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===Phylum [[Cryptista]]===
===Phylum [[Cryptista]]===
:'''Subphylum [[Rollomonadia]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2013)}}<ref name="8phyla">{{cite journal|title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences|first1=Thomas|last1=Cavalier-Smith|date=2017|journal=Protoplasma|pages=297-357|volume=255|doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3}}</ref>
⚫
* Class [[Cryptophyceae]] <small>Pascher, 1913</small>
::'''Superclass [[Cryptomonada]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2004) stat. nov. (2015)}}
⚫
** Order [[Cryptomonadales]] <small>Pascher, 1913</small>
:::'''Class [[Goniomonadea]]'''
⚫
*** Family [[Campylomonadaceae]]
::::Order [[Goniomonadales]]
⚫
*** Family [[Cryptomonadaceae]]
::::Order [[Hemiarmida]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2017)}}<ref name="8phyla"/>
⚫
*** Family [[Hemiselmidaceae]]
⚫
:::'''Class [[Cryptophyceae]]''' {{small|Pascher (1913)}}
⚫
*** Family [[Hilleaceae]]
** Order [[Goniomonadales]]
::::Order [[Tetragonidiales]]
::::Order [[Pyrenomonadales]]
*** Family [[Goniomonadaceae]]
⚫
::::Order [[Cryptomonadales]] {{small|Pascher (1913)}}
⚫
:::::Family [[Campylomonadaceae]]
⚫
:::::Family [[Cryptomonadaceae]]
⚫
:::::Family [[Hemiselmidaceae]]
⚫
:::::Family [[Hilleaceae]]
::'''Superclass [[Leucocrypta]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2004) stat. nov. (2015)}}
:::'''Class [[Leucocryptea]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2004)}} [='''[[Kathablepharidea]]''' {{small|Okamoto & Inouye (2005)}}; '''[[Kathablepharidophyceae]]''' {{small|Okamoto & Inouye (2005)}}]
::::Order [[Katablepharida]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith 1993}} [=[[Kathablepharida]] {{small|Okamoto & Inouye (2005)}}]
:::::Family [[Katablepharidae]] {{small|Vors 1992}} [=[[Kathablepharidae]] (sic) {{small|Okamoto & Inouye (2005)}}] – ''[[Roombia]]'', ''[[Leucocryptos]]'', ''[[Platychilomonas]]'', ''[[Hatena (genus)|Hatena]]'', ''[[Katablepharis]]''
:'''Subphylum [[Palpitia]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}}<ref name="Oxnerella"/>
::'''Class [[Palpitea]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}}
:::Order [[Palpitida]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}}
::::Family [[Palpitomonadidae]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}} – ''[[Palpitomonas]]''
:'''Subphylum [[Corbihelia]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2015)}}
::'''Superclass [[Corbistoma]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2015)}} – ''[[Picomonas]]'', ''[[Telonemea]]''
:'''Subphylum [[Endohelia]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2021)}}
::'''Class [[Endohelea]]''' {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}}
:::Order [[Microhelida]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}}<ref name="Microheliella"/>
::::Family [[Microheliellidae]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012)}} – ''[[Microheliella]]''
:::Order [[Axomonadida]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2012) emend. (2021)}}
::::Family [[Tetraheliidae]] {{small|Cavalier-Smith (2021)}} – ''[[Tetrahelia]]''<ref name="Tetrahelia" />
''[[Heliomorpha]]''


==Subkingdom [[Harosa]]==
==Subkingdom [[Harosa]]==

Revision as of 19:12, 29 September 2022

Comparison between the taxonomy and the phylogeny of protists. Notice the paraphyly of the kingdoms and subkingdoms

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor;[a] but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues".[1][2][b]

The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida also contains algae and plants.

Key to symbols used:

* = Paraphyletic group
† = Extinct group
? = Group no longer mentioned in recent taxonomical publications

Kingdom Protozoa*

The Protozoa Godfuss (1817) is a paraphyletic assemblage of several groups of heterotrophic microorganisms. They are divided into two main groups:[3]

Subkingdom Sarcomastigota* Cavalier-Smith (1983), which contains the protist phyla more closely related to fungi and animals: Amoebozoa, Choanozoa and Sulcozoa*, as well as the phylum Microsporidia that has recently been integrated into the Fungi kingdom instead.[4]
Subkingdom Eozoa* Cavalier-Smith (2003), which contains the excavate phyla Euglenozoa, Percolozoa, Loukozoa* and Metamonada.

Subkingdom Sarcomastigota*

Phylum Amoebozoa

Phylogeny of Amoebozoa[5]
Amoebozoa
Discosea: Acanthamoeba
Discosea: Mayorella
Discosea: Thecamoeba
Discosea: Vermamoeba
Tubulinea: Leptomyxa
Tubulinea: Hyalosphenia
Tubulinea: Centropyxis
Tubulinea: Arcella
Tubulinea: Amoeba
Tubulinea: Chaos
Archamoebea: Entamoeba
Variosea: Multicilia
Variosea: Protostelium
Mycetozoa: Ceratiomyxa
Mycetozoa: Lycogala
Mycetozoa: Mucilago
Mycetozoa: Physarum

The current classification of phylum Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 em. Cavalier-Smith 1998 isn't entirely phylogenetic: subphylum Lobosa* is a paraphyletic group (Glycopoda* and Cutosa) as opposed to the monophyletic subphylum Conosa, and the superclass Glycopoda* is also a paraphyletic grouping (Discosea and Tubulinea) as opposed to the monophyletic superclass Cutosa. Phylogenetic trees show that Discosea is sister to Tevosa (Tubulinea + Evosea), and Tubulinea is sister to Evosea (Cutosa + Conosa).[5]

Subphylum Lobosa* Carpenter (1861) em. Cavalier-Smith (2009)
Superclass Glycopoda* Cavalier-Smith (2016)
Class Discosea Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) sensu Smirnov et al. (2011)
Subclass Centramoebia Cavalier-Smith et al. (2016)[6]
Order Centramoebida Rogerson & Patterson (2002) em. Cavalier-Smith (2004)
Family Acanthamoebidae Sawyer & Griffin (1975) em. Tice et al. (2016)[7] – Acanthamoeba, Luapeleamoeba, Protacanthamoeba, Dracoamoeba, Vacuolamoeba
Family Balamuthiidae Cavalier-Smith (2004) – Balamuthia
Order Himatismenida Page (1987)
Suborder Tectiferina Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. (2011)
Family Cochliopodiidae De Saedeleer (1934) – Cochliopodium, Coenopodium, Ovalopodium
Suborder Parvamoebina Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. (2011)
Family Parvamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov (2011) – Parvamoeba
Suborder Pellitina Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith (2011) em. Kudryavtsev et al. (2014) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith
Family Goceviidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov (2011) em. Kudryavtsev et al. (2014) – Gocevia, Paragocevia, Endostelium
Family Pellitidae Smirnov & Kudryavtsev (2005) – Pellita
Subclass Flabellinia Smirnov et al. (2005)
Order Dermamoebida Cavalier-Smith (2004) em. Smirnov et al. (2011)
Family Dermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov (2011) – Dermamoeba, Paradermamoeba
Family Mayorellidae Schaeffer (1926) – Mayorella
Order Glycostylida Cavalier-Smith (2004) em. (2016)
Suborder Vannellina Smirnov et al. (2005) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2016)
Family Vannellidae Bovee, (1979) – Vannella, Clydonella, Lingulamoeba, Ripella, Paravannella, Pessonella
Suborder Dactylopodina Smirnov et al. (2005) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2016)
Family Paramoebidae Poche (1913) em. Kudryavtsev et al. (2011, 2015) – Paramoeba, Cunea, Pseudoparamoeba, Janickina, Korotnevella
Family Vexilliferidae Page (1987) – Vexillifera
Suborder Stygamoebina Smirnov and Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. (2011) stat. nov. (2016)
Family Stygamoebidae Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. (2011) – Stygamoeba
Order Thecamoebida Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. (2011)
Family Thecamoebidae Schaeffer (1926) em. Smirnov et al. (2011) – Thecamoeba, Pseudothecamoeba, Thecochaos
Family Stenamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Sappinia, Stenamoeba
Family Vermistellidae Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6] – Vermistella
Class Tubulinea Smirnov et al. (2005)
Subclass Corycidia Kang et al. (2017)[5]
Order Trichosida Moebius (1889)
Family Trichosphaeriidae Sheehan & Banner (1973) – Trichosphaerium, ?Pontifex, ?Atrichosa
Family Microcoryciidae de Saedeleer (1934) – Amphizonella, Diplochlamys, Microcorycia, Parmulina, Penardochlamys, Zonomyxa
Subclass Echinamoebia Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
Order Echinamoebida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) em. stat. nov. Smirnov et al. (2011)
Family Echinamoebidae Page (1975) – Echinamoeba, Micriamoeba
Family Vermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. (2011) – Vermamoeba
Subclass Elardia Kang et al. (2017)[5]
Order Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons (1976) sensu Page (1987)
Family Leptomyxidae Pussard & Pons (1976) – Leptomyxa[8][9][10]
Family Rhizamoebidae Smirnov et al. (2016) – Rhizamoeba[8]
Family Flabellulidae Bovee (1970) – Flabellula [incl. Paraflabellula]
Family Gephyramoebidae Pussard & Pons (1976) – Gephyramoeba[8]
Superorder Eulobosia Cavalier-smith (2016)
Order Arcellinida Kent (1880)[11]
Suborder Phryganellina Bovee (1985)
Family Phryganellidae Jung (1942) – Phryganella
Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung (1942) – Cryptodifflugia[12]
Suborder Organoconcha Lahr et al. (2019)
Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden (1985) – Microchlamys, Spumochlamys, Pyxidicula
Suborder Glutinoconcha Lahr et al. (2019)
Infraorder Volnustoma Lahr et al. (2019)
Family Heleoperidae Jung (1942) – Heleopera
Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. (2019)
Family Hyalospheniidae Schultze (1877) emend. Kosakyan et al. (2012) – Alabasta, Alocodera, Apodera, Certesella, Cornutheca, Gibbocarina, Hyalosphenia, Longinebela, Mrabella, Nebela, Padaungiella, Planocarina, Porosia, Quadrulella
Infraorder Excentrosoma Lahr et al. (2019)
Family Centropyxidae Jung (1942) [incl. Plagiopyxidae] – Awerinzewia, Bullinularia, Centropyxis, Golemanskia,[11] Plagiopyxis
Infraorder Cylindrothecina González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara (2022)[11]
Family Cylindrifflugiidae González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara (2022) – Cylindrifflugia[11]
Infraorder Longithecina Lahr et al. (2019)
Family Difflugiidae Wallich (1864) – Difflugia, Zivkovicia, ?Prantlitina[13]
Family Lesquereusiidae Jung (1942) – Lesquereusia
Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. (2016)
Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg (1843) – Arcella, Galeripora
Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. (2016) – Cucurbitella, Cyclopyxis, Netzelia
Arcellinida incertae sedis – Acipyxis, Apolimia, Argynnia, Armipyxis, Conicocassis, Cornuapyxis, Ellipsopyxella, Ellipsopyxis, Erugomicula, Frenopyxis, Geamphorella, Geoplagiopyxis, Geopyxella, Hoogenraadia, Jungia, Lagenodifflugia, Lamptopyxis, Lamptoquadrula, Leptochlamys, Maghrebia, Meisterfeldia, Microquadrula, Nabranella, Oopyxis, Paracentropyxis, Paraquadrula, Pentagonia, Physochila, Planhoogenraadia, Pomoriella, Pontigulasia, Proplagiopyxis, Protoplagiopyxis, Protocucurbitella, Pseudawerintzewia, Pseudonebela, Schoenbornia, Sexangularia, Suiadifflugia, Trigonopyxis, Wailesella
Order Euamoebida Lepşi (1960) em. Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
Suborder Amoebina Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
Family Amoebidae (Ehrenberg (1838)) Page (1987) – Amoeba, Chaos, Polychaos, Parachaos, Trichamoeba, Deuteramoeba, Hydramoeba
Family Hartmannellidae Volkonsky (1931) em. Smirnov et al. (2011) – Cashia, Copromyxa, Copromyxella, Glaeseria, Hartmannella, Ptolemeba, Saccamoeba
Suborder Nolandina Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
Family Nolandellidae Cavalier-Smith (2011), Lahr & Katz (2011) – Nolandella
Superclass Cutosa Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
Class Cutosea Cavalier-Smith (2016)
Order Squamocutida Cavalier-Smith (2016)
Family Squamamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Squamamoeba
Family Sapocribridae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Sapocribrum
Subphylum Conosa Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Infraphylum Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith (1993) stat. nov. (1998)
Class Archamoebea Cavalier-Smith (1983) stat. nov. (2004)
Order Entamoebida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Family Entamoebidae Chatton (1925) – Entamoeba
Order Pelobiontida Page (1976)
Suborder Mastigamoebina Frenzel (1897) stat. nov. (2016)
Family Mastigamoebidae Goldschmidt (1907) – Endolymax, Iodamoeba, Mastigamoeba
Family Rhizomastixidae Ptáčková et al. (2013) – Rhizomastix
Suborder Pelomyxina Starobogatov, (1980) stat. nov. (2016)
Family Pelomyxidae Schulze (1877) – Mastigella, Pelomyxa
Archamoebea incertae sedis – Endamoeba, Mastigina, Tricholimax
Infraphylum Semiconosia Cavalier-Smith (2013)
Superclass Variosia Cavalier-Smith (2016)[6]
Class Variosea Cavalier-Smith (2004) em. (2016)
Order Holomastigida Lauterborn (1895)
Family Multiciliidae Poche (1913) – Multicilia
Order Phalansteriida Hibberd (1983) em. (2016)
Family Phalansteriidae Saville Kent (1880–1881) – Phalansterium
Family Dictyamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Dictyamoeba
Family Arboramoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Arboramoeba
Family Schizoplasmodiidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Schizoplasmodium, Nematostelium, Ceratiomyxella
Family Rhizomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Rhizomonas
Family Rigidomastigidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Rigidimastix
Family Trichonemidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Trichonemum, Mitophora
Order Artodiscida Cavalier-Smith (2013)
Family Artodiscidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Artodiscus, Tetracilia
Order Varipodida Cavalier-Smith (2004)
Family Filamoebidae Cavalier-Smith (2004) – Filamoeba, Heliamoeba
Family Flamellidae Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Flamella, Telaepolella
Order Protostelida Olive (1967) ex Olive & Stoianovitch (1966) em. Cavalier-Smith (2016)
Family Protosteliidae Olive (1962) em. Cavalier-Smith (2016) – Protostelium, Planoprotostelium
Family Soliformovidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) em. (2016) – Soliformovum, Grellamoeba
Superclass Mycetozoa de Bary (1859) ex Rostafinski (1873) [=Eumycetozoa Zopf (1884) sensu Kang et al. (2017)]
Class Dictyostelea Lister (1909) emend. Olive (1970) [=Dictyosteliomycetes Doweld (2001)] – Acytostelium, Cavenderia, Coremiostelium, Dictyostelium, Heterostelium, Polysphondylium, Raperostelium, Rostrostelium, Speleostelium, Tieghemostelium, Synstelium, ?Coenonia
Class Ceratiomyxea Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14] [=Ceratiomyxomycetes D. Hawksw., B. Sutton & Ainsw. (2019); =Protosporangiida Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. (2012)] – Ceratiomyxa, Clastostelium, Protosporangium
Class Myxogastrea Cavalier-Smith (1993) [=Myxomycetes Link (1833)]
Subclass Lucisporomycetidae [=Lucisporinia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)][14]
Superorder Cribariidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Order Cribariales T. Macbr. (1922)
Family Cribariaceae Corda (1838) – Cribaria, Lindbladia, Licaethalium
Superorder Trichiidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Order Reticulariales Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Family Reticulariaceae Chevall. (1842) – Alwisia, Lycogala, Reticularia, Tubifera
Order Liceales E. Jahn (1928)
Family Liceaceae Chevall. (1826) – Licea, Listerella
Order Trichiales T. Macbr. (1922)
Family Dianemataceae T. Macbr. (1922) – Calomyxa, Dianema, Dictydiaethalium, Prototrichia
Family Trichiaceae Chevall. (1826) sensu Martin & Alexopoulos (1969) – Hemitrichia [incl. Trichia decipiens], Arcyria [incl. Arcyodes], Perichaena, Trichia [incl. Cornuvia + Metatrichia + Oligonema]
Lucisporomycetidae incertae sedis – Arcyriatella, Calonema, Minakatella, Trichioides
Subclass Columellomycetidae [=Collumellinia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)][14]
Superorder Echinosteliidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Order Echinosteliales G. W. Martin (1961)
Family Echinosteliaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke (1877) – Barbeyella, Echinostelium [incl. Semimorula]
Superorder Stemonitidia Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Order Clastodermatales Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Family Clastodermataceae Alexop. & T.E. Brooks (1971) – Clastoderma
Order Meridermatales Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)[14]
Family Meridermataceae Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) – Meriderma
Order Stemonitidales T. Macbr. (1922) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019)
Family Stemonitidaceae Fr. (1829) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) – Macbrideola, Stemonitis, Symphytocarpus
Family Amaurochaetaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke (1877) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) – Comatricha, Stemonaria, Stemonitopsis, Amaurochaete, Brefeldia, Enerthenema, Paradiacheopsis
Order Physarales T. Macbr. (1922)
Family Lamprodermataceae T. Macbr. (1899) em. Leontyev, Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin (2019) — Lamproderma [incl. Dichaeopsis + Colloderma + Elaeomyxa], ?Collaria
Family Didymiaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke (1877) – Diderma, Didymium, Lepidoderma, Mucilago
Family Physaraceae Chevall. (1826) – Craterium, Leocarpus, Fuligo, Physarum, Physarella, Physarina, Kelleromyxa, Badhamia
Columellomycetidae incertae sedis – Diachea, Echinosteliopsis, Leptoderma, Paradiachea, Protophysarum, Trabrooksia, Willkommlangea
Amoebozoa incertae sedis
Family Stereomyxidae Grell (1966) – Steremoyxa, Corallomyxa

Phylum Choanozoa*

Phylogeny of Choanozoa*[4][15]
Opisthokonta

The phylum Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 is a paraphyletic grouping of all protists in the clade Opisthokonta that aren't fungi or animals. It is divided into two subphyla: Choanofila, more closely related to Kingdom Animalia, and Paramycia, more closely related to Kingdom Fungi.[16] Although previously grouped in Paramycia, recent taxonomies place Aphelida and Rozellida as separate phyla inside the Fungi kingdom.[4]

Subphylum Choanofila* Cavalier-Smith (2009)
Class Choanoflagellatea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Order Craspedida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
Famly Salpingoecidae Saville Kent (1880) em. Nitsche et al. (2011) – Choanoeca, Codosiga, Monosiga, Salpingoeca
Order Acanthoecida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
Family Acanthoecidae Norris (1965) – Acanthoeca, Savillea, Polyoeca, etc.
Family Stephanoecidae Leadbeater (2011) – Diaphanoeca, Acanthorbis, etc.
Class Filasterea Cavalier-Smith (2008)
Order Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
Family Ministeriidae Cavalier-Smith (2008) – Ministeria
Family Capsasporidae Cavalier-Smith (2008) – Capsaspora
Class Corallochytrea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Order Corallochytrida Cavalier-Smith (1995)
Family Corallochytriidae Cavalier-Smith (1995) – Corallochytrium
Class Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Order Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Family Rhinosporidiidae Mendoza et al. (2001) – Amphibiocystidium, Amphibiothecum, Rhinosporidium, Sphaerothecum, Dermocystidium
Order Eccrinida Léger & Dubosq (1929)
Suborder Trichomycina Cavalier-Smith (2012)[16]
Family Amoebidiidae Lichtenstein 1917 ex Kirk et al. (2001) – Amoebidium, Paramoebidium
Family Eccrinidae Léger & Dubosq 1929 ex Kirk et al. (2001) – Astreptonema, Enterobryus, Enteropogon, Parataeniella, Palavascia, Taeniella
Family Ichthyophonidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Ichthyophonus
Suborder Sphaeroformina Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Family Creolimacidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Anurofeca, Creolimax, Sphaeroforma
Family Piridae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Pirum, Abeoforma
Family Psorospermidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Psorospermis
Subphylum Paramycia* Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Class Cristidiscoidea Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Order Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Family Nucleariidae Page (1987) – Nuclearia, Vampyrellidium
Order Fonticulida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Family Fonticulidae Worley et al. (1979) – Fonticula
Class Rozellidea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Aphelidida Cavalier-Smith (2012) [=Phylum Aphelidiomycota Tedersoo (2018); =Aphelida Karpov, Aleoshin & Mikhailov (2014)][17] → in Taxonomy of Fungi
Family Aphelidiidae Gromov (2000) – Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, Paraphelidium,[18] Pseudaphelidium
Order Rozellida Cavalier-Smith (2012) [=Phylum Cryptomycota M. D. M. Jones & T. A. Richards (2011)] → in Taxonomy of Fungi
Family Rozellidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Rozella

Subkingdom Eozoa*

Phylum Loukozoa

Class Jakobea Cavalier-Smith (1999)
Order Jakobida
Family Histionidae
Family Jakobidae
Class Malawimonadea
Order Malawimonadida
Family Malawimonadidae

Phylum Metamonada

Phylum Percolozoa

Phylum Euglenozoa

Kingdom Chromista

Subkingdom Hacrobia*

Phylum Telonemia

Phylum Haptista

Subphylum Alveidia Cavalier-Smith (2018)[19]
Class Alveidea Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Alveida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Ancoracystidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Ancoracysta
Subphylum Heliozoa Haeckel (1866) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2015)
Class Centrohelea
Order Pterocystida
Order Acanthocystida
Subphylum Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith (2015)
Class Rappephyceae
Class Pavlovophyceae
Class Prymnesiophyceae

Phylum Cryptista

Subphylum Rollomonadia Cavalier-Smith (2013)[20]
Superclass Cryptomonada Cavalier-Smith (2004) stat. nov. (2015)
Class Goniomonadea
Order Goniomonadales
Order Hemiarmida Cavalier-Smith (2017)[20]
Class Cryptophyceae Pascher (1913)
Order Tetragonidiales
Order Pyrenomonadales
Order Cryptomonadales Pascher (1913)
Family Campylomonadaceae
Family Cryptomonadaceae
Family Hemiselmidaceae
Family Hilleaceae
Superclass Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith (2004) stat. nov. (2015)
Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith (2004) [=Kathablepharidea Okamoto & Inouye (2005); Kathablepharidophyceae Okamoto & Inouye (2005)]
Order Katablepharida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [=Kathablepharida Okamoto & Inouye (2005)]
Family Katablepharidae Vors 1992 [=Kathablepharidae (sic) Okamoto & Inouye (2005)] – Roombia, Leucocryptos, Platychilomonas, Hatena, Katablepharis
Subphylum Palpitia Cavalier-Smith (2012)[21]
Class Palpitea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Palpitida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Family Palpitomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Palpitomonas
Subphylum Corbihelia Cavalier-Smith (2015)
Superclass Corbistoma Cavalier-Smith (2015) – Picomonas, Telonemea
Subphylum Endohelia Cavalier-Smith (2021)
Class Endohelea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Microhelida Cavalier-Smith (2012)[22]
Family Microheliellidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Microheliella
Order Axomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2012) emend. (2021)
Family Tetraheliidae Cavalier-Smith (2021) – Tetrahelia[23]

Heliomorpha

Subkingdom Harosa

Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Myzozoa

Rhizaria

Phylogeny of Cercozoa & Retaria[24]
Rhizaria

The taxonomy of Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002 has changed in recent years due to the change in placement of Endomyxa. Originally, phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998 was made up of two subphyla: Filosa and Endomyxa.[25] The taxonomy of Cercozoa was then revised in 2018, after phylogenetic analyses placed Endomyxa in phylum Retaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002 instead of Cercozoa, rendering the taxon Filosa as a synonym for Cercozoa.[26] However, thanks to posterior phylogenomic analyses in 2019, the monophyly of Cercozoa (Filosa + Endomyxa) was confirmed, meaning Endomyxa isn't phylogenetically part of Retaria.[24]

This article follows the latest taxonomy, where Endomyxa is still part of Retaria and not Cercozoa,[26] despite this not being phylogenetically true.[24]

Phylum Cercozoa

Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavaler-Smith (1997)
Class Chlorarachnea [=Chlorarachniophyceae Hibberd and Norris (1984)]
Order Chlorarachnida [=Chlorarachniales Ishida et al. (1996)]
Family Chlorarachniidae Ishida et al. (1996) – Bigelowiella, Chlorarachnion, Norisiella, Partenskyella, ?Cryptochlora
Family Gymnochloridae Cavalier-Smith, (2018) – Gymnochlora, Amorphochlora, Viridiuvalis
Family Lotharellidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Lotharella
Order Minorisida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Minorisidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Minorisa
Class Granofilosea Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)
Order Cryptofilida Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)
Family Nanofilidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Nanofila
Family Mesofilidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Mesofila
Order Desmothoracida Hertwig & Lesser (1874)
Family Clathrulinidae Claus (1874)
Order Leucodictyida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Family Leucodictyidae Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Family Massisteriidae Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Order Limnofilida Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009)
Family Limnofilidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Limnofila
Order Axomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Family Tetradimorphidae Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre (1984) – Tetradimorpha
Class Skiomonadea Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Tremulida Cavalier-Smith & Howe (2011)
Family Tremulidae Cavalier-Smith, 2018 – Tremula
Order Aquavolonida Bass et al., 2018 – Aquavolon
Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith (1997)
Superclass Eoglissa Cavalier-Smith (2011) em. (2018)
Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith (2007)
Order Metopiida Cavalier-Smith (2003)
Family Metopiidae Cavalier-Smith (2003) – Metopion, Micrometopion
Order Metromonadida Bass & Cavalier-Smith (2004)
Family Metromonadidae Bass & Cavalier-Smith (2004) – Metromonas
Family Kiitoksiidae Cavalier-Smith (2014)
Class Helkesea Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Helkesida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Superfamily Sainouroidea Cavalier-Smith (2009) em. (2018)
Family Sainouridae Cavalier-Smith (2008) – Sainouron, Cholamonas
Superfamily Helkesimastigoidea Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Helkesimastigidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) em. (2018) – Helkesimastix
Family Guttulinopsidae Olive (1970) – Guttulinopsis, Rosculus
Superclass Ventrifilosa Cavalier-Smith (2012) em. (2018)
Class Sarcomonadea Cavalier-Smith (1993) stat. nov. (1995) em. (2018)
Subclass Paracercomonada Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Paracercomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Paracercomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Paracercomonas, Nucleocercomonas, Metabolomonas, Brevimastigomonas, Phytocercomonas
Subclass Pediglissa Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Cercomonadida Poche, 1913 em. Cavalier-Smith
Family Cavernomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Cavernomonas
Family Cercomonadidae Saville Kent (1880-1881) em. Cavalier-Smith
Order Glissomonadida Howe et al. (2009)
Suborder Allapsina Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Allapsidae Howe et al., 2009 – Allapsa, Allantion, Teretomonas
Suborder Sandonina Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Bodomorphidae Hollande (1952) – Bodomorpha
Family Sandonidae Howe et al. (2009) – Neoheteromita, Sandona, Flectomonas, Mollimonas
Family Proleptomonadidae Howe et al. (2009) – Proleptomonas
Suborder Pansomonadina Vickerman (2005) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Viridiraptoridae Hess & Melkonian (2013) – Viridiraptor, Orciraptor
Family Agitatidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2009) – Agitata
Family Acinetactidae Stokes (1886) – Acinectatis
Family Aurigamonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2011) – Aurigamonas
Sarcomonadea incertae sedis
Family Katabiidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Katabia[27]
Class Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith (2003) em. Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith (2021)
Order Variglissida Cavalier-Smith (2014)
Family Clautriaviidae Cavalier-Smith (2013) – Clautriavia
Family Nudifilidae Cavalier-Smith & Howe (2011) – Nudifila
Family Quadriciliidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Quadricilia
Order Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass (2011)
Family Auranticordidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Auranticordis, Rhabdamoeba
Family Cyranomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Cyranomonas
Family Pseudopirsoniidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Pseudopirsonia
Family Abolliferidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Abollifer, Cowlomonas, ?Heterochromonas
Superorder Euglyphia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Euglyphida Copeland (1956) em. Cavalier-Smith (1987)
Family Euglyphidae Wallich (1864) – Euglypha
Family Trinematidae Hoogenraad and De Groot (1940) – Corythion, Trinema
Family Sphenoderiidae Chatelain et al. (2013) – Sphenoderia, Trachelocorythion
Family Assulinidae Lara et al. (2006) – Assulina, Placocista
Family Cyphoderiidae De Saedeleer (1934) – Cyphoderia, Corothionella, Pseudocorythion
Family Paulinellidae De Saedeleer (1934) – Paulinella, Ovulinata, Micropyxidiella
Order Zoelucasida Cavalier-Smith (2014)
Family Zoelucasidae Cavalier-Smith (2014) – Zoelucasa
Superorder Discomonada Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Discomonadida Cavalier-Smith (2014)
Family Discomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2014) – Discomonas
Subclass Placoperta Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina (1987)
Family Thaumatomonadidae Hollande (1952) – Allas, Ovaloplaca, Reckertia, Scutellomonas, Thaumatomonas, Thaumatospina, Penardeugenia
Family Peregriniidae Cavalier-Smith (2011) – Peregrinia, Gyromitus
Family Esquamulidae Shiratori et al. (2012) – Esquamula
Order Discocelida Cavalier-Smith (1997)
Family Discoceliidae Cavalier-Smith (1993) em. Cavalier-Smith(2012) – Discocelia
Superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Spongomonadida Hibberd (1983)
Family Spongomonadidae Karpov (1990) – Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron
Order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Family Pompholyxophryidae Page (1987) – Pompholyxophrys
Family Acanthoperlidae Cavalier-Smith (2012) – Acanthoperla
Subclass Krakenia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Krakenida Dumack et al. (2017) ex Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Krakenidae Dumack et al. (2017) – Kraken
Class Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith (2003) em. Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Subclass Ventricleftia Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Order Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith (2011)
Family Ventrifissuridae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Ventrifissura
Family Verrucomonadidae Cavalier-Smith (2018) – Verrucomonas
Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Matazida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Family Matazidae Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Ebriida Deflandre (1936) – Ebria, Hermesinum, Botuliforma
Order Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith (1993)
Family Cryomonadidae Cavalier-Smith, (1993) – Cryothecomonas
Family Protaspidae Cavalier-Smith (1993) – Protaspa
Family Rhogostomidae Dumack et al. (2017) – Rhogostoma, Capsellina, Sacciforma
Subclass Phaeodaria Haeckel (1879)
Order Eodarida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Opaloconchida Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith (2012)
Order Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith (2003)
Family Chlamydophryidae De Saedeleer (1934)
Family Psammonobiotidae Golemansky (1974)
Family Volutellidae Sudzuki (1979) – Volutella
Suborder Fiscullina Cavalier-Smith (2018)
Family Fiscullidae Dumack, Mausback and Bonkowski (2017) – Fisculla
Family Pseudodifflugiidae De Saedeleer (1934)
Family Rhizaspididae Skuja (1948) – Rhizaspis

Phylum Retaria

Stramenopiles

Phylum Platysulcea

Phylum Bigyra

Phylum Ochrophyta

Phylum Pseudofungi

Kingdom Archaeplastida

Despite being technically inside the plant kingdom, rhodophytes and glaucophytes are considered protists under some definitions.

Division Glaucophyta

Division Rhodophyta

Protista incertae sedis

Meteora sporadica Hausmann, Weitere, Wolf & Arndt (2002)[28]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
  2. ^ In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.

References

  1. ^ Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
  2. ^ "whittaker new concepts of kingdoms – Google Scholar". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  3. ^ Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b c Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018), "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses", Fungal Diversity, 90: 135–159, doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
  5. ^ a b c d Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023. ISSN 1055-7903.
  7. ^ Tice AK, Shadwick LL, Fiore-Donno AM, et al. (2016). "Expansion of the molecular and morphological diversity of Acanthamoebidae (Centramoebida, Amoebozoa) and identification of a novel life cycle type within the group". Biol Direct. 11: 69. doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0171-0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ a b c Smirnov, Alexey; Nassonova, Elena; Geisen, Stefan; Bonkowski, Michael; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Berney, Cedric; Glotova, Anna; Bondarenko, Natalya; Dyková, Iva; Mrva, Martin; Fahrni, Jose; Pawlowski, Jan (2017). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Leptomyxid Amoebae (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida)". Protist. 168 (2): 220–252. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.10.006. ISSN 1434-4610.
  9. ^ Del Valle, Alvaro De Obeso Fernandez; Lorenzo-Morales, Jacob; Maciver, Sutherland K. (2017). "Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain". Experimental Parasitology. 183: 85–91. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.017. ISSN 0014-4894.
  10. ^ Smirnov, Alexey (2018). "Fine structure of Leptomyxa ambigua n. sp. CCAP 1546/2 strain, formerly known as "Rhizamoeba flabellata" (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida)". European Journal of Protistology. 62: 95–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2017.12.001. ISSN 0932-4739.
  11. ^ a b c d González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175: 107557. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. ISSN 1055-7903.
  12. ^ Bobrov, Anatoly; Mazei, Yuri (2017). "A review of testate amoeba genus Cryptodifflugia Penard, 1890 (Phryganellina: Cryptodifflugiidae) with a key to species". Zootaxa. 4282 (2): 292–308. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4282.2.4.
  13. ^ Hart MB, Williams CL (1993). Benton MJ (ed.). The Fossil Record. Vol. 2. Chapman & Hall, London. ISBN 0 412 39380 8.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Leontyev, Dmitry V; Schnittler, Martin; Stephenson, Steven L; Novozhilov, Yuri K; Shchepin, Oleg N (March 2019). "Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes". Phytotaxa. 399 (3). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.5.
  15. ^ Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Hehenberger E, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ, et al. (2020). "New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals". Current Biology. 30 (22): 4500–4509. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.061.
  16. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (2012). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European journal of protistology. 49 (2): 115–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. PMID 23085100.
  17. ^ Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014). "Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia". Front Microbiol. 5: 112. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112. PMC 3975115. PMID 24734027.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Karpov SA, Tcvetkova VS, Mamkaeva MA, Torruella G, Timpano H, Moreira D, Mamanazarova KS, López-García P (2016). "Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Opisthosporidia: New Aphelid Paraphelidium tribonemae gen. et sp. nov". J Eukaryot Microbiol. 64 (2): 204–212. doi:10.1111/jeu.12352. PMC 5551964. PMID 27487286.
  19. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E.; Lewis, R. (17 April 2018), "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria", Protoplasma, 255 (5): 1517–1574, doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1, PMC 6133090, PMID 29666938
  20. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255: 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Oxnerella was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Microheliella was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tetrahelia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b c Irwin, Nicholas A.T.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019-01-01). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 30318266. S2CID 52982396.
  25. ^ Howe; et al. (2011), "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia", Protist, 162 (2): 332–372, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002, PMID 21295519
  26. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (April 2018). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. 255: 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1.
  27. ^ Karpov SA, Ekelund F, Moestrup Ø (2003), "Katabia gromovi nov. gen., nov. sp. a new soil flagellate with affinities to Heteromita (Cercomonadida)", Protistology, 3: 30–41
  28. ^ Hausmann K, Weitere M, Wolf M, Arndt H (2002). "Meteora sporadica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) – an extraordinary free-living protist from the Mediterranean deep sea". Europ. J. Protistol. 38: 171–177. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00872.
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