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Young Liberals (Australia)

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Young Liberal Movement
PresidentDarcy Creighton
Vice PresidentJoshua Garvin
Founded12 December 1945; 78 years ago (1945-12-12)[1]
Preceded byYoung Nationalists Organisation[1]
HeadquartersBarton, Australian Capital Territory
IdeologyLiberal conservatism
PositionCentre-right
Mother partyLiberal Party of Australia
International affiliationInternational Young Democrat Union
Websiteyoungliberal.org.au

The Young Liberal Movement of Australia, commonly referred to as the Young Liberals, is the youth movement of the Liberal Party of Australia representing members aged 16 to 31. It is organised as a federation with each state and territory division responsible for their own campaigns, policy platform and strategic direction and interact federally via the Federal Young Liberal Executive.[1]

The Movement serves as a recruiting platform for the Liberal Party, and plays a significant role within the volunteer base of the party. The Movement undertakes a notable management role within the Liberal Party. Young Liberal Presidents serve on the executive of their respective State and Territory divisions, while the Federal President and Federal Vice-President of the Movement serve on the Federal Liberal Executive.[2]

Former Federal Presidents include former Father of the Australian House of Representatives and NSW Liberals State President Philip Ruddock, former Chief Economist for Bank of America Merrill Lynch Saul Eslake, Businessman Mark Birrell, and former Minister for Foreign Affairs Marise Payne. The organisation is a founding member of the International Young Democrat Union.[3]

History

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John Howard served as State President of the NSW Young Liberals from 1962 to 1964[4]

The Young Liberal Movement was formed on 12 December 1945 following the official inauguration of the Liberal Party on 31 October of the same year. The creation of the Movement is attributed to Sir Robert Menzies who when organising meetings to discuss the creating of the Liberal Party in 1944 invited the Young Nationalists to undertake a prominent role within the new party.[citation needed] The formation of the movement at a meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall attracted 750 people.[citation needed]

While Young Liberal branches and divisional organisations existed within each State and Territory Division since 1945 the Federal Young Liberal Movement wasn't founded until 1966 following a motion at the Federal Council of the Liberal Party. The first meeting of the new national movement took place on 4 March 1967. By 1968, it was decided that the Young Liberals should hold their own annual National Conventions – a tradition that continues.[5]

The 1974 Federal Council of the Liberal Party agreed to a proposal for the Young Liberals' senior positions to be elected by a Young Liberal Federal Council, consisting of 6 delegates per Division (and held concurrently with the National Convention at which all Young Liberals were eligible to attend). The senior positions were restructured and renamed, resulting in a "Federal President", "Federal Vice-President" and "Young Liberal Federal Executive".[6]

The Young Liberal representation on the senior party's Executive was expanded to two positions, while the Movement was also given a seat on the Joint Standing Committee on Federal Policy.

In 1982, the Movement produced a national publication called 'The Young Australian' which was published until 2013.

In 2007, the QLD division of the Liberal Party of Australia and the QLD National Party merged to become the Liberal National Party of Queensland. As part of this merger process the Queensland Young Liberals and the Queensland Young Nationals were merged to become the Young Liberal National Party (Young LNP). The Young LNP is effectively the Queensland division of both the federal Young Liberals and the Federal Young Nationals.

Structure

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Each Young Liberal State and Territory division is governed by its own rules and constitution with each undertaking different methods for the election of their President, executive, and delegates.[2]

The Federal Movement has two elected officers; the President and the Vice-President who are supported by an Executive made up of State and Territory Young Liberal Presidents and appointed Federal Officers. The Federal President and Federal Vice-President are members of the powerful Liberal Party Federal Executive which also includes the Prime Minister and other senior Liberal Party figures.[7]

List of federal presidents

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Former Minister for Foreign Affairs Marise Payne was the first female Federal President of the Movement, she served in the role from 1989 to 1991

List of federal presidents of the Young Liberals:[8]

Trent Zimmerman, the first openly LGBTI member of the House of Representatives, served as Federal President of the Movement from 1993 to 1994
  • 1967–68: Graham Jones (NSW)
  • 1968–69: Leo Hawkins (VIC)
  • 1969–72: Warren McCullagh (NSW)
  • 1972–73: Greg Vickery (QLD)
  • 1973–74: Philip Ruddock (NSW)
  • 1974–75: Michael Loftus (VIC)
  • 1975–78: Chris Puplick (NSW)
  • 1978–79: Bruce Noble (SA)
  • 1979–80: Greg Goebel (QLD)
  • 1980–81: Robert Nestdale (NSW)
  • 1981–82: Saul Eslake (TAS)
  • 1982–83: Mark Birrell (VIC)
  • 1983–85: Chris Crawford (NSW)
  • 1985–87: Peter Coatman (VIC)
  • 1987–88: Kim Jacobs (SA)
  • 1988–89: Cam Tinley (WA)
  • 1989–91: Marise Payne (NSW)
  • 1991–92: Peter Torbey (Vic)
  • 1992–93: Stephen Forshaw (ACT)
  • 1993–94: Trent Zimmerman (NSW)
  • 1994–95: Ross McClymont (Vic)
  • 1995–96: Leon Beswick (Tas)
  • 1996–97: Matthew Marks (SA)
  • 1997–98: Jason Falinski (NSW)
  • 1998–99: Matthew Boland (QLD)
  • 1999–00: Marc Dale (WA)
  • 2000–01: Brett Hogan (Vic)
  • 2001–02: Gerard Paynter (QLD)
  • 2002–04: Grant Muller (QLD)
  • 2004–05: Nick Park (QLD)
  • 2005–06: Alex Hawke (NSW)
  • 2006–08: Mark Powell (QLD)
  • 2008–09: Noel McCoy (NSW)
  • 2009–10: Rachel Fry (Tas)
  • 2010–11: Richard Wilson (WA)
  • 2011–12: Michael van Dissel (SA)
  • 2012–13: Trent Hasson (Tas)
  • 2013–14: Tom White (WA)
  • 2014–15: Ben Riley (QLD)
  • 2015–16: Simon Brehney (Vic)
  • 2016–17: Claire Chandler (Tas)
  • 2017–18: Aiden Depiazzi (WA)
  • 2018–19: Josh Manuatu (ACT)
  • 2019–20: Liam Staltari (WA)
  • 2020-21: Jocelyn Sutcliffe (SA)
  • 2021-22: Michael Heydon (WA)
  • 2022-23: Clark Cooley (NSW)
  • 2023–24: Dimitry Chugg-Palmer (NSW)
  • 2024-: Darcy Creighton (QLD)

Campaigns

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Voluntary Student Unionism

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In 2005, the Howard government introduced legislation to repeal compulsory student unionism in Australia following an effective campaign run by the Young Liberal Movement, notably led by its then Federal President, now Federal MP, Alex Hawke. [citation needed]

Make Education Fair

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In February 2008, the Young Liberals launched a campaign titled Make Education Fair that alleged there was bias in the educational system.[9][10] The Young Liberals were motivated by comments by former Prime Minister John Howard who said "The left-liberal grip on educational institutions and large, though not all, sections of the media remains intense".[11]

In response to the campaign, the Senate announced an Inquiry into Academic Freedom[12] in June 2008 with the Inquiry into Academic Freedom - Parliament of Australia terms of reference.[9] Others described the campaign as a "witch hunt" or McCarthyism, and as an attack on the professionalism of academics.[13] In response to Make Education Fair, the National Tertiary Education Union said "there is no evidence of widespread left-wing bias"[14] and launched its own campaign entitled "Academic Freedom Watch".[15] The President of the NTEU dismissed the accusation that academics are running their own agendas in the classroom as "nonsense".[11] New South Wales Greens politician John Kaye said "any school or university educator who expresses an opinion would be at risk from the young Liberals plan to create a McCarthy-ist environment on campuses and schools"[16]

Student Services and Amenities Fee

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Since 2016, the Young Liberals have taken a strong position against the Student Services and Amenities Fee, including publishing a comprehensive report on the subject.[citation needed]

Controversies

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In 2005, the Young Liberals in Melbourne attracted media attention for their antisocial behaviour at social functions and accusations of rivalry between the Australian Liberal Students' Federation and the Young Liberal movement.[17]

On 17 July 2006, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Four Corners program broadcast allegations that factional leaders within the Liberal Party in New South Wales had been used "as the foot soldiers in factional warfare in which control goes to the faction which has the most branches."[18] Former federal Liberal leader John Hewson expressed concern that in more recent times, the right faction had taken control of the Young Liberals in New South Wales in an "extreme right takeover", that "in my day as leader the Young Liberals were a burr under my saddle from the left" whereas now they had come to support the agenda of right factional leaders such as David Clarke.[19]

In July 2006, Young Liberal Movement was the subject of controversy after the ABC's Lateline program aired footage from the 2005 National Union of Students' conference in Ballarat. The video showed Liberal students chanting "We're racist, we're sexist, we're homophobic". The president of the New South Wales Young Liberals released a statement condemning the outbursts.[20]

During a conference for Liberals in July 2008 in Canberra, about 40 university students from the Australian Liberal Students' Federation - some of them Young Liberals, were thrown out and banned from a youth hostel after an all night drinking rampage and disruptive behaviour, including some of them being caught having sex in the hostel.[21][22]

In April 2010, Nick Sowden, a Young Liberal National party member from Queensland, likened US President Barack Obama to a monkey on his Twitter account. After a backlash, Sowden responded by saying that it was a poor attempt at irony that had been taken out of context. As a result of the comments, he was expelled from the party.[23] Further controversy arose in June, 2010, when a member of the Young Liberal National Party organised an event via Facebook to celebrate the ill health of former Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam. The event, which 17 members of the Young Liberal National Party are reported to have subsequently attended, aimed to celebrate that "The old man is old and nearly dead, he got sacked, and he is just shit. So lets [sic] celebrate and be happy".[24][25]

In September 2012, during a Young Liberals dinner in Sydney, Alan Jones spoke concerning the death of the then Prime Minister Julia Gillard's father. Jones said that Mr Gillard had "died of shame to think that his daughter told lies every time she stood for parliament". Jones' speech was secretly recorded by a News Limited journalist.[26]

Further information: Alan Jones "died of shame" controversy

In July 2013, Queensland YLNP President Ben Riley was suspended for a period of six months for swiping a pair of RM Williams boots on display at that year's LNP Convention.[27] Riley put on the boots, wore them around and spilt beer on them.[28] The day after Riley offered to pay for the boots, however he was still suspended.[27]

In April 2014, during hearings by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (New South Wales) into the alleged corrupt conduct of MP Chris Hartcher, it was revealed that a Hartcher staff member who is also Young Liberal member set up a "black ops" team inspired by the film Fight Club with the intention of destroying political opponents.[29]

In 2014, A Liberal Party campaigner who had been a leading member of the Young Liberals in Geelong, Scott Harrison, was revealed to have been a member of Creativity Movement organisation for six years prior to 2010, but had turned his back on those beliefs. He resigned from the Liberal Party after anti-Semitic articles written by him emerged, including airing a theory that the Port Arthur massacre was master-minded by Jews, as well as a photo of him gesturing with a Nazi salute in front of a swastika.[30][31]

In August 2014, Young Liberal students from Melbourne University were reported to have been posting misogynistic, crude and racist comments on their Facebook page. One comment in particular referred to, 75-year-old academic, Germaine Greer as a "lying fucking cum guzzling slut".[32][33]

In September 2015 a New South Wales Young Liberal Council meeting caused controversy after an alleged altercation occurred. Young Liberal and member of the conservatives Jakov Miljak allegedly grappled Moderate James Camillieri following a debate over the Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, September 2015.[34] The following day Mr Miljak resigned from his part-time employment with Senator Concetta Fierravanti-Wells.[35]

In April 2017, Young Liberal and President of the Melbourne University Liberal Club, Xavier Boffa was accused of telling a female member of the club that she was not invited to an event because 'a couple of the guys were uncomfortable about inviting a chick'.[36]

In October 2017, the same woman made a complaint to police that Mr Boffa had screamed that she was "disgraceful" and "shameful" while demanding that she get out of his personal space after a heated club meeting. It was also alleged that he assaulted another male club member from an opposing faction, although the allegation was denied by other witnesses.[37]

In February 2019, four members of the NSW Young Liberals were suspended from the party for six months when they approached women on Tinder in order to convince them to vote Liberal, and then shared personal information about the women and made "lewd and derogatory" comments about them in a group chat room that was meant for planning the group's campaigning efforts.[38] Several women in the chat complained to NSW Young Liberals president Harry Stutchbury (son of Michael Stutchbury), who said that the behaviour was unacceptable but took no further action. Liberal Party officials did not learn of the events until 12 months later, via The Sun-Herald, at which point NSW Liberals' state director Chris Stone applied the suspension.

In July 2019, former Australian Liberal Students Federation past president Xavier Boffa was accused by Melbourne University Liberal Club member Benedict Kusay of having allegedly glassed him at a bar in Adelaide.[39] Although Kusay sought Boffa's expulsion from the Liberal Party, no disciplinary action was taken.[40] Boffa was subsequently found not guilty of assaulting Kusay, with Adelaide Magistrate Simon Smart finding that, as a witness, 'Kusay was not entirely impartial' and that there were 'concerns about his reliability'.[41]

In December 2019, Young LNP Treasurer Oscar Green was disciplined after a photo surfaced of him with campaign corflutes belonging to rival parties.[42] Senior Labor sources identified the corflutes as those that went missing during the state campaign.[42] Though Green denied stealing the signs, his membership was suspended as a result of the discovery.[42] At the same time the LNP were also responding to a separate incident involving Green, whereby he posted on social media a video of himself playing with what looked like a 'wooden penis'.[42] However, in regards to the video, the party saw no grounds for disciplinary action.[42]

In December 2019, Chairman of the Gold Coast Young LNP Barclay McGain and member Jake Scott faced controversy after a video was released on the Young Liberal's Facebook page. The video showed McGain purporting to be interviewing young adults at random during Schoolies week regarding their opinions of Prime Minister Scott Morrison. In one interview McGain is shown laughing as Scott criticised Aboriginal Australians for not being able to "even invent the bloody wheel". Scott described himself in the video as "a bit of a leftie", however, subsequent investigations showed him to be a Liberal Party volunteer and active Young Liberal member. Scott and McGain both declined to comment on the video, which was widely criticised and labelled as racist by the Queensland State Government. McGain was later suspended from his role as party leader, pending further internal investigation from the Liberal Party.[43][44]

The 2020 ACT Election saw an internal ACT Liberal Party investigation revolve around the then ACT Young Liberal President Ben Dennehy for the destruction of Kurrajong MLA, Candice Burch's, campaign corfultes.[45][46] It has been asserted that the ACT electoral system of Hare-Clark lends itself to internal party fights.[47] The victim of these attacks, Candice Burch, was battling to maintain the fifth Kurrajong seat, however was unsuccessful.[48] Within the ACT Liberal Party bringing the party into disrepute is an offence the ACT Liberal Party constitution deems worthy of expulsion.[46] The investigation began in November 2020 and concluded with the resignation of Ben Dennehy and a second ACT Young Liberal who was not named in media sources.[45] Evidence leading to Dennehy's resignation included the discovery of video footage of Ben Dennehy 'getting out of his car and slashing Ms Burch's corflutes'.[49] It has been noted that this may not have been the first instance in which Ben Dennehy has vandalized campaign material.[50] 2019 independent ACT Senate candidate Anthony Pesec commented on social media that Ben Dennehy was 'ripping corflutes down all over town' during the 2019 election.[51][50]

In 2022, It was reported a former Young Liberal Stefan Eracleous was linked to the National Socialist Network.[52]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Birrell, Mark (1982). The Young Liberal way: the history, organisation, policies and purposes of the Young Liberal Movement of Australia. Canberra, Australia: Young Liberal Movement of Australia Federal Executive. ISBN 0909087121.
  2. ^ a b "Our Structure". 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  3. ^ Mercer, Paul (1994). Directory of British political organisations 1994. London: Longman. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-582-23729-2.
  4. ^ Young Liberals Life Members & Past Presidents, Young Liberals, 2006, archived from the original on 21 December 2005, retrieved 8 July 2006
  5. ^ "Young Liberal History". Young Liberals. Young Liberal Movement of Australia. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  6. ^ Young Liberal Movement of Australia, 1945-1975 : history, organization, policies, purposes. Sydney, Australia: Young Liberal Movement of Australia. 1975. ISBN 0909087040.
  7. ^ "Executive". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  8. ^ "History: Former Office Bearers". Young Liberals. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Libs push for bias probe | The Australian". Theaustralian.news.com.au. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  10. ^ "Dob in 'lefty' teachers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
  11. ^ a b "Meet the new vanguard in culture wars - National". smh.com.au. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  12. ^ "Senate tests academic freedom - Herald Sun". News.com.au. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  13. ^ Josephine Tovey (10 October 2008). "Academics rally against Young Liberal 'witch-hunt'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
  14. ^ "Tertiary union denies accusations of left-wing bias - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. Abc.net.au. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  15. ^ "The World Today - Inquiry into academic freedom accused of bias". Abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  16. ^ "Young Liberals on university 'witch-hunt' - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. Abc.net.au. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  17. ^ "Feathers fly at Young Liberals' shindig - National". Melbourne: theage.com.au. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  18. ^ Cohen, Janine (17 July 2006). "Program Transcript - The Right Stuff". Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
  19. ^ Cohen, Janine (17 July 2006). "Interview - Dr John Hewson". Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
  20. ^ Stewart, John (19 July 2006). "Footage released of 'racist' Young Liberals". Sydney: Lateline. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  21. ^ "News.com.au - Drunken Liberal students thrown out and banned from hostel". Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  22. ^ "Crikey - Two Ts Whittney a Young Lib with libations". Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  23. ^ "Obama monkey slur a joke, says Young Lib". ABC News. 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  24. ^ See: As Future Leaders Go Not Much to Rejoice About, Bella Counihan, National Times, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, Brisbane Times, 1 June, http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/politics/as-future-leaders-go-not-much-to-rejoice-about-20100601-wrsr.html Archived 4 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ 31 May 2010, http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/1061805/barnaby-joyce-apologies-for-gough-sledge Archived 3 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Gillard refuses to be drawn on Jones controversy". abc.net.au. ABC. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  27. ^ a b "Booted out: LNP rising star ejected over RM Williams incident". Crikey. 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  28. ^ Ironside, Robyn; readJuly 26, Sarah Vogler less than 2 min; 2013 - 9:43am (25 July 2013). "LNP puts boot into young president". couriermail. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Welcome to Fight Club, Young Liberal style". 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  30. ^ McKenzie, Nick; Baker, Richard; Willingham, Richard (12 November 2014). "Liberal Party campaigner Scott Harrison a former neo-Nazi". The Age. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  31. ^ Coleman, Michelle (13 November 2014). "Liberal campaigner resigns over neo-Nazi revelations". J-Wire. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  32. ^ "Misogynist rants from Young Libs". The Age. Fairfax Media. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  33. ^ "Why the Coalition will never win over Australian women". dailylife.com.au. Fairfax Media. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  34. ^ "Young Liberal meeting turns violent after leadership spill". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  35. ^ "When putsch came to shove: Young Liberal faces expulsion after factional debate led to tussle". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  36. ^ "'They felt uncomfortable about inviting a chick': Young Libs accused of misogyny". The Age. Retrieved 5 February 2018.[permanent dead link]
  37. ^ "Young Liberals' fight causes young woman to seek intervention order from police". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2018.[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ "Young Liberals booted from party for lewd comments about women". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  39. ^ "Young Liberal charged with glassing factional opponent". 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  40. ^ "Alleged glasser to remain Liberal Party member for now". 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  41. ^ "Young Liberals glassing case: Xavier Boffa not guilty of assaulting Benedict Kusay". 27 April 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  42. ^ a b c d e Bavas, state political reporter Josh (5 December 2019). "Party denies cultural problem after another Young LNP member disciplined". ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Gold Coast Young LNP leader suspended over Schoolies video denigrating Indigenous culture". The Guardian. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.
  44. ^ Fernando, Gavin (3 December 2019). "Two Gold Coast Young Liberals in hot water after posting racist slur video online". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.
  45. ^ a b Giannini, Dominic. "Two ACT Young Liberals resign over corflute destruction". The RiotACT. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  46. ^ a b Giannini, Dominic. "Prominent ACT Young Liberal faces hearings over election material tampering allegations". The RiotACT. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  47. ^ Lowrey, ACT political reporter Tom (12 October 2020). "Smaller battles are raging inside the larger ACT election race". ABC News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  48. ^ Staff reporters (23 October 2020). "The results are in, here's who's been elected to Legislative Assembly". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  49. ^ Giannini, Dominic. "ACT Young Liberal president suspended for allegedly vandalising Liberal's corflutes". The RiotACT. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  50. ^ a b @The_RiotACT (15 February 2021). "ACT Young Liberal president Ben Dennehy, who allegedly vandalised Liberal corflutes last year, has reportedly been suspended by the party" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  51. ^ Jacobs, Genevieve. "Is this the candidate who could topple Zed Seselja?". The RiotACT. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  52. ^ "Neo-Nazi unmasked as former Young Liberal". 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
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