Common periwinkle: Difference between revisions
→Feeding: role of phlorotannins in brown algae against "L. littorea" herbivory |
m Format plain DOIs using AWB (8068) |
||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
The width of the shell ranges from 10 to 12 mm at maturity.<ref name="Marlin"/> with an average size of 16–38 mm.<ref name="Benson 2011"/> |
The width of the shell ranges from 10 to 12 mm at maturity.<ref name="Marlin"/> with an average size of 16–38 mm.<ref name="Benson 2011"/> |
||
Shell height can reach up to 30 mm,<ref name="Marlin">[http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/adult_gen_Littorinalittorea.htm Common periwinkle] at marlin.ac.uk retrieved 16.10.2008</ref> 43 mm<ref name="Welch 2010">Welch J. J. (2010). "The |
Shell height can reach up to 30 mm,<ref name="Marlin">[http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/adult_gen_Littorinalittorea.htm Common periwinkle] at marlin.ac.uk retrieved 16.10.2008</ref> 43 mm<ref name="Welch 2010">Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' '''5'''(1): e8776. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0008776}}.</ref> or 52 mm.<ref name="Benson 2011"/> |
||
As a result of its robust nature, ''Littorina littorea'' can be highly variable in phenotype with several different morphs present. It is thought{{by whom|date=December 2011}} that its phenotypic variations are indicative of a speciation event, as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. This is of particular importance to evolutionary biology as it presents the possible opportunity to view a transitional phase in the evolutionary life of an organism.<ref name="Grahame, J.W.">Grahame J. (1975). "Spawning in ''Littorina littorea'' (L.) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata)". ''Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology'' '''18''': 185-196.</ref> |
As a result of its robust nature, ''Littorina littorea'' can be highly variable in phenotype with several different morphs present. It is thought{{by whom|date=December 2011}} that its phenotypic variations are indicative of a speciation event, as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. This is of particular importance to evolutionary biology as it presents the possible opportunity to view a transitional phase in the evolutionary life of an organism.<ref name="Grahame, J.W.">Grahame J. (1975). "Spawning in ''Littorina littorea'' (L.) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata)". ''Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology'' '''18''': 185-196.</ref> |
||
| Line 92: | Line 92: | ||
''Littorina littorea'' is an [[omnivorous]], grazing intertidal gastropod.<ref name="Chang 2010"/> The common periwinkle is primarily an [[algae]] grazer, but will feed on small [[invertebrate]]s such as [[barnacle]] larvae. They use their [[radula]] to scrape [[alga]]e from rocks, and, in the [[salt marsh]] community, pick up algae from the [[cord grass]], or from the [[biofilm]] that covers the surface of mud in [[estuary|estuaries]] or [[bay]]s. |
''Littorina littorea'' is an [[omnivorous]], grazing intertidal gastropod.<ref name="Chang 2010"/> The common periwinkle is primarily an [[algae]] grazer, but will feed on small [[invertebrate]]s such as [[barnacle]] larvae. They use their [[radula]] to scrape [[alga]]e from rocks, and, in the [[salt marsh]] community, pick up algae from the [[cord grass]], or from the [[biofilm]] that covers the surface of mud in [[estuary|estuaries]] or [[bay]]s. |
||
[[Phlorotannin]]s in the brown algae ''[[Fucus vesiculosus]]'' and ''[[Ascophyllum nodosum]]'' act as Chemical defenses against ''Littorina littorea''.<ref>Polyphenols in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea. J. A. Geiselman and O. J. McConnell, Journal Of Chemical Ecology,1981, Volume 7, Number 6, pages 1115-1133,{{doi|10.1007/BF00987632}}</ref> |
[[Phlorotannin]]s in the brown algae ''[[Fucus vesiculosus]]'' and ''[[Ascophyllum nodosum]]'' act as Chemical defenses against ''Littorina littorea''.<ref>Polyphenols in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea. J. A. Geiselman and O. J. McConnell, Journal Of Chemical Ecology,1981, Volume 7, Number 6, pages 1115-1133, {{doi|10.1007/BF00987632}}</ref> |
||
=== Life cycle === |
=== Life cycle === |
||
| Line 114: | Line 114: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
||
This article incorporates a public domain text (a [[public domain]] [[work of the United States Government]]) from references <ref name="Benson 2008">Benson A. (2008). ''Littorina littorea''. [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. <http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1009> Revision Date: 8/20/2007</ref><ref name="Benson 2011">Benson A. J. (2011). ''Littorina littorea''. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1009 RevisionDate: 4/21/2009.</ref> and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference <ref name="Chang 2010">Chang A. L., Blakeslee A. M. H., Miller A. W. & Ruiz G. M. (2011). "Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions: A Case History of ''Littorina littorea'' in California, USA". ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' '''6'''(1): e16035. |
This article incorporates a public domain text (a [[public domain]] [[work of the United States Government]]) from references <ref name="Benson 2008">Benson A. (2008). ''Littorina littorea''. [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. <http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1009> Revision Date: 8/20/2007</ref><ref name="Benson 2011">Benson A. J. (2011). ''Littorina littorea''. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1009 RevisionDate: 4/21/2009.</ref> and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference <ref name="Chang 2010">Chang A. L., Blakeslee A. M. H., Miller A. W. & Ruiz G. M. (2011). "Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions: A Case History of ''Littorina littorea'' in California, USA". ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' '''6'''(1): e16035. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0016035}}''.</ref> |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
Revision as of 17:29, 30 May 2012
| Common periwinkle | |
|---|---|
| |
| Periwinkle emerging from its shell, Sweden | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| (unranked): | |
| Superfamily: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | Littorina littorea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Littorina littorea | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
The common periwinkle or winkle, scientific name Littorina littorea, is a species of small edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.[2]
This is a robust intertidal species with a dark and sometimes banded shell. It lives on the rocky shores of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The shell is broadly ovate, thick, sharply pointed except when eroded.[3] The shell contains 6 to 7 whorls with some fine threads and wrinkles. The color is variable from grayish to gray-brown, often with dark spiral bands.[3] The base of the columella is white.[3] The shell lacks an umbilicus. The white outer lip is sometimes checkered with brown patches. The inside of the shell has a chocolate-brown color.
The width of the shell ranges from 10 to 12 mm at maturity.[4] with an average size of 16–38 mm.[3]
Shell height can reach up to 30 mm,[4] 43 mm[5] or 52 mm.[3]
As a result of its robust nature, Littorina littorea can be highly variable in phenotype with several different morphs present. It is thought[by whom?] that its phenotypic variations are indicative of a speciation event, as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. This is of particular importance to evolutionary biology as it presents the possible opportunity to view a transitional phase in the evolutionary life of an organism.[6]
Distribution
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2011) |
Common periwinkles are native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, along the coasts of northern Spain, Scotland, Ireland, Scandinavia and Russia.[7]
Introductions to North America
Common periwinkles have been introduced to the Atlantic coast of North America, possibly[vague] by rock ballast in the mid-19th century.[8] The first recorded case was in 1840 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[8] It is now a predominant mollusc from New Jersey northward to Newfoundland.[7] It was accidentally introduced to the North American East Coast within the last few centuries and it is now extraordinarily abundant on New England rocky shores.[9] In Canada, their range includes New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador.[3]
This species is also found on the West Coast of the United States, from Washington (U.S. state) to California. Littorina littorea is now the most common marine snail along the North Atlantic coast. It has been shown[by whom?] to fundamentally change North Atlantic intertidal ecosystems via grazing activities, altering the distribution and abundance of algae on rocky shores and converting soft-sediment habitats to hard substrates, as well as competitively displacing some native species.[9] The presence of this species has caused extensive damage due to interspecific competition with native intertidal gastropods.[7]
Ecology
Habitat
The common periwinkle is mainly found on rocky shores in the higher and middle intertidal zone.[7] It sometimes lives in small tide pools. It may also be found in muddy habitats such as estuaries,[7] and can reach depths of 180 feet.[7]
Feeding
Littorina littorea is an omnivorous, grazing intertidal gastropod.[9] The common periwinkle is primarily an algae grazer, but will feed on small invertebrates such as barnacle larvae. They use their radula to scrape algae from rocks, and, in the salt marsh community, pick up algae from the cord grass, or from the biofilm that covers the surface of mud in estuaries or bays.
Phlorotannins in the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum act as Chemical defenses against Littorina littorea.[10]
Life cycle
Littorina littorea is oviparous, reproducing annually with internal fertilization of egg capsules that are then shed directly into the sea, leading to a planktotrophic larval development time of four to seven weeks.[9] Females lay 10,000 to 100,000 eggs contained in a corneous capsule from which larvae escape and settle to the bottom.[7] This species can breed year round depending on the local climate.[7] It reaches maturity at 10 mm, and lives 5 to 10 years.[7]
Human use
This species appears in prehistoric shellfish middens throughout Europe, and is believed to have been an important source of food since at least 7500 BC in Scotland.[11] It is still collected in huge quantities in Scotland, mostly for export to the Continent, and also consumed locally. The official landings figures for Scotland indicate that over 2,000 tonnes of winkles are exported annually. This makes winkles the sixth most important shellfish harvested in Scotland in terms of tonnage, and seventh most important in terms of value. However, since actual harvests are probably[vague] twice reported levels, the species may[vague] actually be the fourth and sixth most important, respectively.[12]
They are usually picked off the rocks by hand or caught in a drag from a boat. They are mostly eaten in the coastal areas of Scotland and Ireland where they are commonly referred to as winkles or in some areas buckies, willicks or wilks. In Belgium they are commonly called crickles. They are commonly sold in paper bags near beaches in Ireland and Scotland, boiled in their local salt water and with a pin attached to the bag to enable the extraction of the soft parts from the shell.
Periwinkles are considered a delicacy in African and Asian cuisine. The meat is high in protein, Omega 3 and low in fat; according to the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, raw snails in general are about 80% water, 15% protein, and 1.4% fat.
Periwinkles are also used as bait for catching small fish. The shell is usually crushed and the soft parts extracted and put on a hook.
See Also
References
This article incorporates a public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from references [7][3] and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference [9]
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
- ^ a b Reid, David G.; Gofas, S. (2011). Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140262 on 2011-05-16
- ^ a b c d e f g Benson A. J. (2011). Littorina littorea. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1009 RevisionDate: 4/21/2009.
- ^ a b Common periwinkle at marlin.ac.uk retrieved 16.10.2008
- ^ Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
- ^ Grahame J. (1975). "Spawning in Littorina littorea (L.) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata)". Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology 18: 185-196.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Benson A. (2008). Littorina littorea. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. <http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1009> Revision Date: 8/20/2007
- ^ a b Chapman J. W., Carlton J. T., Bellinger M. R. & Blakeslee A. M. H. (2007). "Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail Littorina littorea in the northwestern Atlantic". Biological Invasions 9:737-750.
- ^ a b c d e Chang A. L., Blakeslee A. M. H., Miller A. W. & Ruiz G. M. (2011). "Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions: A Case History of Littorina littorea in California, USA". PLoS ONE 6(1): e16035. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016035.
- ^ Polyphenols in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea. J. A. Geiselman and O. J. McConnell, Journal Of Chemical Ecology,1981, Volume 7, Number 6, pages 1115-1133, doi:10.1007/BF00987632
- ^ Ashmore, quoted in McKay and Fowler 1997 b
- ^ McKay and Fowler 1997 b
Further reading
- Abbott R. T. (1974). American Seashells. Second edition. Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York
- Abbott R. T. (1986). Seashells of North America, St. Martin's Press, New York
External links
- Littorina littorea (mollusc) from the Invasive Species Specialist Group website of the World Conservation Union
- Common periwinkle from the Marine Life Information Network for Britain and Ireland
- Anatomy of the Periwinkle from a Lander University website
Commercial mollusks | ||
|---|---|---|
| Marine gastropods |  | |
| Land and freshwater gastropods | ||
| Free-swimming marine bivalves | ||
| Infaunal bivalves | ||
| Sessile bivalves | ||
| Freshwater bivalves | ||
| Cephalopods | ||
| Techniques | ||