Poland (1955)[12]
Foreign honours
[edit]
Knight of the Order of the White Lion (1957)[13]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Miłość, wódka, polityka, czyli biografia Broniewskiego at PolskieRadio.pl
- ^ Spis oficerów służących czynnie w dniu 1.6.1921 r. Dodatek do Dziennika Personalnego M.S.Wojsk. Nr 37 z 24 września 1921 r. pp. 21, 568.
- ^ a b Wat, Aleksander (1990). Mój wiek. Warsaw.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Czapski, Józef. Na nieludzkiej ziemi.
- ^ Władysław Broniewski (1897.12.17 - 1962.02.10) at granice.pl
- ^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, Polski daktyl, Język Polski 3-4/2000, p. 257-265.
- ^ "Dziennik Personalny 1921.02.26 R.2 Nr8". Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "M.P. 1946 nr 93 poz. 175". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "M.P. 1950 nr 6 poz. 58". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "M.P. 1950 nr 104 poz. 1296". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "M.P. 1955 nr 115 poz. 1489". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "M.P. 1955 nr 101 poz. 1400". Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990" (PDF). Archiv Kanceláře prezidenta republiky. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Broniewski, Władysław. Pamiętnik 1918–1922. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1987.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Władysław Broniewski at Wikimedia Commons- Władysław Broniewski at Culture.pl
- 1897 births
- 1962 deaths
- Writers from Płock
- Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
- Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
- Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)
- Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
- Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland
- Polish deportees to Soviet Union
- Polish people detained by the NKVD
- 20th-century Polish poets
- Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)
- Recipients of the Medal of the 10th Anniversary of the People's Republic of Poland