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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2023.

Flora

"Algae"

Plants

Fungi

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Porterra^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov		Retallack	Tonian	Chuar Group	United States ( Arizona)	A lichen-like thalli. The type species is P. dehlerae.
Rhyniomycelium^[3]	Gen. et sp. nov		Krings & Harper	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungal mycelium of uncertain affinities. Genus includes new species R. endoconidiarum.

Mycological research

General floral research

Cnidarians

New cnidarian taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Decimoconularia anisfacialis^[4]	Sp. nov		Song et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu Formation	China	A medusozoan, possibly a member of Conulata.
Palaeoconotuba^[5]	Gen. et comb. nov		Qu, Li & Ou	Cambrian		China	A stem-medusozoan; a new genus for "Burithes" yunnanensis Hou et al. (1999).
Parabyronia^[6]	Gen et sp. nov		Mergl & Kraft	Devonian (Emsian)	Zlíchov Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Scyphozoa belonging to the group Byroniida and the family Byroniidae. The type species is P. elegans.
Pidiconularia^[6]	Gen. et sp. nov		Mergl & Kraft	Devonian (Emsian)	Zlíchov Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Conulariida. The type species is P. tubulata.
Prestephanoscyphus branzovensis^[6]	Sp. nov		Mergl & Kraft	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Lochkov Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Scyphozoa belonging to the group Byroniida and the family Byroniidae.
Prestephanoscyphus robustus^[6]	Sp. nov		Mergl & Kraft	Devonian (Eifelian)	Srbsko Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Scyphozoa belonging to the group Byroniida and the family Byroniidae.
Rugoconites reguibatensis^[7]	Sp. nov		Hachour et al.	Neoproterozoic	Cheikhia-Bir Amrane Group	Algeria	A scyphozoan of uncertain affinities.
Sueciatractos^[8]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Reich & Kutscher	Silurian	Hemse Group	Sweden	An octocoral belonging to the group Malacalcyonacea. The type species is S. leipnitzae.

Cnidarian research

Conulariid specimens preserved with muscle bundles and a possible gastric cavity are described from the Carboniferous Wewoka and Graham formations (Oklahoma and Texas, United States) by Sendino et al. (2023).^[9]
Van Iten et al. (2023) describe soft parts of two specimens of Metaconularia manni from the Silurian (Sheinwoodian) Scotch Grove Formation (Iowa, United States), and interpret their anatomy as indicating that at least one species of conulariid might have lacked a free-living, medusoid life phase, and might have produced eggs and sperm within the body of the sessile polyp.^[10]
Redescription of Conicula striata is published by Zhao et al. (2023), who report that C. striata had features of both anthozoans and medusozoan polyps, and recover it as a stem-medusozoan, potentially indicating that medusozoans had an anemone-like ancestor.^[11]
Zhang et al. (2023) describe new fossil material of Qinscyphus necopinus from the Cambrian (Fortunian) Kuanchuanpu Formation (China), including the whole apical part and providing complete information on the morphology of Qinscyphus.^[12]
Plotnick, Young & Hagadorn (2023) classify Essexella asherae as a sea anemone, and reinterpret Reticulomedusa greenei as the pedal or oral disc of E. asherae.^[13]

Arthropods

Bryozoans

New bryozoan taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Boardmanella spinigera^[14]	Sp. nov	In press	Ernst & Rodríguez	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A trepostome bryozoan belonging to the family Anisotrypidae.
Cordobella^[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ernst & Rodríguez	Devonian (Pragian)		Spain	A trepostome bryozoan of uncertain affinities. The type species is C. tenuis.
Diploclemella^[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ernst & Rodríguez	Devonian (Pragian–Emsian)		Spain	A cyclostome bryozoan belonging to the family Diploclemidae. The type species is D. serenensis.
Iodictyum akaishiensis^[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Arakawa	Miocene (Langhian)	Moniwa Formation	Japan	A member of the family Phidoloporidae. Published online in 2022, but the issue date is listed as January 2023.^[15]
Leptotrypa modesta^[14]	Sp. nov	In press	Ernst & Rodríguez	Devonian (Pragian)		Spain	A trepostome bryozoan belonging to the family Atactotoechidae.
Leptotrypa parva^[14]	Sp. nov	In press	Ernst & Rodríguez	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A trepostome bryozoan belonging to the family Atactotoechidae.
Melicerita imperforata^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	López-Gappa & Pérez	Miocene	Monte León Formation	Argentina	A member of the family Cellariidae.
Microporina minuta^[17]	Sp. nov	In press	Arakawa	Pleistocene	Setana Formation	Japan	A species of Microporina.
Microporina quadristoma^[17]	Sp. nov	In press	Arakawa	Pleistocene	Setana Formation	Japan	A species of Microporina.
Microporina sakakurai^[17]	Sp. nov	In press	Arakawa	Pleistocene	Setana Formation	Japan	A species of Microporina.
Microporina soebetsuensis^[17]	Sp. nov	In press	Arakawa	Pleistocene	Setana Formation	Japan	A species of Microporina.
Prophyllodictya khrevitsa^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Sandbian)		Russia ( Leningrad Oblast)	A cryptostome bryozoan.
Serenella^[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ernst & Rodríguez	Devonian (Pragian–Emsian)		Spain	A cryptostome bryozoan belonging to the group Rhabdomesina. The type species is S. dubia.
Toomipora^[19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Viivikonna Formation	Estonia	A trepostome bryozoan belonging to the family Monticuliporidae. The type species is T. kohtlaensis.

Bryozoan research

Yang et al. (2023) reinterpret putative Cambrian bryozoan Protomelission as an early dasycladalean green alga, and conclude that there are no unequivocal bryozoans of Cambrian age.^[20]

Brachiopods

New brachiopod taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Acculina zhongliangziensis^[21]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Ordovician	Huadan Formation	China
Bulgariarhynchia^[22]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Radulović et al.	Jurassic		Bulgaria	Genus includes new species B. ponorensis.
Capillirhynchia brezenensis^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Radulović et al.	Jurassic		Bulgaria
Celdobolus skrikus^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician (Tremadocian)	Pupusa Formation	Argentina	A member of Siphonotretida belonging to the family Siphonotretidae.
Cisnerospira antipoda^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Early Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the group Paralaballidae.
Cyclothyris bitririca^[25]	Sp. nov		Baeza-Carratalá, Berrocal-Casero & García Joral	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Represa Formation	Spain
Cyclothyris ementitum^[26]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Baeza-Carratalá & García Joral	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian)	Represa Formation	Spain
Discinisca messii^[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez et al.	Miocene	Gaiman Formation	Argentina	A species of Discinisca.
Discinisca porvenir^[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez et al.	Miocene	Gaiman Formation	Argentina	A species of Discinisca.
Hirsutella sulcata^[28]	Sp. nov		Wu et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Nanpanjiang Basin	China	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Bittnerulidae.
Jigunsania^[29]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Oh et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Jigunsan Formation	South Korea	A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Rafinesquinidae. The type species is J. guraeriensis; genus also includes J. hambaeksanensis.
Kassinella (Trimurellina) minuta^[21]	Sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Ordovician	Huadan Formation	China
Ningnanmena^[21]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Wang et al.	Ordovician	Huadan Formation	China	Genus includes new species N. longisepta.
Paradoxothyris flatus^[28]	Sp. nov		Wu et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Nanpanjiang Basin	China	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Angustothyrididae.
Sellithyris binalubensis^[25]	Sp. nov		Baeza-Carratalá, Berrocal-Casero & García Joral	Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian transition)	Represa Formation	Spain	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Sellithyrididae.
Spiriferina arakiwa^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Early Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Spiriferinidae.
Spiriferina sophiaealbae^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Early Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Spiriferinidae.
Sulcatinella elongata^[28]	Sp. nov		Wu et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Nanpanjiang Basin	China	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Dielasmatidae.
Tasmanospirifer jervisbayensis^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse & Lee in Lee et al.	Permian (Kungurian)	Snapper Point Formation	Australia

Brachiopod research

Molluscs

Echinoderms

New echinoderm taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Agaricocrinus murphyi^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Cuyahoga Formation	United States ( Ohio)	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Coelocrinidae.
Arbacia larraini^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Courville et al.	Pliocene		Chile	A species of Arbacia.
Arbacia quyllur^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Courville et al.	Miocene		Chile	A species of Arbacia.
Arbacia terraeignotae^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Courville et al.	Pliocene		Chile	A species of Arbacia.
Bohemiacinctus^[33]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Zamora, Wright & Nohejlová	Cambrian (Wuliuan)		Czech Republic	A member of the group Cincta belonging to the family Sucocystidae. The type species is "Asturicystis" havliceki Fatka & Kordule (2001).
Cactocrinus woosterensis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Cuyahoga Formation	United States ( Ohio)	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Actinocrinitidae.
Cosmocyphus cantaber^[34]	Sp. nov		Schlüter et al.	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		Spain	A sea urchin belonging to the family Phymosomatidae.
Coulonia hokahira^[35]	Sp. nov		Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Enokuchi Formation	Japan	An astropectinid starfish.
Cusacrinus brushi^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Cuyahoga Formation	United States ( Ohio)	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Actinocrinitidae.
Dadocrinus montellonis^[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Saucède et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Thaynes Group	United States ( Nevada)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Dadocrinidae.
Decadocrinus inordinatus^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Cuyahoga Formation	United States ( Ohio)	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida and the family Decadocrinidae.
Decadocrinus laevis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Cuyahoga Formation	United States ( Ohio)	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida and the family Decadocrinidae.
Dehmicystis ariasi^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zamora & Gutiérrez-Marco	Silurian (Ludlow)	Llagarinos Formation	Spain	A member of Soluta belonging to the group Dendrocystitida and the family Dendrocystitidae.
Dentatocrinus serratus^[38]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Chalk Group (Grey Chalk Subgroup, Zig Zag Formation)	United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Dubrisicrinus^[38]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Chalk Group (Grey Chalk Subgroup, Zig Zag Formation)	United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is D. minutus.
Edrioblastocystis^[39]	Nom. nov		Ceccolini & Cianferoni	Ordovician		Russia	A replacement name for Blastocystis Jaekel (1918). Sałamatin & Kaczmarek (2022) coined a replacement name Astroblastocystis for the same genus.^[40]
Euzonohymenosoma^[39]	Nom. nov	In press	Ceccolini & Cianferoni	Devonian		Germany	A replacement name for Hymenosoma Lehmann (1957).
Goryeocrinus^[41]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Park & Lee	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Jigunsan Formation	South Korea	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Diplobathrida and the family Rhodocrinitidae. Genus includes new species G. pentagrammos.
Micraster quebrada^[34]	Sp. nov		Schlüter et al.	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		Spain	A sea urchin belonging to the family Micrasteridae.
Ophiozonella tumidasquama^[35]	Sp. nov		Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Enokuchi Formation	Japan	A hemieuryalid brittle star.
Pennsylvanicycloscapus^[39]	Nom. nov	In press	Ceccolini & Cianferoni	Carboniferous		United States ( Texas)	A replacement name for Cycloscapus Moore & Jeffords (1968).
Pleurocystites? scylla^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sweeney & Sumrall	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Benbolt Formation	United States ( Tennessee)	A rhombiferan belonging to the group Glyptocystitida and the family Pleurocystitidae.
Roveacrinus aboudensis^[38]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine Formation	Morocco United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Roveacrinus precarinatus^[38]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Chalk Group (Grey Chalk Subgroup, Zig Zag Formation)	United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Sergipecrinus^[43]	Gen. et sp. nov		Poatskievick Pierezan, Gale & Fauth	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)	Sergipe-Alagoas Basin	Brazil	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Genus includes new species S. reticulatus.
Stegophiura takaisoensis^[44]	Sp. nov	In press	Ishida et al.	Pliocene	Hatsuzaki Formation	Japan	A brittle star.
Styracocrinus shakespearensis^[38]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Chalk Group (Grey Chalk Subgroup, Zig Zag Formation)	United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Triadoleucella^[45]	Gen. et sp. nov		Ishida et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Vietnam	A brittle star belonging to the group Ophioleucida. Genus includes new species T. meensis. Published online in 2022, but the issue date is listed as April 2023.^[45]

Echinoderm research

Álvarez-Armada et al. (2023) describe a specimen of Hyperoblastus reimanni preserved with structures interpreted as three larvae and a gonad, and interpret this finding as indicative of the presence of sexual dimorphism in blastoids, as well as of early evolution of internal brooding of larvae in this group.^[46]
A study on the evolution of plate systems in the calyx of crinoids, based on data from early crinoids from Tremadocian, is published by Guensburg, Mooi & Mongiardino Koch (2023).^[47]
Gorzelak et al. (2023) report the presence of microstructure similar to the diamond-type triply periodic minimal surfaces in the skeleton of a specimen of Haplocrinites from Devonian, similar to microstructure reported in extant Protoreaster nodosus, and representing the oldest record of such microstructure in echinoderms reported to date.^[48]
Thuy et al. (2023) report the discovery of an assemblage of brittle star microfossils from Carboniferous deep-water sediments of Oklahoma (United States), including fossils of basal representatives of Amphilepidida and Ophioscolecida, and interpret this finding as indicating that a significant part of the early diversification of the brittle star crown group might have taken place in deep-water settings.^[49]

Hemichordates

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Location	Notes
Gothograptus berolinensis^[50]	Sp. nov	In press	Maletz	Silurian	Germany	A graptolite belonging to the family Retiolitidae.
Gothograptus osgaleae^[50]	Sp. nov	In press	Maletz	Silurian	Germany	A graptolite belonging to the family Retiolitidae.
Paraplectograptus hermanni^[50]	Sp. nov	In press	Maletz	Silurian	Germany	A graptolite belonging to the family Retiolitidae.

Hemichordate research

Lopez et al. (2023) describe graptolite fossil material from the Silurian Rinconada Formation (Argentina), representing the first Pridolian graptolite assemblage from South America reported to date, and possibly providing evidence of faunal recovery interval after the Kozlowskii-Lau Event.^[51]

Conodonts

New conodont taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Erismodus saltaensis^[52]	Sp. nov		Albanesi et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	Argentina
Erraticodon aldridgei^[52]	Sp. nov		Albanesi et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	Argentina
Gallinatodus^[52]	Gen. et sp. nov		Albanesi et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	Argentina	Genus includes new species G. elegantissimus.
Gladigondolella luodianensis^[53]	Sp. nov		Chen et al.			China
Icriodus edentatus^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China
Pandorinellina exigua lingliensis^[55]	Ssp. nov	Valid	Lu in Lu et al.	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Nahkaoling Formation	China
Pelekysgnathus arcuatus^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Pelekysgnathus ziqiuensis^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Pohlerodus^[56]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician		Canada United States	Genus erected to substitute Texania Pohler (1994), which is a junior homonym of Texania Casey (1909). Includes species previously assigned to the genus Texania, as well as species previously assigned to the genus Fahraeusodus other than F. adentatus.
Polygnathus dispersus^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China
Polygnathus peltatus^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China
Polygnathus sagittiformis^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China
Polylophodonta curvata^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China	A member of the family Polygnathidae.
Polylophodonta nodulosa^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China	A member of the family Polygnathidae.
Polynodosus changyangensis^[54]	Sp. nov	In press	Yuan & Sun	Devonian (Famennian)	Xiejingsi Formation	China	A member of the family Polygnathidae.
Pyramidens^[52]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov		Albanesi et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	Argentina	Genus includes new species P. cactus and P. spinatus.
Zentagnathus gertrudisae^[52]	Sp. nov		Albanesi et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	Argentina
Zieglerodina? tuojiangensis^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu in Lu et al.	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Nahkaoling Formation	China

Conodont research

Evidence indicating that co-occurring Late Triassic conodonts Metapolygnathus communisti and Epigondolella rigoi differed in their diets is presented by Kelz et al. (2023).^[57]
A study on the diversity and biostratigraphy of late Norian conodont faunas from the Dashuitang and Nanshuba formations in the Baoshan area (Yunnan, China) is published by Zeng et al. (2023), who report evidence of a decline of conodont diversity during the late Norian, interpreted by the authors as the first crisis of the protracted suite of end-Triassic conodont extinctions.^[58]
Evidence from the Kastuyama section in the Inuyama area in Honshu (Japan), argued to the indicative of the survival of the conodont species Misikella posthernsteini into the Early Jurassic, is presented by Du et al. (2023).^[59]

Fish

Amphibians

New amphibian taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Compsocerops tikiensis^[60]	Sp. nov.		Chakravorti & Sengupta	Late Triassic	Tiki Formation	India	A member of Chigutisauridae.
Funcusvermis^[61]	Gen. et sp. nov.	Valid	Kligman et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Chinle Formation	United States ( Arizona)	A stem-caecilian. The type species is F. gilmorei.
Gansubatrachus^[62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Early Cretaceous	Zhonggou Formation	China	A frog, possibly a basal member of Lalagobatrachia. The type species is G. qilianensis.
Lepidobatrachus dibumartinez^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Turazzini & Gómez	Pliocene		Argentina	A ceratophryid frog, a species of Lepidobatrachus.

Amphibian research

New reconstruction of the skull of Crassigyrinus scoticus is presented by Porro, Rayfield & Clack (2023).^[64]
Groenewald et al. (2023) describe body impressions and associated swim trails of rhinesuchid temnospondyls from the Permian Karoo Basin (South Africa), providing evidence that rhinesuchids used their tails for propulsion and held their legs tucked in next to the body while swimming.^[65]
A study comparing the probable maximum sizes that could be reached by specimens belonging to the Early Triassic temnospondyl taxa from Eastern Europe is published by Morkovin (2023), who reports the discovery of an unusually large lower jaw of Vladlenosaurus alexeyevi from the Skoba locality (Komi Republic, Russia), and argues that the size differences characteristic of the standard adult states of the studied temnospondyl taxa were likely reduced in individuals belonging to very late age categories.^[66]
A study on the histology of large temnospondyl humeri from the Late Triassic Krasiejów site (Poland) is published by Teschner et al. (2023), who report that the humeri of Cyclotosaurus intermedius and Metoposaurus krasiejowensis might show only minor differences in morphology, making histology a valuable tool for taxonomic assignment.^[67]
Review of the fossil record of the genus Mioproteus in Southeastern Europe is published by Syromyatnikova (2023).^[68]
Description of the anatomy of the metamorphosing larvae, juveniles and fully grown adults of Genibatrachus is published by Roček, Dong & Wang (2023).^[69]
Lemierre et al. (2023) describe a skeleton of a member of the genus Pelophylax from the lowest Oligocene of Chartres-de-Bretagne (western France), representing one of the oldest occurrences of the genus reported to date.^[70]
Bazzana-Adams et al. (2023) reconstruct the first virtual cranial endocast of Seymouria.^[71]
Bulanov (2023) reinterprets putative bolosaurid "Bolosaurus" traati as a diadectomorph, transfers it to the genus Stephanospondylus, and considers Ambedus to be a non-diadectomorph tetrapod of uncertain affinities.^[72]

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New synapsid taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Inostrancevia africana^[73]	Sp. nov		Kammerer et al.	Permian	Balfour Formation	South Africa	A gorgonopsid.
Koksharovia^[74]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Suchkova, Golubev & Shumov	Permian		Russia ( Kirov Oblast)	A therocephalian. The type species is K. grechovi. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.^[74]
Melanedaphodon^[75]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mann et al.	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Allegheny Group	United States ( Ohio)	A member of the family Edaphosauridae. The type species is M. hovaneci.
Santagnathus^[76]	Gen. et sp. nov		Schmitt et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Santa Maria Formation (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone)	Brazil	A cynodont in the family Traversodontidae. The type species is S. mariensis
Woznikella^[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Szczygielski & Sulej	Late Triassic (Carnian–?Norian)	Grabowa Formation	Poland Germany	A dicynodont closely related to the family Stahleckeriidae. The type species is W. triradiata.

Synapsid research

Calábková et al. (2023) describe tracks assignable to the ichnogenus Dimetropus and produced by "pelycosaur"-grade synapsids from the Permian (Asselian) Padochov and Letovice formations (Boskovice Basin, Czech Republic), including a specimen with preserved skin impressions, and providing new information on the diversity of the earliest Permian equatorial tetrapod faunas.^[78]
Maho, Bevitt & Reisz (2023) describe fossil material of Varanops brevirostris from the Dolese Brother Limestone Quarry (Oklahoma, United States), confirming the presence of this taxon at Richards Spur, and interpret this finding as indicating that, although less abundant than Cacops and Acheloma, V. brevirostris was not as rare taxon as previously thought.^[79]
Gônet et al. (2023) present a model which can be used to determine posture from humeral parameters in extant mammals, and use it to infer a sprawling posture for Dimetrodon natalis.^[80]
Bazzana-Adams, Evans & Reisz (2023) describe the brain and inner ear of Dimetrodon loomisi, and interpret their findings as indicating that Dimetrodon was sensitive to a greater range of frequencies beyond the ultra-low-frequency ground-borne sounds anticipated in previous estimates.^[81]
Partial humerus of a synapsid of uncertain affinities, with anatomical traits blurring the distinction between the "pelycosaur"-grade synapsids and therapsids, is described from the Permian (Capitanian) Main Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Bishop et al. (2023).^[82]
Benoit, Norton & Jirah (2023) describe the maxillary canal of Jonkeria truculenta, reporting that is structure shares more similarities with the maxillary canal of the tapinocephalid Moschognathus than with that of Anteosaurus.^[83]
Redescription of the holotype of Nythosaurus larvatus is published by Pusch et al. (2023), who interpret N. larvatus as a taxon distinct from Thrinaxodon liorhinus.^[84]
Hoffmann, de Andrade & Martinelli (2023) redescribe the skeletal anatomy of "Probelesodon" kitchingi, and transfer this species to the genus Chiniquodon.^[85]
Stefanello et al. (2023) describe a new, complete and exceptionally well-preserved skull of Prozostrodon brasiliensis from the Upper Triassic strata in Brazil, a name a new endemic clade of South American cynodonts – Prozostrodontidae, including Prozostrodon and Pseudotherium.^[86]
A study on the endocranial anatomy of Prozostrodon brasiliensis and Therioherpeton cargnini is published by Kerber et al. (2023).^[87]
A study on the evolution of cynodont skulls is published by Lautenschlager et al. (2023), who find no evindence for an increase in cranial strength and biomechanical performance during the cynodont–mammalian transition.^[88]

Mammals

Other animals

Other new animal taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes
Acanthochaetetes reitneri^[89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sánchez-Beristain, Rodrigo & Schlagintweit	Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)	Tuburan Limestone	Philippines	A chaetetid demosponge.
Aetholicopalla grandipora^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Luzhnaya et al.	Cambrian		Mongolia	A sponge of uncertain affinities.
Archiasterella anchoriformis^[91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peng et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Kaili Formation	China	A chancelloriid.
Chancelloria zhaoi^[91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peng et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Kaili Formation	China	A chancelloriid.
Floraconformis^[92]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Goñi et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Erkhelnuur Formation	Mongolia	A palaeoscolecid. The type species is F. egiinensis.
Gaoloufangchaeta^[93]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhao, Li & Selden	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing Formation	China	A polychaete. The type species is G. bifurcus.
Iotuba^[94]	Gen. et sp. nov		Zhang & Smith in Zhang, Smith & Ren	Cambrian Stage 3	Yu'anshan Formation	China	Probably an annelid belonging to the group Sedentaria, related to the families Flabelligeridae and Acrocirridae. The type species is I. chengjiangensis. The name was used in earlier publications, but the taxon wasn't formally described before 2023.^[94]
Kalpinella fragilis^[95]	Sp. nov	In press	Świerczewska-Gładysz & Jurkowska	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Poland	A demosponge belonging to the family Phymatellidae.
Longibirotula^[96]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pronzato & Manconi in Samant et al.	Late Cretaceous–Paleocene	Naskal intertrappean beds	India	A demosponge belonging to the family Palaeospongillidae. The type species is L. antiqua Manconi & Samant.
Monoshanites^[97]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Demidenko	Cambrian	Bayangol Formation	Mongolia	Sclerites of an animal of uncertain affinities, belonging to the family Siphogonuchitidae. The type species is M. dentatus.
Phakeloides^[98]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wierzbowski & Błażejowski	Devionian (Famennian)		Poland	A member of Chaetognatha of uncertain affinities. The type species is P. polonicus.
Pickettispongia^[99]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pisera, Bitner & Fromont	Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A demosponge belonging to the family Phymaraphiniidae. The type species is "Discodermia" tabelliformis Chapman & Crespin (1934).
Podoliagraptus^[100]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Skompski et al.	Silurian		Ukraine	A graptolite-like form of uncertain affinities. The type species is P. algaeoides.
Shaihuludia^[101]	Gen. et sp. nov		Kimmig et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Langston Formation	United States ( Utah)	A polychaete. The type species is S. shurikeni.
Twertupia^[99]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pisera, Bitner & Fromont	Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A demosponge belonging to the family Phymaraphiniidae. The type species is "Thamnospongia" subglabra Chapman & Crespin (1934).
Ursactis^[102]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Osawa, Caron & Gaines	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Burgess Shale	Canada ( British Columbia)	A polychaete. The type species is U. comosa.

Other animal research

A study aiming to test the hypothesized feeding modes of Pectinifrons abyssalis is published by Darroch et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as supporting neither a suspension feeding or osmotrophic feeding habit, and indicating that rangeomorph fronds were organs adapted for oxygen uptake and gas exchange, rather than feeding.^[103]
Purported fossil material of Dickinsonia reported from the Bhimbetka rock shelters in rocks of the Maihar Sandstone (India)^[104] is reinterpreted as an impression resulting from decay of a modern beehive by Meert et al. (2023).^[105]
A study aiming to assess the validity of species distinctions in the genus Dickinsonia is published by Evans et al. (2023), who interpret their findings as indicative of the presence of two distinct species from South Australia, D. costata and D. tenuis.^[106]
New information on the body plan of Dickinsonia, based on data from the fossil material from the southeastern White Sea area (Russia), is presented by Ivantsov & Zakrevskaya (2023), who interpret the anatomy of Dickinsonia as indicative of its affinity to the urbilaterian.^[107]
Wu, Pisani & Donoghue (2023) study the interrelationship between main groups of Panarthropoda, attempting to determine whether morphological datasets from the studies of extant and fossil panarthropod relationships published by Legg, Sutton & Edgecombe (2013),^[108] Yang et al. (2016)^[109] and Aria, Zhao & Zhu (2021)^[110] can discriminate statistically between competing Tactopoda, Lobopodia and Protarthopoda hypotheses, and question the accuracy of morphology-based phylogenies of Panarthropoda that include fossil species.^[111]
New fossil material of Rotadiscus grandis is reported from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota from Yunnan (China) by Li et al. (2023), who recover Rotadiscus as a stem-ambulacrarian, and argue that such deuterostome traits as post-anal region, gill bars and a U-shaped gut evolved through convergence rather than shared ancestry.^[112]
Redescription of the holotype of Chamasaurus dolichognathus is published by Jenkins, Meyer & Bhullar (2023).^[113]
A study on the anatomy and affinities of Tullimonstrum gregarium is published by Mikami et al. (2023), who interpret T. gregarium as more likely to be a non-vertebrate chordate or a protostome than a vertebrate.^[114]

Other organisms

Other new organisms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Location	Notes	Images
Cangwuella^[115]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wang et al.	Devonian (?Pragian-Emsian)	Cangwu Formation	China	A member of Arcellinida of uncertain affinities. The type species is C. ampulliformis.
Xiamalingella^[116]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Tang et al.	Mesoproterozoic	Xiamaling Formation	China	An organism with similarities to cyanobacteria. The type species is X. sideria.

Other organism research

Li et al. (2023) describe new fossil material of Horodyskia from the Tonian Shiwangzhuang and Jiuliqiao formations (China), and reconstruct Horodyskia as a colonial organism composed of a chain of organic-walled vesicles that likely represent multinucleated cells of early eukaryotes.^[117]
Bryłka et al. (2023) reevaluate purported earliest fossils of diatoms from the Early and Middle Jurassic, and interpret them as unlikely to be fossil material of diatoms.^[118]
A study on the Cretaceous benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Western Interior Seaway is published by Bryant, Meehan & Belanger (2023), who find no genera, guilds or morphotypes unique to cold seeps, and find assemblages from cold seeps to be overall more similar to offshore assemblages than nearshore ones, but also report that the composition of the studied assemblages did reflect the environmental differences present at seeps.^[119]
A study on the fossil record of the planktonic foraminifera, interpreted as indicating that a modern-style latitudinal diversity gradient for these foraminifera arose only 15 million years ago, is published by Fenton et al. (2023).^[120]
A study on the geographical distribution of the ecological and morphological groups of fossil planktonic foraminifera, interpreted as indicative of a global shift towards the Equator over the past 8 million years in response to the late Cenozoic temperature changes related to the polar ice sheet formation, is published by Woodhouse et al. (2023).^[121]
Fonseca et al. (2023) describe possible fossil material of choanoflagellates from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Capas Blancas Formation (Spain), representing the first putative occurrence of choanoflagellates in the fossil record reported to date.^[122]
An International team led by French-Morrocan Geologist Abderrazak El Albani unearths disc-shaped fossils of Eukaryotic origin in the Francevillian sedimentary deposits of Moulendé pushes back the origin of Planktonic origins 300 MA earlier than 570 MA.^[123]

History of life in general

Brocks et al. (2023) report the discovery of abundant protosteroids in sedimentary rocks of mid-Proterozoic age, and interpret this finding as evidence of the existence of a widespread and abundant biota of protosterol-producing bacteria and stem-group eukaryotes, living in aquatic environments from at least 1,640 to around 800 million years ago.^[124]
Kolesnikov et al. (2023) report the discovery of the fossil material of Ediacara-type soft-bodied organisms, including palaeopascichnids, arboreomorphs, chuariomorphids, microbial colonies, from the Dzhezhim Formation of the Timan Range (Komi Republic, Russia).^[125]
Servais et al. (2023) review estimates of taxonomic richness of marine organisms during the early Paleozoic based on different published datasets, and question the existence of a distinct Cambrian explosion and global Ordovician biodiversification event instead of a single, long-term radiation of life during the early Paleozoic.^[126]
Li et al. (2023) compare the lamello-fibrillar nacre and similar fibrous microstructures in Early Cambrian molluscs and hyoliths from the Zavkhan Basin (Mongolia) and in extant coleoid cuttlebones and serpulid tubes, report differences in shell microstructures of the studied lophotrochozoan groups, and interpret their findings as indicative of prevalence of calcitic shells in the Terreneuvian.^[127]
A study aiming to identify the biases affecting the knowledge of the biodiversity during the Cambrian and Ordovician is published by Du et al. (2023), who interpret the significant decline in known biodiversity during Furongian interval as influenced by temporal, geographic, taxonomic and lithological biases, hindering the understanding of the real biodiversity changes in this interval.^[128]
A diverse Ordovician fauna (the Castle Bank fauna), comparable with the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang biotas in paleoenvironment and preservational style, is described from Wales (United Kingdom) by Botting et al. (2023).^[129]
Francischini et al. (2023) describe straight, curved and quasi-helical burrows from the Permo-Triassic Buena Vista Formation (Brazil), similar to burrows reported from the Karoo Basin of South Africa, and interpret the studied burrows as likely produced by synapsids and/or procolophonians living in a desert environment, representing the oldest unambiguous record of tetrapod dwelling structures in such an environment.^[130]
A study on the impact of the Permian–Triassic extinction event on the marine ecosystems is published by Huang et al. (2023), who find that the first extinction phase resulted in the loss of more than half of taxonomic diversity but only a slight decrease of community stability, which subsequently decreased significantly in the second extinction phase.^[131]
Dai et al. (2023) report the discovery of an exceptionally preserved Early Triassic (approximately 250.8 million years ago) fossil assemblage (the Guiyang biota) from the Daye Formation near Guiyang (China), providing evidence of the existence of a complex marine ecosystem shortly after the Permian–Triassic extinction event.^[132]
New information on the composition of the Late Triassic paleocommunity from the Polzberg Lagerstätte (Austria), based on data from thousands of new fossils, is published by Lukeneder & Lukeneder (2023).^[133]
A study on the timing of Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in the high plains of Peru is published by Rozas-Davila, Rodbell & Bush (2023), who find that the collapse of megafaunal populations in high grasslands coincided with upticks in fire activity, which were likely associated with human activity.^[134]

Other research

Evidence from the Cryogenian Nantuo Formation (China), interpreted as indicating that habitable open ocean conditions providing refugia for eukaryotic organisms during the Marinoan glaciation extended into mid-latitude coastal oceans, is presented by Song et al. (2023).^[135]
A study on the stratigraphy of the Siberian Platform (Russia), and on its implications for the knowledge of the age of the fossils and timing of first appearances of late Ediacaran and early Cambrian organisms from the Siberian Platform (including anabaritids and cloudinids), is published by Bowyer et al. (2023).^[136]
Nolan et al. (2023) interpret Brooksella alternata as a likely pseudofossil, and the bulk of its characteristics as consistent with concretions.^[137]
A study on the preservation of chemical information in the fossils from the Devonian Rhynie chert (United Kingdom) is published by Loron et al. (2023), who report that differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and between eukaryotic tissue types from the Rhynie chert assemblage can be identified based on the fossilization products of lipids, sugar and protein.^[138]
A study on the geochemistry of the Bakken Formation, interpreted as indicative of stepwise transgressions of toxic euxinic waters into the shallow oceans that drove a series of Late Devonian extinction events, is published by Sahoo et al. (2023).^[139]
Evidence from mercury concentrations and isotopes from terrestrial sections from the Sydney Basin (Australia) and Karoo Basin (South Africa), interpreted as indicative of global volcanic effects of the Siberian Traps during the Permian-Triassic transition, is presented by Shen et al. (2023).^[140]
Evidence from concentrations of UV-B–absorbing compounds in the exine of fossil pollen from the Qubu section in southern Tibet (China), interpreted as consistent with increased UV-B radiation during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is presented by Liu et al. (2023).^[141]
A study on the Cenomanian–Turonian benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Western Interior Seaway is published by Bryant & Belanger (2023), who report that the interval of increased density and diversity of benthic foraminifera known as the Benthonic Zone is not a reliable biostratigraphic marker for the onset of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in the Western Interior Seaway, and that different samples of the Benthonic Zone don't reflect basin-wide changes in oxygenation.^[142]
Evidence from two sites offshore of southwest Australia, interpreted as indicative of ocean acidification at the onset of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 which was linked to the onset of volcanic activity, and which persisted for approximately 600,000 years due to biogeochemical feedbacks, is presented by Jones et al. (2023).^[143]
A study on the history of the Eocene waterbody within the Giraffe Pipe crater (Northwest Territories, Canada), inferred from changes in the fossil record of microorganisms, is published by Siver & Lott (2023), who interpret their findings as indicative of the presence of a series of successive shallow environments, each correlated with changes in lakewater chemistry.^[144]
Essel et al. (2023) report the development of a new method for the gradual release of DNA trapped in ancient bone and tooth artefacts, and use this method to recover ancient human and deer mitochondrial genomes from the Upper Paleolithic deer tooth pendant from Denisova Cave (Russia).^[145]
Reeves & Sansom (2023) present a new method which can be used to determine the impact of multiple factors (decay, ontogeny and phylogeny) on morphological variation between fossils, and apply this method to fossils of Tethymyxine, Mayomyzon, Priscomyzon, "euphaneropoids" and Palaeospondylus.^[146]

Paleoclimate

Evidence from seawater osmium isotope data from Pacific Ocean sediments, interpreted as indicating that enhanced magmatism could have played a dominant role in causing the Miocene Climatic Optimum, is presented by Goto et al. (2023).^[147]
Wen et al. (2023) present a new land surface temperature record from the Chinese Loess Plateau in East Asia, interpreting it as indicative of late Miocene cooling and aridification that occurred synchronously with ocean cooling, highlighting a global climate forcing mechanism.^[148]

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@@ Line 2,297: / Line 2,297: @@
 ==History of life in general==
+* Brocks ''et al.'' (2023) report the discovery of abundant protosteroids in sedimentary rocks of mid-Proterozoic age, and interpret this finding as evidence of the existence of a widespread and abundant biota of protosterol-producing bacteria and [[Crown group#Stem groups|stem-group]] [[eukaryote]]s, living in aquatic environments from at least 1,640 to around 800 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brocks |first1=J. J. |last2=Nettersheim |first2=B. J. |last3=Adam |first3=P. |last4=Schaeffer |first4=P. |last5=Jarrett |first5=A. J. M. |last6=Güneli |first6=N. |last7=Liyanage |first7=T. |last8=van Maldegem |first8=L. M. |last9=Hallmann |first9=C. |last10=Hope |first10=J. M. |title=Lost world of complex life and the late rise of the eukaryotic crown |year=2023 |journal=Nature |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06170-w }}</ref>
 * Kolesnikov ''et al.'' (2023) report the discovery of the fossil material of Ediacara-type soft-bodied organisms, including palaeopascichnids, arboreomorphs, chuariomorphids, microbial colonies, from the Dzhezhim Formation of the Timan Range ([[Komi Republic]], [[Russia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kolesnikov |first1=A. V. |last2=Latysheva |first2=I. V. |last3=Shatsillo |first3=A. V. |last4=Kuznetsov |first4=N. B. |last5=Kolesnikov |first5=A. S. |last6=Desiatkin |first6=V. D. |last7=Romanyuk |first7=T. V. |title=Ediacara-Type Biota in the Upper Precambrian of the Timan Range (Dzhezhim–Parma Hill, Komi Republic) |year=2023 |journal=Doklady Earth Sciences |volume=510 |issue=1 |pages=289–292 |doi=10.1134/S1028334X23600032 }}</ref>
 * Servais ''et al.'' (2023) review estimates of taxonomic richness of marine organisms during the early [[Paleozoic]] based on different published datasets, and question the existence of a distinct [[Cambrian explosion]] and global [[Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event|Ordovician biodiversification event]] instead of a single, long-term radiation of life during the early Paleozoic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Servais |first1=T. |last2=Cascales-Miñana |first2=B. |last3=Harper |first3=D. A. T. |last4=Lefebvre |first4=B. |last5=Munnecke |first5=A. |last6=Wang |first6=W. |last7=Zhang |first7=Y. |year=2023 |title=No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=623 |at=111592 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111592 }}</ref>