List of aqueous ions by element: Difference between revisions

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This table shows the species of thermodynamically stable ions of the elements that are present in aqueous solution at pH 0–14, within the range of −3 to 3 V. No agents producing complexes or insoluble compounds are present other than HOH and OH⁻.^[1]

Notes

Astatine. The determination of stable species of astatine is, "clouded by the extremely low concentrations at which astatine experiments have been conducted, and the possibility of reactions with impurities, walls and filters, or radioactivity by-products,^[2] and other unwanted nano-scale interactions. Equally, as Kirby noted, “since the trace chemistry of I sometimes differs significantly from its own macroscopic chemistry, analogies drawn between At and I are likely to be questionable, at best."^[3]"^[4]

References

^ Richens, DT (1997). The chemistry of aqua ions. New York: John Wiley & Sons,. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-471-97058-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link); Schweitzer, GK; Pesterfield, LL (2010). The aqueous chemistry of the elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. passim. ISBN 978-0-19-539335-4.; Wulfsberg, G (2018). Foundations of inorganic chemistry. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. p. 307–310. ISBN 978-1-891389-95-5.; Liu, L (2020). Exploration of astatine chemistry in solution (PhD). Loire Bretagne University. p. 63. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ Viser, GWM (1989). "Inorganic astatine chemistry. Part II: The chameleon behavior and electrophilicity of At⁻ species". Radiochimica Acta. 47: 97−103 (100). doi:10.1524/ract.1989.47.23.97.
^ Kirby, HW (1985). "Analytical chemistry of astatine". In Kugler, C; Keller (eds.). Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, At Astatine. Springer-Verlag. pp. 129−139 (129). ISBN 978-3-662-05870-1.
^ Vernon, R. "Which elements are metalloids?". Journal of Chemical Education. 90 (12): 1703–1707. doi:10.1021/ed3008457.

[1] Richens, DT (1997). The chemistry of aqua ions. New York: John Wiley & Sons,. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-471-97058-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link); Schweitzer, GK; Pesterfield, LL (2010). The aqueous chemistry of the elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. passim. ISBN 978-0-19-539335-4.; Wulfsberg, G (2018). Foundations of inorganic chemistry. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. p. 307–310. ISBN 978-1-891389-95-5.; Liu, L (2020). Exploration of astatine chemistry in solution (PhD). Loire Bretagne University. p. 63. Retrieved July 14, 2021.

[2] Viser, GWM (1989). "Inorganic astatine chemistry. Part II: The chameleon behavior and electrophilicity of At⁻ species". Radiochimica Acta. 47: 97−103 (100). doi:10.1524/ract.1989.47.23.97.

[3] Kirby, HW (1985). "Analytical chemistry of astatine". In Kugler, C; Keller (eds.). Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, At Astatine. Springer-Verlag. pp. 129−139 (129). ISBN 978-3-662-05870-1.

[4] Vernon, R. "Which elements are metalloids?". Journal of Chemical Education. 90 (12): 1703–1707. doi:10.1021/ed3008457.

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 ==Notes==
-'''Astatine.''' The determination of stable species of astatine is, "clouded by the extremely low concentrations at which astatine experiments have been conducted, and the possibility of reactions with impurities, walls and filters, or radioactivity by-products,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viser |first1=GWM |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3=|date=1989 |title=Inorganic astatine chemistry. Part II: The chameleon behavior and electrophilicity of At<sup>−</sup> species|journal=Radiochimica Acta |volume=47 |issue= |pages=97−103 (100) |doi=10.1524/ract.1989.47.23.97}}</ref> and other unwanted nano-scale interactions. Equally, as Kirby noted, “since the trace chemistry of I sometimes differs significantly from its own macroscopic chemistry, analogies drawn between At and I are likely to be questionable, at best."<ref>{{cite book |last=Kirby |first=HW |date=1985 |editor-last1=Kugler |editor-first=HK |editor-last2=Keller |editor-first=C |title=Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, At Astatine |publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=129−139 (129) |chapter=Analytical chemistry of astatine |isbn=9978-3-540-93516-2}}</ref>"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=R |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3=|date= |title=Which elements are metalloids? |journal= Journal of Chemical Education|volume=90 |issue=12 |pages= 1703–1707|doi=10.1021/ed3008457}}</ref>
+'''Astatine.''' The determination of stable species of astatine is, "clouded by the extremely low concentrations at which astatine experiments have been conducted, and the possibility of reactions with impurities, walls and filters, or radioactivity by-products,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viser |first1=GWM |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3=|date=1989 |title=Inorganic astatine chemistry. Part II: The chameleon behavior and electrophilicity of At<sup>−</sup> species|journal=Radiochimica Acta |volume=47 |issue= |pages=97−103 (100) |doi=10.1524/ract.1989.47.23.97}}</ref> and other unwanted nano-scale interactions. Equally, as Kirby noted, “since the trace chemistry of I sometimes differs significantly from its own macroscopic chemistry, analogies drawn between At and I are likely to be questionable, at best."<ref>{{cite book |last=Kirby |first=HW |date=1985 |editor-last1=Kugler |editor-first=HK |editor-last2=Keller |editor-first=C |title=Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, At Astatine |publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=129−139 (129) |chapter=Analytical chemistry of astatine |isbn=978-3-662-05870-1}}</ref>"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=R |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3=|date= |title=Which elements are metalloids? |journal= Journal of Chemical Education|volume=90 |issue=12 |pages= 1703–1707|doi=10.1021/ed3008457}}</ref>
 ==References==