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I added a photo of a floodplain from wikimedia commons. I added a more detailed description of the Types/Methods, Benefits, and Challenges of floodplain restoration. I also started a list of existing projects as a resource for further research.
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[[File:Floodplain - Manawatu.jpg|thumb|404x404px|Land use of the [[Manawatū River|Manawatu River]] Floodplain in [[New Zealand]]. Phillip Capper from Wellington, New Zealand, CC BY 2.0 <<nowiki>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</nowiki>>, via Wikimedia Commons]]
'''Floodplain restoration''' is the process of fully or partially restoring a river's [[floodplain]] to its original conditions before having been affected by the construction of [[levee]]s (dikes) and the draining of [[wetland]]s and [[marsh]]es.
'''Floodplain restoration''' is the process of fully or partially restoring a river's [[floodplain]] to its original conditions before having been affected by the construction of [[levee]]s (dikes) and the draining of [[wetland]]s and [[marsh]]es.


The objectives of restoring floodplains include the reduction of the incidence of [[flood]]s, the provision of [[habitats]] for [[Aquatic animal|aquatic species]], the improvement of [[water quality]] and the increased recharge of [[groundwater]].
The objectives of restoring floodplains include the reduction of the incidence of [[flood]]s, the provision of [[habitats]] for [[Aquatic animal|aquatic species]], the improvement of [[water quality]] and the increased recharge of [[groundwater]].


==Description==
==Description==

[[Image:Greffern Polder inBetrieb.jpg|thumb|Road flooded intentionally in a [[Polder#Germany|polder]] on the [[Upper Rhine]]]]
=== Types/Methods ===
Anthropogenic impacts on floodplain mostly target the lateral connectivity between rivers and their floodplains, so many restoration methods focus on removing human-made structures that disrupt connectivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulz‐Zunkel |first=Christiane |last2=Seele‐Dilbat |first2=Carolin |last3=Anlanger |first3=Christine |last4=Baborowski |first4=Martina |last5=Bondar‐Kunze |first5=Elisabeth |last6=Brauns |first6=Mario |last7=Gapinski |first7=Cedric M. |last8=Gründling |first8=Ralf |last9=Haaren |first9=Christina von |last10=Hein |first10=Thomas |last11=Henle |first11=Klaus |last12=Junge |first12=Frank W. |last13=Kasperidus |first13=Hans. D. |last14=Koll |first14=Katinka |last15=Kretz |first15=Lena |date=2022-03 |title=Effective restoration measures in river‐floodplain ecosystems: Lessons learned from the ‘Wilde Mulde’ project |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.202102086 |journal=International Review of Hydrobiology |language=en |volume=107 |issue=1-2 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1002/iroh.202102086 |issn=1434-2944}}</ref> One type of floodplain restoration are [[levee]] setbacks and [[dam]] removal, either full or partial, to allow for rivers to migrate within a space that is closer to the natural floodplain.<ref name=":0">Pess, George R., et al. "Monitoring floodplain restoration." ''Monitoring stream and watershed restoration. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland'' (2005): 127-166.</ref> Another method is through a "beaded approach" with allows small portions of a floodplain to be restored to natural habitat and functions .<ref name=":0" /> The removal of levees and/or [[Weir|weirs]] can allow for the reconnection of river channels to their floodplain.<ref name=":0" /> Riverside embankments through the creation of [[Overflow sill|overflow sills]] and creating artificial opening at inflow channels can help increase channel connectivity to the floodplain.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1998-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<>1.0.co;2-1 |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research &amp; Management |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<>1.0.co;2-1 |issn=0886-9375}}</ref> Restoring drained or degraded wetlands can help increase floodplain connectivity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=David M. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Amy D. |last3=McLean |first3=Chase |last4=Canick |first4=Michelle R. |last5=Boomer |first5=Kathleen |date=2022-12-01 |title=Using Structured Decision Making to Evaluate Wetland Restoration Opportunities in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01725-5 |journal=Environmental Management |language=en |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=950–964 |doi=10.1007/s00267-022-01725-5 |issn=1432-1009 |pmc=PMC9622542 |pmid=36208345}}</ref>

=== Potential Benefits ===
Floodplain restoration can restore previously lost or degraded [[Ecosystem service|ecosystem services]]. These ecosystem services can be categorized by supporting, regulating, provisioning, and cultural services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petsch |first=Danielle Katharine |last2=Cionek |first2=Vivian de Mello |last3=Thomaz |first3=Sidinei Magela |last4=dos Santos |first4=Natalia Carneiro Lacerda |date=2022-06-21 |title=Ecosystem services provided by river-floodplain ecosystems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04916-7 |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=850 |issue=12-13 |pages=2563–2584 |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-04916-7 |issn=0018-8158}}</ref> Restoring floodplains can help regulate flood events and mitigate flood related damage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gourevitch |first=Jesse D. |last2=Singh |first2=Nitin K. |last3=Minot |first3=Josh |last4=Raub |first4=Kristin B. |last5=Rizzo |first5=Donna M. |last6=Wemple |first6=Beverley C. |last7=Ricketts |first7=Taylor H. |date=2020-03 |title=Spatial targeting of floodplain restoration to equitably mitigate flood risk |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102050 |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=61 |pages=102050 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102050 |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> Floodplain restoration can also increase biodiversity by creating new or restoring degraded habitat and encourage growth of native species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kousky |first=Carolyn |last2=Walls |first2=Margaret |date=2014-08 |title=Floodplain conservation as a flood mitigation strategy: Examining costs and benefits |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.05.001 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=104 |pages=119–128 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.05.001 |issn=0921-8009}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Serra-Llobet |first=Anna |last2=Jähnig |first2=Sonja C. |last3=Geist |first3=Juergen |last4=Kondolf |first4=G. Mathias |last5=Damm |first5=Christian |last6=Scholz |first6=Mathias |last7=Lund |first7=Jay |last8=Opperman |first8=Jeff J. |last9=Yarnell |first9=Sarah M. |last10=Pawley |first10=Anitra |last11=Shader |first11=Eileen |last12=Cain |first12=John |last13=Zingraff-Hamed |first13=Aude |last14=Grantham |first14=Theodore E. |last15=Eisenstein |first15=William |date=2022 |title=Restoring Rivers and Floodplains for Habitat and Flood Risk Reduction: Experiences in Multi-Benefit Floodplain Management From California and Germany |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.778568 |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2021.778568 |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> Methods of wetland restoration in the floodplain, can help better water quality.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Curtis J. |last2=Flanagan |first2=Neal E. |last3=Ho |first3=Mengchi |last4=Pahl |first4=James W. |date=2011-01-01 |title=Integrated stream and wetland restoration: A watershed approach to improved water quality on the landscape |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857410002879 |journal=Ecological Engineering |series=Special Issue: Enhancing ecosystem services on the landscape with created, constructed and restored wetlands |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.005 |issn=0925-8574}}</ref> Reconnecting rivers to their floodplains promotes [[Carbon sequestration|carbon storage]] in soil and regulates processes within soil.<ref name=":3" />

=== Challenges ===
There are several issues that may arise when planning and/or implementing floodplain restoration projects. Since floodplain restoration involves a wide range of partnerships and stakeholders, a lack of communication between parties and differences ideas or priorities for restoration goals can be a constraint for restoration projects.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=William M. |last2=Perrow |first2=Martin R. |last3=Carpenter |first3=Angus |date=2005-11 |title=Perceptions of river managers of institutional constraints on floodplain restoration in the UK |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640560500294442 |journal=Journal of Environmental Planning and Management |language=en |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=877–889 |doi=10.1080/09640560500294442 |issn=0964-0568}}</ref> There is also the potential for a higher value or desire placed into immediate flood-defense and current land-use practices rather than the ecological or environmental benefits, which can stall or prevent floodplain restoration.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moss |first=Timothy |date=2007-06 |title=Institutional drivers and constraints of floodplain restoration in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15715124.2007.9635312 |journal=International Journal of River Basin Management |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=121–130 |doi=10.1080/15715124.2007.9635312 |issn=1571-5124}}</ref> It is also important to include the socio-economic aspects of floodplain restoration, so when this becomes a constraint to projects that do not consider these aspects. Restoration efforts need to be properly and continuously monitored to determine effectiveness and benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulz‐Zunkel |first=Christiane |last2=Seele‐Dilbat |first2=Carolin |last3=Anlanger |first3=Christine |last4=Baborowski |first4=Martina |last5=Bondar‐Kunze |first5=Elisabeth |last6=Brauns |first6=Mario |last7=Gapinski |first7=Cedric M. |last8=Gründling |first8=Ralf |last9=Haaren |first9=Christina von |last10=Hein |first10=Thomas |last11=Henle |first11=Klaus |last12=Junge |first12=Frank W. |last13=Kasperidus |first13=Hans. D. |last14=Koll |first14=Katinka |last15=Kretz |first15=Lena |date=2022-03 |title=Effective restoration measures in river‐floodplain ecosystems: Lessons learned from the ‘Wilde Mulde’ project |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.202102086 |journal=International Review of Hydrobiology |language=en |volume=107 |issue=1-2 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1002/iroh.202102086 |issn=1434-2944}}</ref>

== Examples of Existing Projects ==
''This is not an exhaustive list''

=== Africa ===

* [[Waza Logone floodplain|Waza-Logone]] Restoration<ref>Scholte, Paul, et al. "Floodplain rehabilitation in North Cameroon: impact on vegetation dynamics." ''Applied Vegetation Science'' 3.1 (2000): 33-42.</ref>

=== Asia and The Pacific ===

* [[Tarim River]], [[China]] case study focuses on the cultural, socio-economic, and environmental aspects of the basin to plan for restoration projects.<ref>{{Citation |last=Zerbe |first=Stefan |title=Restoring Central Asian Floodplain Ecosystems as Natural Capital and Cultural Heritage in a Continental Desert Environment |date=2011 |work=Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures |pages=277–297 |editor-last=Hong |editor-first=Sun-Kee |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-4-431-87799-8_19 |access-date=2024-04-14 |place=Tokyo |publisher=Springer Japan |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-87799-8_19 |isbn=978-4-431-87798-1 |last2=Thevs |first2=Niels |editor2-last=Kim |editor2-first=Jae-Eun |editor3-last=Wu |editor3-first=Jianguo |editor4-last=Nakagoshi |editor4-first=Nobukazu}}</ref>
* [[Mekong Delta]], [[Vietnam]] restoration to aid with coastal protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albers |first=T. |last2=Schmitt |first2=K. |date=2015-12 |title=Dyke design, floodplain restoration and mangrove co-management as parts of an area coastal protection strategy for the mud coasts of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11273-015-9441-3 |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |language=en |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=991–1004 |doi=10.1007/s11273-015-9441-3 |issn=0923-4861}}</ref>
* [[Four Major Rivers Project|Four Major Rivers Restoration Project]] in South Korea to restore the Han, Nakdong, Geum, and Yeongsan rivers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cha |first=Yoon Jung |last2=Shim |first2=Myung-Pil |last3=Kim |first3=Seung Kyum |date=2011 |title=The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/green_economy_2011/pdf/session_8_water_planning_cases_korea.pdf |journal=UN-Water International Conference}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
=== Europe ===
In Europe, very few schemes for restoring functional floodplains have been put in practice so far, despite a surge of interest in the topic among policy and research circles. One of the drivers for floodplain restoration is the EU [[Water Framework Directive]]. Early floodplain restoration schemes were undertaken in the mid-1990s in the Rheinvorland-Süd on the Upper [[Rhine]], the [[Bourret, Tarn-et-Garonne|Bourret]] on the [[Garonne]], and as part of the [[Long Eau]] project in England. Ongoing schemes in 2007 include [[Lenzen]] on the [[Elbe]], [[La Basse]] on the [[Seine]] and the [[Parrett]] Catchment Project in England.<ref>Moss, Timothy and Jochen Monstadt: Restoring Floodplains in Europe. Policy Contexts and Project Experiences, International Water Association 2008, {{ISBN|1-84339-090-6}}</ref> On the [[Elbe]] River near [[Lenzen]] (Brandenburg), 420 hectares of floodplain were restored in order to prevent a recurrence of the Elbe floods of 2002. A total of 20 floodplain restoration projects on the Elbe River were envisaged after the 2002 floods, but only two have been implemented as of 2009 according to the environmental group [[:de:BUND]].<ref>{{in lang|de}} Europäischer Wirtscchaftsdients Wasser und Abwasser Nr. 34, August 18, 2009:Internationale Kommission zum Schutz der Elbe:Elbe-Hochwasser wie 2002 nicht mehr möglich</ref>
[[Image:Greffern Polder inBetrieb.jpg|thumb|Road flooded intentionally in a [[Polder#Germany|polder]] on the [[Upper Rhine]]]]One of the drivers for floodplain restoration is the EU [[Water Framework Directive]]. Early floodplain restoration schemes were undertaken in the mid-1990s in the Rheinvorland-Süd on the Upper [[Rhine]], the [[Bourret, Tarn-et-Garonne|Bourret]] on the [[Garonne]], and as part of the [[Long Eau]] project in England.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/212816100 |title=Restoring floodplains in Europe: policy contexts and project experiences |date=2008 |publisher=IWA Pub |isbn=978-1-84339-090-9 |editor-last=Moss |editor-first=Timothy |location=London |oclc=212816100 |editor-last2=Monstadt |editor-first2=Jochen}}</ref> Ongoing schemes in 2007 include [[Lenzen]] on the [[Elbe]], [[La Basse]] on the [[Seine]] and the [[Parrett]] Catchment Project in England. On the [[Elbe]] River near [[Lenzen]] (Brandenburg), 420 hectares of floodplain were restored in order to prevent a recurrence of the Elbe floods of 2002. A total of 20 floodplain restoration projects on the Elbe River were envisaged after the 2002 floods, but only two have been implemented as of 2009 according to the environmental group de:BUND.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wibbeler |first=Hartmut |date=2016-11 |title=Schritte zum Schutz vor Sturzfluten und Hochwasser |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35152-016-0105-2 |journal=Wasser und Abfall |volume=18 |issue=11 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1007/s35152-016-0105-2 |issn=1436-9095}}</ref>

* Upper [[Danube|Danube River]], [[Germany]] Restoration project.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stammel |first=Barbara |last2=Cyffka |first2=Bernd |last3=Geist |first3=Jürgen |last4=Müller |first4=Melanie |last5=Pander |first5=Joachim |last6=Blasch |first6=Gerald |last7=Fischer |first7=Peter |last8=Gruppe |first8=Axel |last9=Haas |first9=Florian |last10=Kilg |first10=Markus |last11=Lang |first11=Petra |last12=Schopf |first12=Reinhard |last13=Schwab |first13=André |last14=Utschik |first14=Hans |last15=Weißbrod |first15=Maximilian |date=2012-04-01 |title=Floodplain restoration on the Upper Danube (Germany) by re-establishing water and sediment dynamics: a scientific monitoring as part of the implementation |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/rs/detail/20/77454/Floodplain_restoration_on_the_Upper_Danube_Germany?af=crossref |journal=River Systems |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1-2 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1127/1868-5749/2011/020-0033 |issn=1868-5749}}</ref>

=== Latin America and the Caribbean ===

* [[Chubut River]] Restoration Project<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ares |first=Jorge |last2=Serra |first2=Juan |date=2008-04 |title=Selection of sustainable projects for floodplain restoration and urban wastewater management at the lower Chubut River valley (Argentina) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204607002885 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3-4 |pages=215–227 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.11.003}}</ref>

⚫
=== North America ===
Floodplain restoration in the [[United States]] is driven by [[Clean Water Act|The Clean Water Act (1972)]], [[Endangered Species Act of 1973|The Endangered Species Act (1973)]], and various state level legislations.

* In the catchment area of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in [[Maryland]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=David M. |last2=Jacobs |first2=Amy D. |last3=McLean |first3=Chase |last4=Canick |first4=Michelle R. |last5=Boomer |first5=Kathleen |date=2022-12-01 |title=Using Structured Decision Making to Evaluate Wetland Restoration Opportunities in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01725-5 |journal=Environmental Management |language=en |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=950–964 |doi=10.1007/s00267-022-01725-5 |issn=1432-1009 |pmc=PMC9622542 |pmid=36208345}}</ref>
* [[Emiquon Project|Emiquon Preserve]] on the [[Illinois River]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hine |first=Christopher S. |last2=Hagy |first2=Heath M. |last3=Horath |first3=Michelle M. |last4=Yetter |first4=Aaron P. |last5=Smith |first5=Randolph V. |last6=Stafford |first6=Joshua D. |date=2016-07-05 |title=Response of aquatic vegetation communities and other wetland cover types to floodplain restoration at Emiquon Preserve |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2893-5 |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=804 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.1007/s10750-016-2893-5 |issn=0018-8158}}</ref>
* [[Baraboo River]] in [[Wisconsin]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/962195 |title=Kootenai River Floodplain Ecosystem Operational Loss Assessment, Protection, Mitigation and Rehabilitation, 2007-2008 Annual Report. |last=Merz |first=Norm |date=2009-02-18 |publisher=Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)}}</ref>
* [[Upper Sandy Creek]] a tributary in the [[Cape Fear River]] in [[North Carolina]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Curtis J. |last2=Flanagan |first2=Neal E. |last3=Ho |first3=Mengchi |last4=Pahl |first4=James W. |date=2011-01-01 |title=Integrated stream and wetland restoration: A watershed approach to improved water quality on the landscape |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857410002879 |journal=Ecological Engineering |series=Special Issue: Enhancing ecosystem services on the landscape with created, constructed and restored wetlands |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.005 |issn=0925-8574}}</ref>


* Efforts on the [[Oldman River]] and [[St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)|St Mary River]], in [[Alberta]] to restore the flow regime to encourage vegetation growth.<ref>Rood, Stewart B., et al. "Managing river flows to restore floodplain forests." ''Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment'' 3.4 (2005): 193-201.</ref>
⚫
=== United States ===
In the [[United States]], examples of floodplain restoration can be found in the catchment area of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in Maryland,<ref>[http://www.landstudies.com/legacysediments.html Land Studies:Legacy Sediments and Floodplain Restoration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514011253/http://www.landstudies.com/legacysediments.html |date=2008-05-14 }}</ref> in the [[Emiquon Project|Emiquon Preserve]] on the [[Illinois River]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/illinois/press/emiquon.html |title=The Nature Conservancy Launches Landmark Floodplain Restoration at the Emiquon Preserve, May 2007 |access-date=2008-05-11 |archive-date=2008-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202190421/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/illinois/press/emiquon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], North Carolina <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.charmeck.org/Departments/StormWater/Storm+Water+Professionals/Project+Floodplain+Restoration.htm |title=Floodplain Restoration in Charlotte-Mecklenburg County |access-date=2008-05-11 |archive-date=2010-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621103641/http://charmeck.org/Departments/StormWater/Storm+Water+Professionals/Project+Floodplain+Restoration.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and along the [[Baraboo River]] in Wisconsin.<ref>[http://sandcounty.net/programs/pioneers/floodplain_rehab/ Floodplain Rehabilitation along the Baraboo River] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006222835/http://www.sandcounty.net/programs/pioneers/floodplain_rehab/ |date=2008-10-06 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 18:49, 18 April 2024

Land use of the Manawatu River Floodplain in New Zealand. Phillip Capper from Wellington, New Zealand, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Floodplain restoration is the process of fully or partially restoring a river's floodplain to its original conditions before having been affected by the construction of levees (dikes) and the draining of wetlands and marshes.

The objectives of restoring floodplains include the reduction of the incidence of floods, the provision of habitats for aquatic species, the improvement of water quality and the increased recharge of groundwater.

Description

Types/Methods

Anthropogenic impacts on floodplain mostly target the lateral connectivity between rivers and their floodplains, so many restoration methods focus on removing human-made structures that disrupt connectivity.[1] One type of floodplain restoration are levee setbacks and dam removal, either full or partial, to allow for rivers to migrate within a space that is closer to the natural floodplain.[2] Another method is through a "beaded approach" with allows small portions of a floodplain to be restored to natural habitat and functions .[2] The removal of levees and/or weirs can allow for the reconnection of river channels to their floodplain.[2] Riverside embankments through the creation of overflow sills and creating artificial opening at inflow channels can help increase channel connectivity to the floodplain.[3] Restoring drained or degraded wetlands can help increase floodplain connectivity.[4]

Potential Benefits

Floodplain restoration can restore previously lost or degraded ecosystem services. These ecosystem services can be categorized by supporting, regulating, provisioning, and cultural services.[5] Restoring floodplains can help regulate flood events and mitigate flood related damage.[6] Floodplain restoration can also increase biodiversity by creating new or restoring degraded habitat and encourage growth of native species.[7][8] Methods of wetland restoration in the floodplain, can help better water quality.[9] Reconnecting rivers to their floodplains promotes carbon storage in soil and regulates processes within soil.[8]

Challenges

There are several issues that may arise when planning and/or implementing floodplain restoration projects. Since floodplain restoration involves a wide range of partnerships and stakeholders, a lack of communication between parties and differences ideas or priorities for restoration goals can be a constraint for restoration projects.[10] There is also the potential for a higher value or desire placed into immediate flood-defense and current land-use practices rather than the ecological or environmental benefits, which can stall or prevent floodplain restoration.[10][11] It is also important to include the socio-economic aspects of floodplain restoration, so when this becomes a constraint to projects that do not consider these aspects. Restoration efforts need to be properly and continuously monitored to determine effectiveness and benefits.[12]

Examples of Existing Projects

This is not an exhaustive list

Africa

Asia and The Pacific

Europe

Road flooded intentionally in a polder on the Upper Rhine

One of the drivers for floodplain restoration is the EU Water Framework Directive. Early floodplain restoration schemes were undertaken in the mid-1990s in the Rheinvorland-Süd on the Upper Rhine, the Bourret on the Garonne, and as part of the Long Eau project in England.[17] Ongoing schemes in 2007 include Lenzen on the Elbe, La Basse on the Seine and the Parrett Catchment Project in England. On the Elbe River near Lenzen (Brandenburg), 420 hectares of floodplain were restored in order to prevent a recurrence of the Elbe floods of 2002. A total of 20 floodplain restoration projects on the Elbe River were envisaged after the 2002 floods, but only two have been implemented as of 2009 according to the environmental group de:BUND.[18]

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

Floodplain restoration in the United States is driven by The Clean Water Act (1972), The Endangered Species Act (1973), and various state level legislations.

See also

References

  1. ^ Schulz‐Zunkel, Christiane; Seele‐Dilbat, Carolin; Anlanger, Christine; Baborowski, Martina; Bondar‐Kunze, Elisabeth; Brauns, Mario; Gapinski, Cedric M.; Gründling, Ralf; Haaren, Christina von; Hein, Thomas; Henle, Klaus; Junge, Frank W.; Kasperidus, Hans. D.; Koll, Katinka; Kretz, Lena (2022-03). "Effective restoration measures in river‐floodplain ecosystems: Lessons learned from the 'Wilde Mulde' project". International Review of Hydrobiology. 107 (1–2): 9–21. doi:10.1002/iroh.202102086. ISSN 1434-2944. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Pess, George R., et al. "Monitoring floodplain restoration." Monitoring stream and watershed restoration. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland (2005): 127-166.
  3. ^ Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 14 (1). 1998-01. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<>1.0.co;2-1. ISSN 0886-9375 <>1.0.co;2-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<>1.0.co;2-1. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ Martin, David M.; Jacobs, Amy D.; McLean, Chase; Canick, Michelle R.; Boomer, Kathleen (2022-12-01). "Using Structured Decision Making to Evaluate Wetland Restoration Opportunities in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed". Environmental Management. 70 (6): 950–964. doi:10.1007/s00267-022-01725-5. ISSN 1432-1009. PMC 9622542. PMID 36208345.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  5. ^ Petsch, Danielle Katharine; Cionek, Vivian de Mello; Thomaz, Sidinei Magela; dos Santos, Natalia Carneiro Lacerda (2022-06-21). "Ecosystem services provided by river-floodplain ecosystems". Hydrobiologia. 850 (12–13): 2563–2584. doi:10.1007/s10750-022-04916-7. ISSN 0018-8158.
  6. ^ Gourevitch, Jesse D.; Singh, Nitin K.; Minot, Josh; Raub, Kristin B.; Rizzo, Donna M.; Wemple, Beverley C.; Ricketts, Taylor H. (2020-03). "Spatial targeting of floodplain restoration to equitably mitigate flood risk". Global Environmental Change. 61: 102050. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102050. ISSN 0959-3780. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Kousky, Carolyn; Walls, Margaret (2014-08). "Floodplain conservation as a flood mitigation strategy: Examining costs and benefits". Ecological Economics. 104: 119–128. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.05.001. ISSN 0921-8009. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b Serra-Llobet, Anna; Jähnig, Sonja C.; Geist, Juergen; Kondolf, G. Mathias; Damm, Christian; Scholz, Mathias; Lund, Jay; Opperman, Jeff J.; Yarnell, Sarah M.; Pawley, Anitra; Shader, Eileen; Cain, John; Zingraff-Hamed, Aude; Grantham, Theodore E.; Eisenstein, William (2022). "Restoring Rivers and Floodplains for Habitat and Flood Risk Reduction: Experiences in Multi-Benefit Floodplain Management From California and Germany". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 9. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.778568. ISSN 2296-665X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Richardson, Curtis J.; Flanagan, Neal E.; Ho, Mengchi; Pahl, James W. (2011-01-01). "Integrated stream and wetland restoration: A watershed approach to improved water quality on the landscape". Ecological Engineering. Special Issue: Enhancing ecosystem services on the landscape with created, constructed and restored wetlands. 37 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.005. ISSN 0925-8574.
  10. ^ a b Adams, William M.; Perrow, Martin R.; Carpenter, Angus (2005-11). "Perceptions of river managers of institutional constraints on floodplain restoration in the UK". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 48 (6): 877–889. doi:10.1080/09640560500294442. ISSN 0964-0568. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Moss, Timothy (2007-06). "Institutional drivers and constraints of floodplain restoration in Europe". International Journal of River Basin Management. 5 (2): 121–130. doi:10.1080/15715124.2007.9635312. ISSN 1571-5124. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Schulz‐Zunkel, Christiane; Seele‐Dilbat, Carolin; Anlanger, Christine; Baborowski, Martina; Bondar‐Kunze, Elisabeth; Brauns, Mario; Gapinski, Cedric M.; Gründling, Ralf; Haaren, Christina von; Hein, Thomas; Henle, Klaus; Junge, Frank W.; Kasperidus, Hans. D.; Koll, Katinka; Kretz, Lena (2022-03). "Effective restoration measures in river‐floodplain ecosystems: Lessons learned from the 'Wilde Mulde' project". International Review of Hydrobiology. 107 (1–2): 9–21. doi:10.1002/iroh.202102086. ISSN 1434-2944. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Scholte, Paul, et al. "Floodplain rehabilitation in North Cameroon: impact on vegetation dynamics." Applied Vegetation Science 3.1 (2000): 33-42.
  14. ^ Zerbe, Stefan; Thevs, Niels (2011), Hong, Sun-Kee; Kim, Jae-Eun; Wu, Jianguo; Nakagoshi, Nobukazu (eds.), "Restoring Central Asian Floodplain Ecosystems as Natural Capital and Cultural Heritage in a Continental Desert Environment", Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures, Tokyo: Springer Japan, pp. 277–297, doi:10.1007/978-4-431-87799-8_19, ISBN 978-4-431-87798-1, retrieved 2024-04-14
  15. ^ Albers, T.; Schmitt, K. (2015-12). "Dyke design, floodplain restoration and mangrove co-management as parts of an area coastal protection strategy for the mud coasts of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 23 (6): 991–1004. doi:10.1007/s11273-015-9441-3. ISSN 0923-4861. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Cha, Yoon Jung; Shim, Myung-Pil; Kim, Seung Kyum (2011). "The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project" (PDF). UN-Water International Conference.
  17. ^ Moss, Timothy; Monstadt, Jochen, eds. (2008). Restoring floodplains in Europe: policy contexts and project experiences. London: IWA Pub. ISBN 978-1-84339-090-9. OCLC 212816100.
  18. ^ Wibbeler, Hartmut (2016-11). "Schritte zum Schutz vor Sturzfluten und Hochwasser". Wasser und Abfall. 18 (11): 38–41. doi:10.1007/s35152-016-0105-2. ISSN 1436-9095. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Stammel, Barbara; Cyffka, Bernd; Geist, Jürgen; Müller, Melanie; Pander, Joachim; Blasch, Gerald; Fischer, Peter; Gruppe, Axel; Haas, Florian; Kilg, Markus; Lang, Petra; Schopf, Reinhard; Schwab, André; Utschik, Hans; Weißbrod, Maximilian (2012-04-01). "Floodplain restoration on the Upper Danube (Germany) by re-establishing water and sediment dynamics: a scientific monitoring as part of the implementation". River Systems. 20 (1–2): 55–70. doi:10.1127/1868-5749/2011/020-0033. ISSN 1868-5749.
  20. ^ Ares, Jorge; Serra, Juan (2008-04). "Selection of sustainable projects for floodplain restoration and urban wastewater management at the lower Chubut River valley (Argentina)". Landscape and Urban Planning. 85 (3–4): 215–227. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.11.003. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Martin, David M.; Jacobs, Amy D.; McLean, Chase; Canick, Michelle R.; Boomer, Kathleen (2022-12-01). "Using Structured Decision Making to Evaluate Wetland Restoration Opportunities in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed". Environmental Management. 70 (6): 950–964. doi:10.1007/s00267-022-01725-5. ISSN 1432-1009. PMC 9622542. PMID 36208345.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  22. ^ Hine, Christopher S.; Hagy, Heath M.; Horath, Michelle M.; Yetter, Aaron P.; Smith, Randolph V.; Stafford, Joshua D. (2016-07-05). "Response of aquatic vegetation communities and other wetland cover types to floodplain restoration at Emiquon Preserve". Hydrobiologia. 804 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-2893-5. ISSN 0018-8158.
  23. ^ Merz, Norm (2009-02-18). Kootenai River Floodplain Ecosystem Operational Loss Assessment, Protection, Mitigation and Rehabilitation, 2007-2008 Annual Report (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).
  24. ^ Richardson, Curtis J.; Flanagan, Neal E.; Ho, Mengchi; Pahl, James W. (2011-01-01). "Integrated stream and wetland restoration: A watershed approach to improved water quality on the landscape". Ecological Engineering. Special Issue: Enhancing ecosystem services on the landscape with created, constructed and restored wetlands. 37 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.09.005. ISSN 0925-8574.
  25. ^ Rood, Stewart B., et al. "Managing river flows to restore floodplain forests." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3.4 (2005): 193-201.
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