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The substances are not only virucidal but also bactericidal, [[fungicidal]], [[Antimicrobial|sporicidal]] or [[Tuberculocide|tuberculocidal]].<ref name=":10" />
The substances are not only virucidal but also bactericidal, [[fungicidal]], [[Antimicrobial|sporicidal]] or [[Tuberculocide|tuberculocidal]].<ref name=":10" />


Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an [[antiviral drug]] such as [[Aciclovir]], which inhibits the proliferation of the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=antiviral drug|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antiviral+drug|access-date=2021-04-14|website=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolgin E | title = The race for antiviral drugs to beat COVID - and the next pandemic | journal = Nature | volume = 592 | issue = 7854 | pages = 340–343 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33854246 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-00958-4 }}</ref>
Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an [[antiviral drug]] such as [[Aciclovir]], which inhibits the proliferation of the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=antiviral drug|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antiviral+drug|access-date=2021-04-14|website=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dolgin E | title = The race for antiviral drugs to beat COVID - and the next pandemic | journal = Nature | volume = 592 | issue = 7854 | pages = 340–343 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33854246 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-00958-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kräusslich|first=Hans‐Georg|title=Antiviral Drugs|date=2008|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_20|work=Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology|pages=196–201|editor-last=Offermanns|editor-first=Stefan|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_20|isbn=978-3-540-38916-3|access-date=2021-06-07|last2=Müller|first2=Barbara|editor2-last=Rosenthal|editor2-first=Walter}}</ref>


CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of ''Chemical Disinfectants'' mentions and discusses substances such as: Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine compounds, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodophors, Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid, Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent ''microbicidal activity''.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Chemical Disinfectants {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book| vauthors = von Rheinbaben F, Wolff MH |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-56394-2|title=Handbuch der viruswirksamen Desinfektion |date=2002|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-63179-5|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|language=de|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-56394-2}}</ref> Other inactivating agents such as UV, Metals, Ozone, etc. exist.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1149169039|title=Block's disinfection, sterilization, and preservation|date=2021|author1=Gerald E. McDonnell|author2=Joyce M. Hansen|isbn=978-1-4963-8149-1|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=1149169039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Journal of Infection Control {{!}} Disinfection, Sterilization and Antisepsis: Principles, Practices, Current Issues, New Research and New Technologies {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/american-journal-of-infection-control/vol/47/suppl/S|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.sciencedirect.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Miscellaneous Inactivating Agents {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/miscellaneous.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13" />
CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of ''Chemical Disinfectants'' mentions and discusses substances such as: Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine compounds, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodophors, Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid, Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent ''microbicidal activity''.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Chemical Disinfectants {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book| vauthors = von Rheinbaben F, Wolff MH |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-56394-2|title=Handbuch der viruswirksamen Desinfektion |date=2002|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-63179-5|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|language=de|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-56394-2}}</ref> Other inactivating agents such as UV, Metals, Ozone, etc. exist.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1149169039|title=Block's disinfection, sterilization, and preservation|date=2021|author1=Gerald E. McDonnell|author2=Joyce M. Hansen|isbn=978-1-4963-8149-1|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=1149169039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Journal of Infection Control {{!}} Disinfection, Sterilization and Antisepsis: Principles, Practices, Current Issues, New Research and New Technologies {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/american-journal-of-infection-control/vol/47/suppl/S|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.sciencedirect.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Miscellaneous Inactivating Agents {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/miscellaneous.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13" />

Revision as of 10:47, 7 June 2021

A virucide (pronounced /ˈvī-rə-ˌsīd/ and alternatively spelled viricide[1] or named biocidal agent[2] or known as microbicides[3] or biocides[4]) is any physical or chemical agent that deactivates or destroys viruses.[5] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective."[6]

According to a definition by Robert Koch Institute Germany and further institutions,[7] virucide means effective against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.[8][9][10]

The substances are not only virucidal but also bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal or tuberculocidal.[11]

Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an antiviral drug such as Aciclovir, which inhibits the proliferation of the virus.[12][13][14]

CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of Chemical Disinfectants mentions and discusses substances such as: Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine compounds, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodophors, Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid, Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent microbicidal activity.[15][16] Other inactivating agents such as UV, Metals, Ozone, etc. exist.[10][17][18][16][10]

Regulation & Test

Regulatory Frameworks for Disinfectants and Sterilants exist too.[19] To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.[20][21][22]

Test norms

Functioning

Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as:[3]

  • Alteration of the viral envelope
  • Structural alteration
  • Alteration of viral markers or
  • Alteration of the viral genome

In case of Iodine in from of PVP-I, the "precise killing mechanism is uncertain due to its extensive halogen reactivity, it's likely related to retardation of bacterial protein synthesis, disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or membrane destabilization."[28]

The exact mechanisms, e. g. of Iodine (PVP-I) are still not clear, but its targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.[29]

Health and safety

Virucides are not intended for use inside the body,[30][31] and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body.[32] Most substances are toxic.[11] Non of the listed substances replaces vaccination, if available. Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use.[33][32][34][35] The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important.[36][37][38]

Warnings and recommendations

On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces.  This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread."[39][40]

The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that "Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces."[41][42]

Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (Quaternary ammonium compounds) exist, and over-use should be avoided.[43]

Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load,[44] however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".[45]

According to Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft, medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the skin barrier. Skin care does not reduce the antiseptic effect of the alcoholic disinfectants.[46][47]

The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has lead the CDC to monitor substances in adults.[48]

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, former US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals.[49] In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body[50] or on surface of body.[51]

With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 e. g. on surfaces,[52][53] as mouth-washes,[54] hand-washing,[55] etc.

Betadine, as of June 2021, is not recommended to "kill" coronaviruses.[56]

A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.[2]

Furthermore, a 2020 systematic review on hydrogen peroxid (H2O2) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised."[57] Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going.[58][54][59]

SARS-CoV

In case of SARS-CoV, treatment for 2 min with Isodine (PVP-I) strongly reduces the virus infectivity.[60]

List of virucides

Microbicidal activity

Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i. e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example, Poliovirus is resistant to H2O2, even after a contact time of 10 minutes[61] however 7.5% H2O2 takes 30 minutes to inactivate 99.9% of Poliovirus.[15] Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as gaseous.[3]

Another example is Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), which is found to be effective against herpes simplex virus[62] or SARS-CoV-2,[63] and other viruses,[64] but coxsackievirus and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.[65][64]

General substances listing of active component or compound

Sample products

Limited viricide efficacy

Most products have a limited viricide efficacy.[93] A specific test-protocol is applied.[94] The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.[95][96][11]

Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level

Agricultural, veterniary

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (March 2020). "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 104 (3): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022. PMID 32035997.
  3. ^ a b c d Maillard JY, Sattar SA, Pinto F (2013), "Virucidal Activity of Microbicides", Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 178–207, doi:10.1002/9781118425831.ch9, ISBN 978-1-118-42583-1
  4. ^ a b "Information on biocides - ECHA". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
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Further reading

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