User:Thincat/sandbox

This is a user sandbox of User:Thincat and what it contains will never be suitable for mainspace because it is drafts of sections for an article. 

On the 1963 American Mount Everest expedition, Jim Whittaker and Sherpa Nawang Gombu reached the summit of Mount Everest on May 1, 1963, using the conventional route via the South Col. This was the first time the summit had been reached by an American. However, on May 22 two other team members also reached the summit, this time taking a route that traversed the mountain by ascending the West Ridge and moving onto the North Face to attain the summit before descending via the Southeast Ridge and the South Col. To traverse a mountain is to go up one side of the mountain and down another and Everest had never been traversed before.

The leader of the expedition was Norman Dyhrenfurth who had been the photographer on the 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition. At a White House reception for the team when they returned to the United States, he accepted the Hubbard Medal from president John F. Kennedy on behalf of the whole team.

Worldwide, the mountaineering establishment and enthusiasts regarded the traverse via the West Ridge by the Americans Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld as the greater achievement. However, back home in the United States, the main cause for celebration by press, politicians and the public was Whittaker's achievement. In turn this led to a burgeoning of mountaineering in the United States over the following decades.

Preparations for summit attempts

Advance Base Camp in Western Cwm

On March 21 the party reached Base Camp and over the next two days they started setting a route up the Khumbu Icefall. Meanwhile, some of the West Ridge enthusiasts climbed to get a better view of the Ridge and it gave a very daunting impression with its 5,000-foot (1,500 m) line of steep rock scarcely covered with any snow. However, this also made it a more alluring challenge. On the Icefall on March 23 an ice cliff collapsed without warning burying Breitenbach and whose body could not be recovered from under tons of ice. The climbers considered giving up the expedition, or the West Ridge aspect, but they decided to carry on and reached the Western Cwm where on March 30 Camp I was established. Camp II, established at 21,350 feet (6,510 m) on April 2, was to become Advance Base Camp at the point from which the two ascent routes would diverge.

West Ridge reconnaissance

Initially, the West Ridge reconnaissance was to take priority. Most climbers preferred the South Col effort but they also wanted to avoid ongoing arguments and they thought the West Ridge efforts would eventually fail anyway. Hornbein's team was weakened by the death of Breitenbach and by Corbet and Emerson's failure to acclimatize. Only Hornbein, Unsoeld, Bishop and Dingman were available and Dingman was not fully fit. Setting off on April 3, Unsoeld and Bishop climbed 1,000 feet (300 m) and returned to Advance Base Camp. On April 5 Hornbein and Bishop retraced this route and then climbed towards the left up ice slopes until they could cross snow slopes over to the right reaching 23,500 feet (7,200 m) with the West Shoulder above them leading to the upper West Ridge. The Shoulder could provide a staging point for porters to leave supplies once the route there had been made safe.

With the help of Sherpas camp 3W was established and by April 11, from the Shoulder, the four climbers could examine the terrain all the way up to the summit. If they were forced off the crest of the ridge it would need to be onto the Everest's North Face (technically in China) rather than the steeper Southwest Face.

They could see over the northern approaches to Everest from Tibet and to the North Col, 1,000 feet (300 m) below them and across a vast amphitheater of glaciers. The ridge immediately ahead looked difficult so they prospected both this route and a gully sloping to the left to the foot of a location later to be known as the Hornbein Couloir. Neither route seemed possible for porters who would be required for an attempt on the summit. On April 13 they climbed to 25,100 feet (7,700 m) where they found a site suitable for a Camp 4W and a possible route towards the summit.

By the time they had returned to the Western Cwm on April 13 after their West Ridge reconnaissance, the South Col group had taken a vote that resolved to have two teams dedicated to the South Col route. This meant no Sherpas would be available for the West Ridge. Dyhrenfurth did, however, offer the West Ridge climbers the opportunity to join in the South Col approach to the summit – Bishop was the only climber to accept this offer.

Summit via West Ridge and North Face

While the South Col efforts had been underway Hornbein and Unsoeld had been continuing their West Ridge preparations in so far as they were able. Corbet and Emerson had recovered from altitude sickness and Auten, the radio operator, had joined them. Without Sherpas, their main problem was to lift supplies up to the West Shoulder. They had tried a winch but this was not at all effective. Mostly by manhauling, between April 16 and May 13, the five men managed to carry up what was needed.

On May 14 Unsoeld, now with Sherpas, reached Camp 4W on the West Shoulder, dumped their loads, and returned to 3W. On May 15 Unsoeld and Hornbein reached the foot of the Hornbein Couloir while Corbet joined Auten at 3W. On May 16 Emerson, fighting his returning sickness, set off for 3W in a storm, just missing Dyhrenfurth's order for him to descend. He was not able to reach the camp but he successfully bivouacked in a crevasse. At about midnight, two of the three tents at 4W were blown away 50 yards (46 m) down the cliffs towards the West Rongbuk Glacier in Tibet with Corbet, Auten and four Sherpas inside them. In the morning everyone retreated to 3W. Hornbein later said they would have gone on down to Advance Base Camp if they had not been too tired. A new plan was agreed that only two climbers – Hornbein and Unsoeld – would attempt the summit and there would only be a single camp above 4W, not two as intended previously. Dyhrenfurth, over the radio, approved the plan, accepted the further delay, and started dispatching further supplies.

On May 20 All India Radio news said that the monsoon would arrive in the Everest vicinity any day soon. On that day they reoccupied 4W and next day Corbet and Auten set out, followed by Hornbein, Unsoeld, Emerson and five Sherpas. Hornbein wrote, "Our plans for May 21 seemed a little ridiculous. First, Barry and Al had to explore and prepare an unknown route to the site for our high camp, 5W. We would give them a 2½-hour headstart. Next, five untried Sherpas must traverse the North Face, climbing more than two thousand vertical feet with loads, twice the distance ever carried before at that altitude". They climbed part way up the Hornbein Couloir to where it started to cross the Yellow Band to establish Camp 5W on a tiny ledge. The Hornbein Couloir is a few hundred yards (metres) west of the Norton Couloir, also on the North Face. Waking at 04:00 and leaving camp at 07:00, Hornbein and Unsoeld set off for the summit taking oxygen, food and walkie-talkie but abandoning tent and sleeping bags.

The slope up the Hornbein Couloir across the Yellow Band was at 55° and it took four hours to climb the first 400 feet (120 m). At the end of the couloir they encountered a 60-foot (18 m) cliff. Hornbein managed to place a piton only 8 feet (2.4 m) from the top of the cliff but then, exhausted, he had to abseil down. Unsoeld, helped by the rope, reached the piton and then reached the top of the cliff where Hornbein could now join him. From there there was no retreat and they would have to descend via the South Col. Once out of the couloir they found the way ahead led to the Northeast Ridge so they changed direction to the right on the North Face and then climbed to the West Ridge very near to the summit itself. The final stage of the climb was comparatively straightforward and at 18:15 on May 22, 1963, they reached the summit arm in arm.

The original plan had been for two pairs to tackle the West Ridge and Bishop and Jerstad would ascend the Southeast Ridge hoping to meet them on the summit with Dingman, Roberts and Dorje going as high as possible. If they could not meet on the summit, all climbers would descend by the route they had come up, it being too dangerous for the West Ridge climbers to take the Southeast Ridge without support. Hornbein and Unsoeld were too late in the day for the planned rendezvous but they could see Bishop and Jerstad's footprints in the snow and knew the way back down the West Ridge was impossible. After radioing down to Advance Base Camp they descended by the Southeast Ridge, reaching the South Summit at 19:30 in the dark. They shouted hoping for support from Camp VI but it was Bishop and Jerstad, trapped 400 feet (120 m) below them, who heard and replied. They had reached the summit at 15:30 but, after taking some motion film, had left at 16:15 and had become exhausted on the descent. The four climbers carefully went on down but stopped at midnight and settled on a rock to wait for daylight, huddling together at over 28,000 feet (8,500 m) through the clear, still night. As they went further down the Southeast Ridge next morning they met Dingman and Dorje coming up, searching. They had expected to find their companions missing or dead but instead found they were able to assist all four of them.

Subsequent events

Return home

When all climbers were down at Base Camp the news was radioed to Kathmandu and was in the US newspapers the same day. On May 27, from Namche Bazaar, Bishop and Unsoeld, who both had frostbitten feet, were taken by helicopter to hospital in Kathmandu while the rest of the expedition started their trek back there on foot. Jerstad had lesser frostbite and needed to be carried on a stretcher but he eventually recovered and Hornbein was unaffected. While still in Nepal, Unsoeld lost all but one of his toes, while at Bethesda Naval Hospital Bishop needed all his toes and two finger tips amputating. In New Delhi they were received by prime minister Nehru and ambassador J.K. Galbraith.

Reception in America

Back in the United States the reception was overwhelmingly focused on the first American ascent. It was announced on the front page of the New York Times on May 3 even though at the time Whittaker's name had not been disclosed. Three weeks later the first traverse, which received far more attention from the mountaineering establishment in Europe, was only mentioned on page 28 although in retrospect it could be seen as ushering in an Alpine style of climbing on an "eight-thousander". Whittaker became the hero of the expedition and the only person whose name became well known. the firm he worked for, Recreational Equipment Incorporated, a consumers' cooperative organization, increased its membership from 50,000 to 250,000 between 1965 and 1972 and its outlets spread nationwide from a single Seattle store.

The National Geographic Society proclaimed it as their expedition and Dyhrenfurth was offended when he was ignored. However by July 8 matters had been rectified and Dyhrenfurth was presented with the Hubbard Medal by President Kennedy. In 1965 National Geographic's film Americans on Everest, Ullman (1965), aired on CBS television and received the highest ratings for a documentary up until that time.

Afterwards

In 1965 Whittaker famously led senator Robert Kennedy on the first ascent of Mount Kennedy, which had recently been named for the first time for the recently assassinated president.

The entire crest of the West Ridge was climbed for the first time, from its lowest point at the Lho La to the summit of Everest, by the 1979 Yugoslav Mount Everest expedition.

References

Sources

• Dyhrenfurth, Norman G. (1964). "Americans on Everest, 1963" (PDF). Alpine Journal. 69 (308): 1–22.
• Dyhrenfurth, Norman G.; Unsoeld, William F. (1964). "Mount Everest, 1963". Himalayan Journal. 25. (reprinted from Dyhrenfurth, Norman G.; Unsoeld, William F (1964). "Mount Everest, 1963". American Alpine Journal. 1964.)
• Gillman, Peter (2000) [1993]. Everest: Eighty years of triumph and tragedy (Book People ed.). Little, Brown. ISBN 0 316 85687 8.
• Hornbein, Thomas F. (1998) [1st published 1965]. Everest: the West Ridge. Seattle: Mountaineers. ISBN 978-0-89886-616-2.
• Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (2008). Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes (1 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300115017.
• Jourdan, Michael (6 August 2013). "Mountain Tribute to JFK Evoked by Kennedy Trip to Yukon". National Geographic.
• Schaffer, Grayson (2013). "Lost on Everest". The Outside. Outside Interactive. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017.
• Skarja, Tone (1981). "Yugoslav Everest Expedition". Himalayan Journal. 37 (2).
• Ullman, James Ramsey (1964). Americans on Everest; the official account of the ascent led by Norman G. Dyhrenfurth. Philadelphia: Lippincott. review of Ullman"s book: Tilman, H.W. (1966). "Review: Americans on Everest" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 163–184. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2015.
• Ullman, James Ramsay (1965). Americans on Everest (television documentary). directed by Dyhrenfurth, Norman, narrated by Welles, Orson. National Geographic Society – via Pyramid Home Video.
• Unsworth, Walt (1981). Everest. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-1108-5.
• Whittaker, Jim (1999). A life on the edge: memoirs of Everest and beyond. Seattle: The Mountaineers. pp. 87–139. ISBN 0-89886-540-9.

Further reading

• Bishop, Barry (1963). "How We Climbed Everest". National Geographic. 124 (4): 474–507. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008.
• Bishop, Barry (15 March 1964). "Everest–1963". The Mountaineer. 1964. The Mountaineers: 111–116. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020.