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Zaher Jabarin
زاهر جبارين
Office of Martyrs, Wounded, and Prisoners
Incumbent
Assumed office
2021
Constituency Palestinians in Israeli custody
Leader of the Hamas Financial Bureau
Incumbent
Assumed office
mid-2010s
Leader of Hamas in the West Bank
Incumbent
Assumed office
2024[1][2][3]
Preceded bySaleh al-Arouri
ConstituencyWest Bank, Palestine
Deputy leader of Hamas in the West Bank (Deputy to Saleh al-Arouri)
In office
2021[4] – January 2024
ConstituencyWest Bank, Palestine[4]
Member of Hamas politburo
Incumbent
Personal details
Born (1968-09-18) 18 September 1968 (age 56)[1][5]
Salfit, West Bank, Palestine.[6]
Political partyHamas
ResidenceTurkey
PortfolioMartyrs, Wounded, and Prisoners
Prisoner of Israel
  • 1993 to 2011 (18 years)[1]
  • 1988 (11 months)
WebsiteZaher Jabarin tag on hamasinfo.info (Arabic)
Military service
AllegiancePalestinian resistance
Branch/serviceQassam Brigades (Hamas)
Years of service1987 to 1993
Battles/warsFirst Intifada

Zaher Jabarin (Arabic: زاهر جبارين; born 18 September 1968)[1][5][7] is a Palestinian in exile and a member of the Political Bureau of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas).[1] He is the head of the Office of Martyrs, Wounded, and Prisoners,[8] and financial administrator in the Hamas Movement.

He has led the Hamas Financial Bureau since the mid-2010s, managing the group's investment portfolio, which is estimated to be over $500 million. The financial network Jabarin oversees raises, invests, and launders money destined for Hamas military operations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip via networks in Turkey, Lebanon, and the Arabian Gulf.

With Saleh al-Arouri, Jabarin was one of the co-founders of Hamas' military wing in the West Bank in the late 1980s. In 1993, Jabarin was arrested and an Israeli military court sentenced him to life imprisonment plus 35 years for killing Israelis during the First Intifada. He was responsible for attacks that killed Israeli soldiers and police. Jabarin was released as part of the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange in 2011, after which he assumed leadership of the Hamas Financial Bureau from his base in Istanbul, Turkey. He was also head of the Office of Martyrs, Wounded, and Prisoners for Hamas.

During the Israel–Hamas war, after al-Arouri was killed in Dahieh on 2 January 2024, Jabarin succeeded him a Hamas' leader in the West Bank. Jabarin was allegedly responsible for the resumption of Hamas' planning and incitement of suicide bombings in 48-Israel and the West Bank, including the Lehi Street bombing in Tel Aviv on 18 August 2024, as the group's capabilities in Gaza diminished and Hamas leaders were assassinated. Suicide bombings were a controversial tactic that had not been used by Hamas for many years, and that some other members of the movement preferred to avoid.

Early life and family

Jabarin was born on 18 September 1968,[5] in Salfit,[6] in the area that some Israelis refer to as Samaria,[3] in the West Bank region of occupied Palestine.[9][6]

Jabarin studied Islamic law,[3][4] at Al-Najah University in Nablus.[6][3][5][9] He got involved in politics as a student.[5]

Jabarin's mother died while he was in prison,[5] and his father died while he was in exile.[10] When Jabarin left prison (as part of the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange) he was not allowed to see his father before leaving the country.[11]

Hamas activities

Founding of the Qassam Brigades

Jabarin joined Hamas in 1987 and helped to found the Qassam Brigades, Hamas's military wing, leading its expansion into the northern West Bank.[3] During the First Intifada, Jabarin led a youth brigade called "The Shooting Squads".[7] He was credited for recruiting into Hamas Yahya Ayyash, an expert in IEDs and one of the planners of the abduction and killing of Nissim Toledano.[12][13]

He has been responsible for attacks that killed Israeli soldiers and police.[1]

In recent interviews Jabarin has denied that he and the rest of Hamas' political wing are directly involved with the Qassam Brigades, "al-Qassam have their own ties, different from those of the political wing".[14]

Imprisonment and exile

He was shot in the leg while throwing stones as a student, and then imprisoned for ten months in 1988.[5]

In 1993, the Shin Bet arrested Zaher Jabarin and sentenced him to life in prison, plus 35 years, for his alleged involvement in a series of attacks in which Israelis were killed, and for being a member of the group that kidnapped and killed an Israeli police officer in 1993.[4]

For his role, alleged by Israel, in attacks including the kidnapping and murder of Israelis, Jabarin was arrested by the Shin Bet in 1993.[13] In prison, Jabarin learned Hebrew, earned a degree, and started to write a book, with the introduction written by Saleh al-Arouri. It was published after his release from prison.[7]

Despite a court sentencing him to life imprisonment and 35 years, he was released in the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange in 2011.[3][12] His imprisonment for 18 years prevented him attending his mother's funeral.[5] She died while he was in solitary confinement at Hadarim Prison.[a][5]

After his release, Jabarin was exiled to Damascus, Syria, like many other Hamas officials released as part of the deal. Jabarin subsequently spent years living between Qatar and Turkey, ultimately settling in Istanbul, where he assumed leadership of the Hamas Financial Bureau. In Istanbul, Jabarin was a deputy to Saleh al-Arouri, who lived in Turkey until 2016.[17]

Leadership and prisoner advocacy

Jabarin is a member of the Hamas Political Bureau.[18][19][20][21] In 2021, Jabarin was elected as the deputy to Saleh al-Arouri as leader of Hamas in the West Bank.[4] Jabarin was considered al-Arouri's right-hand man to Arouri, Ynet referred Arouri as "the West Bank's Mohammed Deif".[12]

At this time he also took on a role in the management of prisoner affairs within Hamas.[9][12] His position was head of the Office of Martyrs, Wounded, and Prisoners.[22] In 2022 Jabarin said that liberating Palestinian prisoners in Israel was the most important priority.[22]

In March 2023 Jabarin told the Shehab News Agency that the Palestinian resistance would not abandon the Palestinians in Israeli custody to Israel's extremist national security minister Itamar Ben Gvir and the "Fascist Government" (Arabic: الحكومة الفاشية, romanized: al-hukūmat al-fāshīa, lit. 'fascist government') of Israel.[18] Jabarin called on the Palestinian people to prepare for the battle with the occupier.[18] At the time prominent Israelis and major international news sources were using similar language to refer to Israel's national security minister Itamar Ben Gvir (leader of the ultra-nationalist religious Zionist "Otzma Yehudit" party)[23][24] and the Likud-led coalition government of Israel.[25][26]

Financial management

In the 1980s and 1990s Jabrin and other members of Al-Qassam's leadership funded attacks from their own pockets,[27] Hebrew media allege that some of the money was borrowed from his mother.[28][7]

But by 2024 Jabarin was the long-time head of Hamas's Financial Bureau, often described as Hamas's CEO,[29][30] and managing the group's investment portfolio estimated at over $500 million,[31] including in Turkish real estate and stock markets, and overseeing revenue streams including private donations that exceed tens of millions of dollars per year. According to The Wall Street Journal and The Times of Israel, the financial network Jabarin oversees raises, invests, and launders money destined for Hamas militant activities in the West Bank and Gaza via networks in Turkey, Lebanon, and the Arabian Gulf.[17][13]

According to the United States Office of Foreign Assets Control Jabarin oversees Hamas's financial relationship with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' Qods Force, as the relationship between the Qods Force and Hamas focused on increasing funding from Iran.[32] According to The Wall Street Journal and The Times of Israel, Jabarin's financial network operated with the tacit approval of Turkish president Recep Erdogan, and Jabarin himself has holdings in Turkish companies.[17][13]

For these activities, the United States Office of Foreign Assets Control designated Jabarin a Specially Designated Global Terrorist in 2019, prohibiting all dealings with U.S. persons or within the United States.[32] This was announced in a press release on the anniversary of the 2001 Al-Qaeda attacks on the United States.[32] The announcement also included sanctions against people with alleged financial connections to ISIL,[32] the anti-nationalist[33] cult who declared war on Hamas the previous year,[34][35] and killed two Hamas government border guards in a bombing at Rafah Crossing the year before.[36] Hamas responded to that bombing with a crackdown on followers of the "deviant ideology".[37][38]

Israeli sources told Reuters that Hamas' military budget was between $100 million to about $350 million per year,[39] 98% to 99% lower than Israel's budget of $19 to $27 billion per year,[40][41][42] which is 4.5% of Israel's GDP.[43]

Funding of Hamas' civilian government in the Gaza Strip was unstable due to the three-way conflict between Israel, Hamas (in Gaza), and Fatah (led by President Abbas in Ramallah).[44] For example, in 2017 President Abbas withheld taxes collected in the Gaza Strip and pressured Israel to further reduce the already limited electricity supply.[45][44] During the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip many government employee salaries in the Gaza Strip still came via the Palestinian Authority controlled by the Abbas-led Fatah government in Ramallah,[46][47] and the Fatah–Hamas conflict also caused instability in this funding, and in provision of basic services such as electricity.[46]

Israel-Hamas war

After the assassination of Saleh al-Arouri in Dahieh on 2 January 2024,[48][49][50][51] Jabarin succeeded him as Hamas's commander[verification needed] in the West Bank.[1][2][3] Jabarin was considered a potential successor to Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh after Haniyeh's assassination in July due to his role in managing the group's finances and his relationship with Iran, Hamas's chief patron.[30] Compared to more prominent Hamas leaders like Yahya Sinwar and al-Arouri, Jabarin is much less-known publicly, due to his location in Istanbul, Turkey, and the view within Hamas that he is not particularly sophisticated or charismatic, according to analysts and academics.[17]

When Arouni was assassinated, Jabarin called on all factions in all locations to take revenge, particularly in the "48 areas" (referring to Israeli territory within the Green Line) and the West Bank region.[52]

As of early 2024, Jabarin managed Hamas's prisoner portfolio and was involved in indirect negotiations over the Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis.[12][9]

In a May 2024 interview with The New Arab, when asked about the role of the United States in negotiations, Jabarin said that the goals of the United States conflicted with Netanyahu's goals.[9] Jabarin said that the United States wanted to avoid a regional war while Netanyahu's goal was to stay in power. He accused Netanyahu of obstructing United States' proposals to serve his own personal goals.[9] Jabarin also said that Hamas had not yet used up all their options and that the West Bank would "surprise the enemy soon".[53]

In late August 2023 Jabarin threatened Israeli extremist Minister for National Security Itamar Ben-Gvir.[54] He was angry about Ben-Gvir's continuing provocative behaviour at Al-Aqsa.[54][55][56][57] Ben-Gvir has been don't this since before October 2023, Hamas, the United States Government, and the United Nations have all told Ben-Gvir to stay away from Al-Aqsa.[58] The Israeli opposition said that Ben-Gvir (then Israeli National Security Minister) risked the nation's security and the safety of its citizens.[58] In late 2022 and late 2023 Israeli journalist Amos Harel, the military reporter for Haaretz speculated that these provocations could trigger a "third intifada" (Palestinian Uprising).[59][60] Hamas and Al-Qassam specifically cited these provocations, and Israeli settler violence in the West Bank, which was alai exacerbated by Ben-Givir, as motives for the 7 October attacks.[58][61]

According to the Times of Israel, Jabarin was to blame for the resurgence of Hamas' use of suicide bombings in late August 2023, and Jabrin was responsible for dispatching the perpetrator of the Lehi Street bombing from Nablus to Tel Aviv.[17]

Resumption of suicide attacks

Israeli sources from his trial say that Jabarin, in collaboration with Yahya Ayyash, was one of the original developers of Hamas' suicide bombing campaign using both car bombs and human bombs.[5] Early Hamas suicide bombers often aimed their attacks at bus loads of Palestinian workers travelling to Israel, because the saw them as traitors against the Palestinian nation.[62]

According to the Times of Israel, Jabarin was to blame for the resurgence of Hamas' use of suicide bombings in late August 2023 as the group's capabilities in Gaza diminished.[17]

Israeli officials believe that Jabrin was responsible for dispatching the perpetrator of the Lehi Street bombing from Nablus to Tel Aviv.[17] ZAKA volunteers at the scene said the event was unusual, and that it reminded them of the 1990s when suicide bombings in Israel were more common.[63] People in nearby buildings also did not expect that the explosion was a suicide bomber because those attacks were more typical of twenty years ago.[64]

The bombing in Tel Aviv occurred less than three weeks after the assassination of Hamas' top political leader, Ismail Haniyeh.[65][66] Haniyeh was a relative moderate within Hamas and had repeatedly offered a place deal in exchange for a fully sovereign Palestinian state on the land that Israel did not occupy until 1967.[67]

Suicide bombings were always a controversial tactic that many Palestinians object to, even members of Hamas disagreed with each other about suicide bombings.[68] In 2006, while Jabarin was still in Prison,[5] Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and Ismail Haniyeh became Prime Minister of Palestine,[69] Hamas announced that they planned to stop suicide bombings.[68] Hamas politician Yihiyeh Musa told the Guardian that suicide operations had been a strategy of desperation and he claimed they were conducted in response to Israeli attacks on Palestinians.[68]

In recent years, Hamas in the Gaza Strip have been the target of suicide bombings. In 2017 two Hamas government border guards were killed by an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Crossing,[34] one guard died immediately and the other died of his wounds later.[36] ISIS are an anti-nationalist cult with an ideology that is fundamentally incompatible with the Palestinian nationalism of Hamas and their allies, ISIS particularly object to Hamas' international Shia Islamist allies.[70] Hamas responded to that bombing with a crackdown on followers of the "deviant ideology" (their term for ISIS and similar extremist groups).[37][71] The first guard who died was a 28-year-old man from the Gaza Strip.[72] Palestinian defectors who had joined ISIS in the Sinai declared war on Hamas the following year, demanding Hamas release ISIS militants held in Gaza's prisons.[73] Then in 2019, another suicide attack – also attributed to ISIS – directly targeted Gaza Strip police.[74][75][76] Three police officers were killed,[77][78][79] allegedly all three victime were members of Hamas,[76] and Gaza's Security forces responded by arresting ten people whom they suspected were members of the cell who arranged the attack.[80][75]

After a speech on 29 August by former Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal declaring the group's intention to revive the use of suicide bombings, Hamas conducted four bombings against Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Jerusalem.[17][81] The Times of Israel said that Hamas' return to bombings came amid perceptions within the militant group that Palestinians in the West Bank had not joined the fight against Israel.[17] But the BBC reported that there had already been an increase in violence in the West Bank region since October 2023.[82] In the propaganda video in which Mohammed Deif – the leader of the Qassam Brigades, based in the Gaza Strip – announced the 7 October attacks he called for others outside Gaza to join the attack against Israel, he gave a long list of suggestions that did not include explosives, and the speech did not directly encourage intentionally suicidal attacks.[83] In 2014, left wing UK news outlet Novara Media attributed the Qassam Brigades' pausing suicide attacks to Mohammed Deif's leadership,[84] but many of the earlier martyrdom operations were attributed to Deif by pro-Israel sources.[85]

See also

  • "Zaher Jabarin: Head of Hamas Movement in the West Bank". Palestine | Encyclopedia. Al Jazeera Media Network. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  • "Zaher Jabarin – Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas" زاهر جبارين – حركة المقاومة الإسلامية – حماس. hamasinfo.info (in Arabic). 2 October 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024.

Notes

  1. ^ English spelling from The Times of Israel: "Hadarim Prison".[15][16]

References

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