Group 5 element
| Group → | 5 |
|---|---|
| ↓ Period | |
| 4 |  23 V |
| 5 |  41 Nb |
| 6 |  73 Ta |
| 7 | 105 Db |
A Group 5 element is a chemical element in the fifth group in the periodic table. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, Group 5 of the periodic table contains vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and dubnium (Db). This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table. The group itself has not acquired a trivial name; it belongs to the broader grouping of the transition metals.
The lighter three Group 5 elements occur naturally and do share similar properties; all three are hard refractory metals under standard conditions. The fourth element, dubnium, has been synthesized in the laboratory, but it has not been found occurring in nature, with half-life of the most stable isotope, dubnium-268, being only 28 hours, and other isotopes even more radioactive. To date, no experiments in a supercollider have been conducted to synthesize the next member of the group, either unpentpentium (Upp) or unpentseptium (Ups). As unpentpentium and unpentseptium are both late period 8 elements it is unlikely that these elements will be synthesized in the near future.
Contents |
[edit] Chemistry
| H | He | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||
| Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||
| K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |
| Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |
| Cs | Ba | * | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |
| Fr | Ra | ** | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Uuq | Uup | Uuh | Uus | Uuo | |
| * | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| ** | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
| Group 5 in the periodic table |
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells, though niobium curiously does not follow the trend:
| Z | Element | No. of electrons/shell |
|---|---|---|
| 23 | vanadium | 2, 8, 11, 2 |
| 41 | niobium | 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 |
| 73 | tantalum | 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 |
| 105 | dubnium | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2 |
Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group, the chemistry of dubnium is not very established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. All the elements of the group are reactive metals with a high melting points (1910 °C, 2477 °C, 3017 °C). The reactivity is not always obvious due to the rapid formation of a stable oxide layer, which prevents further reactions, similarly to trends in Group 3 or Group 4. The metals form different oxides: vanadium forms vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium(III) oxide, vanadium(IV) oxide and vanadium(V) oxide, niobium forms niobium(II) oxide, niobium(IV) oxide and niobium(V) oxide, but out of tantalum oxides only tantalum(V) oxide is characterized. Metal(V) oxides are generally nonreactive and act like acids rather than bases, but the lower oxides are less stable. They, however, have some unusual properties for oxides, such as high electric conductivity.[1]
All three elements form various inorganic compounds, generally in the oxidation state of +5. Lower oxidation states are also known, but they are less stable, decreasing in stability with atomic mass increase.
[edit] History
The discovery of all elements in the group led to controversies. The verification of those discoveries was difficult due to similarity of vanadium and group 6 element chromium, the chemical similarity of niobium and tantalum and the complicated setup which was necessary to produce a few atoms of dubnium.
[edit] Occurence
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[edit] Production
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[edit] Applications
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[edit] Precautions
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This section requires expansion. |
[edit] Biological occurrences
Out of the group 5 elements, only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems, but even it plays a very limited role in biology, and is more important in ocean environments than on land.
Vanadium, essential to ascidians and tunicates as vanabins, has been known in the blood cells of Ascidiacea (sea squirts) since 1911[2] in concentrations of vanadium in their blood more than 100 times higher than the concentration of vanadium in the seawater around them. Several species of macrofungi accumulate vanadium (up to 500 mg/kg in dry weight).[3] Vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase generates organobromine compounds in a number of species of marine algae.[4]
Rats and chickens are also known to require vanadium in very small amounts and deficiencies result in reduced growth and impaired reproduction.[5] Vanadium is a relatively controversial dietary supplement, primarily for increasing insulin sensitivity[6] and body-building. Vanadyl sulfate may improve glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes.[7] In addition, decavanadate and oxovanadates are species that potentially have many biological activities and that have been successfully used as tools in the comprehension of several biochemical processes.[8]
[edit] References
- ^ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1985) (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (91-100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110075113.
- ^ Michibata H, Uyama T, Ueki T, Kanamori K (2002). "Vanadocytes, cells hold the key to resolving the highly selective accumulation and reduction of vanadium in ascidians". Microscopy Research and Technique 56 (6): 421–434. doi:10.1002/jemt.10042. PMID 11921344.
- ^ Kneifel, Helmut; Bayer, Ernst (1997). "Determination of the Structure of the Vanadium Compound, Amavadine, from Fly Agaric". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 12 (6): 508. doi:10.1002/anie.197305081. ISSN 10.1002/anie.197305081.
- ^ Butler, Alison; Carter-Franklin, Jayme N. (2004). "The role of vanadium bromoperoxidase in the biosynthesis of halogenated marine natural products". Natural Product Reports 21 (1): 180–8. doi:10.1039/b302337k. PMID 15039842.
- ^ Schwarz, Klaus; Milne, David B. (1971). "Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat". Science 174 (4007): 426–428. Bibcode 1971Sci...174..426S. doi:10.1126/science.174.4007.426. JSTOR 1731776. PMID 5112000.
- ^ Yeh, Gloria Y.; Eisenberg, David M.; Kaptchuk, Ted J.; Phillips, Russell S. (2003). "Systematic Review of Herbs and Dietary Supplements for Glycemic Control in Diabetes". Diabetes Care 26 (4): 1277–1294. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277. PMID 12663610. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/1277.
- ^ Badmaev, V.; Prakash, Subbalakshmi; Majeed, Muhammed (1999). "Vanadium: a review of its potential role in the fight against diabetes". Altern Complement Med. 5 (3): 273–291. doi:10.1089/acm.1999.5.273. PMID 10381252.
- ^ Aureliano, Manuel; Crans, Debbie C. (2009). "Decavanadate and oxovanadates: Oxometalates with many biological activities". Journal Inorganic Biochemistry 103: 536–546. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11010.
[edit] See also
| Explanation of periodic table slice on right: | Transition metals | atomic number in black are solids | solid borders are older than the Earth (Primordial elements) | dotted borders are made artificially (Synthetic elements) |
- Greenwood, N (2003). "Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity to complexity". Catalysis Today 78: 5. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8.
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