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The '''round goby''', ''Neogobius melanostomus'', is an [[euryhaline]] bottom-dwelling [[goby]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Gobiidae]], native to central [[Eurasia]] including the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]]. Round gobies have established large non-native populations in the Baltic Sea, several major Eurasian rivers, and the North American Great Lakes.<ref name="Kornis M.S. 2012">Kornis M.S., Mercado-Silva N., Vander Zanden M.J. (2012) Twenty years of invasion: a review of round goby Neogobius melanostomus biology, spread and ecological implications. Journal of Fish Biology, 80:235-285</ref>
The '''round goby''' (''Neogobius melanostomus'') is an [[euryhaline]] bottom-dwelling [[goby]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Gobiidae]], native to central [[Eurasia]] including the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]]. Round gobies have established large non-native populations in the Baltic Sea, several major Eurasian rivers, and the North American Great Lakes.<ref name="Kornis M.S. 2012">{{cite pmid|22268429}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
Round gobies are small, soft-bodied fish, characterized by a distinctive black spot on the first dorsal fin. Their eyes are large and protrude slightly from the top of the head and, like most gobies, round gobies have pelvic fins that are fused to form a single disc on the belly of the fish shaped like a suction cup. Round gobies range in length from 4 to 10&nbsp;inches (maximum of 9.7&nbsp;inches (24.6&nbsp;cm), and in weight from .176 ounces to 2.816 ounces, increasing as they age. Male round gobies are larger than females. Juvenile round gobies (less than one year old) are grey. Upon maturation, round gobies become mottled with gray, black, brown, and olive green markings. Adult male round gobies turn inky black during the spawning season and develop swollen cheeks. Male and female round gobies are easily differentiated through the shape of their urogenital papilla, which is white to grey, long and pointed in males, and brown, short and blunt-tipped in females.
Round gobies are small, soft-bodied fish, characterized by a distinctive black spot on the first dorsal fin. Their eyes are large and protrude slightly from the top of the head and, like most gobies, round gobies have pelvic fins that are fused to form a single disc on the belly of the fish shaped like a suction cup. Round gobies range in length from 4 to 10&nbsp;inches (maximum of 9.7&nbsp;inches (24.6&nbsp;cm), and in weight from 0.176 ounces to 2.816 ounces, increasing as they age. Male round gobies are larger than females. Juvenile round gobies (less than one year old) are grey. Upon maturation, round gobies become mottled with gray, black, brown, and olive green markings. Adult male round gobies turn inky black during the spawning season and develop swollen cheeks. Male and female round gobies are easily differentiated through the shape of their urogenital papilla, which is white to grey, long and pointed in males, and brown, short and blunt-tipped in females.


==Range/Habitat==
==Range/Habitat==
Widespread in the [[Sea of Marmara]] and [[rivers]] of its basin. In the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] along all [[coasts]] and [[fresh water]]s of their basins. In the coastal [[lake]]s and [[lagoons]]. In the [[rivers]] of [[Crimea]] and [[Caucasus]]: [[Mezib]], [[Pshada]], [[Vulan]], [[Kodori River|Kodori]], [[Çoruh River|Çoruh]]. In the [[Caspian Sea]] presented by [[subspecies]] ''Neogobius melanostomus affinis''.
Widespread in the [[Sea of Marmara]] and [[rivers]] of its basin. In the [[Black Sea]] and [[Sea of Azov]] along all [[coasts]] and [[fresh water]]s of their basins. In the coastal [[lake]]s and [[lagoons]]. In the [[rivers]] of [[Crimea]] and [[Caucasus]]: [[Mezib]], [[Pshada]], [[Vulan]], [[Kodori River|Kodori]], [[Çoruh River|Çoruh]]. In the [[Caspian Sea]] presented by [[subspecies]] ''Neogobius melanostomus affinis''.
Since 1990 the round goby registered as [[invasive species|introduced]] in the North American [[Great Lakes]] as an invasive species.<ref>Jude D.J., Reider R.H., Smith G.R. (1992) Establishment of Gobiidae in the Great Lakes basin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49: 416—421.[http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjfas&volume=49&year=1992&issue=2&msno=f92-047]</ref> and different parts of [[Europe]] including the Baltic Sea. Round gobies are also rapidly expanding into tributaries of the Great Lakes in North America, and were recently discovered in at least one of the Finger Lakes in New York state (Cayuga Lake).
Since 1990 the round goby registered as [[invasive species|introduced]] in the North American [[Great Lakes]] as an invasive species.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f92-047|author=Jude D.J., Reider R.H., Smith G.R. |year=1992|title= Establishment of Gobiidae in the Great Lakes basin|journal= Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.|volume= 49|pages= 416—421}}</ref> and different parts of [[Europe]] including the Baltic Sea. Round gobies are also rapidly expanding into tributaries of the Great Lakes in North America, and were recently discovered in at least one of the Finger Lakes in New York state (Cayuga Lake).


Round gobies are euryhaline (salt-tolerant) and are found in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. In habits the water with mineralization of 18-24%, presented in [[fresh water]]s. Rather common on [[Continental shelf|shelf]]s with sandy and rocky bottoms with low silting, on the depth from 1-2 to 10–17 m.
Round gobies are euryhaline (salt-tolerant) and are found in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. In habits the water with mineralization of 18–24%, presented in [[fresh water]]s. Rather common on [[Continental shelf|shelf]]s with sandy and rocky bottoms with low silting, on the depth from 1–2 to 10–17 m.


==Feeding==
==Feeding==
Round gobies actively feed both [[nocturnal]]ly and [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]]ly, and are believed to detect prey only while stationary. The primary diet of round gobies includes [[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s, [[worm]]s, fish eggs, [[zebra mussel]]s, small fish, and [[insect]] [[larva]]e.
Round gobies actively feed both [[nocturnal]]ly and [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]]ly, and are believed to detect prey only while stationary. The primary diet of round gobies includes [[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s, [[worm]]s, fish eggs, [[zebra mussel]]s, small fish, and [[insect]] [[larva]]e.


Adult round gobies feed mainly on [[mollusks]] and other small invertebrates (insects and amphipods) living on the bottom of lakes and streams.<ref name="Kornis M.S. 2012"/> At spring, the main items in its diet in the [[Sasyk Lagoon]] are ''[[Hydrobia]]'', ''[[Cerastoderma]]'', ''[[Abra (genus)|Abra]]''.<ref>{{Fauna of Ukraine, 8(5)}}</ref> In the same season near the [[Romania]]n coasts of the [[Black Sea]] the round goby feeds on [[polychaete]]s, [[crustaceans]] (''[[Idothea balthica]]'', ''[[Pachygrapsus marmoratus]]'', ''[[Xantho poressa]]'', etc.) and juvenile [[gobies]].<ref>Porumb I.I. (1961) Contribuţii la cunoşterea biologiei guvisilor (''Gobius batrachocephalus'', ''Gobius cephalarges'' şi ''Gobius melanostomus'') din dreptul litoralului Romînesc al Mării Neagre (date preliminare), Hidrobiologia, 3, 271—282.</ref> Near [[Sevastopol]] the round goby feeds on [[molluscs]] (''[[Mytilaster lineatus]]'', ''[[Abra (genus)|Abra]]'' spp.), but near [[Kara Dag Mountain (Crimea)|Karadag]] except [[molluscs]] (''[[Cerastoderma]]'', ''[[Brachiodontes]]'') were fishes.<ref>Khirina V.A. (1950) Materialy po pitaniju nekotoryh bentosnyh ryb v pribrezhnoj zone Chernogo moria u Karadaga. Trudy Karadagskoy biologicheskoy stantsii, No 10: 53-65.</ref>
Adult round gobies feed mainly on [[mollusks]] and other small invertebrates (insects and amphipods) living on the bottom of lakes and streams.<ref name="Kornis M.S. 2012"/> At spring, the main items in its diet in the [[Sasyk Lagoon]] are ''[[Hydrobia]]'', ''[[Cerastoderma]]'', ''[[Abra (genus)|Abra]]''.<ref>{{Fauna of Ukraine, 8(5)}}</ref> In the same season near the [[Romania]]n coasts of the [[Black Sea]] the round goby feeds on [[polychaete]]s, [[crustaceans]] (''[[Idothea balthica]]'', ''[[Pachygrapsus marmoratus]]'', ''[[Xantho poressa]]'', etc.) and juvenile [[gobies]].<ref>Porumb I.I. (1961) Contribuţii la cunoşterea biologiei guvisilor (''Gobius batrachocephalus'', ''Gobius cephalarges'' şi ''Gobius melanostomus'') din dreptul litoralului Romînesc al Mării Neagre (date preliminare), Hidrobiologia, 3, 271—282.</ref> Near [[Sevastopol]] the round goby feeds on [[molluscs]] (''[[Mytilaster lineatus]]'', ''[[Abra (genus)|Abra]]'' spp.), but near [[Kara Dag Mountain (Crimea)|Karadag]] except [[molluscs]] (''[[Cerastoderma]]'', ''[[Brachiodontes]]'') were fishes.<ref>Khirina V.A. (1950) Materialy po pitaniju nekotoryh bentosnyh ryb v pribrezhnoj zone Chernogo moria u Karadaga. Trudy Karadagskoy biologicheskoy stantsii, No 10: 53–65.</ref>


In the [[Gulf of Odessa]] in the diet of the round goby are 23 items.<ref>Kvach Y., Zamorov V. (2001) Feeding preferences of the round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' and mushroom goby ''Neogobius cephalarges'' in the Odessa Bay. ''Oceanological Studies'', 30(3-4): 91-101.</ref> ''[[Mytilus galloprovincialis]]'', ''[[Setia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Mytilaster lineatus]]'', ''[[Lentidium mediterraneum]]'', ''[[Idothea balthica]]'', and ''[[Alitta succinea|Alitta (Nereis) succinea]]'' dominate in spring. In summer are mainly ''[[Sphaeroma pulchellum]]'' and ''[[Lentidium mediterraneum|L. mediterraneum]]''. [[Mussels]] ''[[Mytilus galloprovincialis|M. galloprovincialis]]'' and ''[[Mytilaster lineatus|M. lineatus]]'' have big importance in the diet in all seasons. The [[polychaete]]s are most elected component of [[benthos]].
In the [[Gulf of Odessa]] in the diet of the round goby are 23 items.<ref>Kvach Y., Zamorov V. (2001) [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451598_Feeding_preferences_of_the_round_goby_Neogobius_melanostomus_and_mushroom_goby_N._cephalarges_in_the_Odessa_Bay Feeding preferences of the round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' and mushroom goby ''Neogobius cephalarges'' in the Odessa Bay]. ''Oceanological Studies'', 30(3–4): 91–101.</ref> ''[[Mytilus galloprovincialis]]'', ''[[Setia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Mytilaster lineatus]]'', ''[[Lentidium mediterraneum]]'', ''[[Idothea balthica]]'', and ''[[Alitta succinea|Alitta (Nereis) succinea]]'' dominate in spring. In summer are mainly ''[[Sphaeroma pulchellum]]'' and ''[[Lentidium mediterraneum|L. mediterraneum]]''. [[Mussels]] ''[[Mytilus galloprovincialis|M. galloprovincialis]]'' and ''[[Mytilaster lineatus|M. lineatus]]'' have big importance in the diet in all seasons. The [[polychaete]]s are most elected component of [[benthos]].


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
[[Image:Round goby eggs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Round goby eggs on rocks, [[Dniester Estuary]], [[Ukraine]]]]
[[Image:Round goby eggs.jpg|thumb|Round goby eggs on rocks, [[Dniester Estuary]], [[Ukraine]]]]
Round gobies exhibit [[male]] parental care. [[Females]] can [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]] up to six times during the [[spawning]] season, which spans April to September in most areas. Males will migrate from deeper water, where overwintering occurs, into shallower breeding grounds during the beginning of the mating season. [[Males]] are territorial and will defend eggs from predators, as well as continuously fan them to provide the developing embryos with oxygenated water. This results in successful hatch rates of up to 95%. Its eggs are 4&nbsp;mm by 2.2&nbsp;mm in size. [[Female]] round gobies reach sexual maturity in 1 to 2 years while males do so in 3 to 4 years. [[Gobies]] in the [[Laurentian Great Lakes]] typically mature up to 1 year earlier than in their native habitat in [[Europe]]. The male releases a steroid sex pheromone that attracts females to their territory. Males also use visual displays, including posturing and changing its color from beige to black during mating season. They also produce sounds during courtship. The [[females]] deposit their eggs in male-guarded crevices between rocks. Egg clutches can contain up to 5,000 eggs.
Round gobies exhibit [[male]] parental care. [[Females]] can [[Spawn (biology)|spawn]] up to six times during the [[spawning]] season, which spans April to September in most areas. Males will migrate from deeper water, where overwintering occurs, into shallower breeding grounds during the beginning of the mating season. [[Males]] are territorial and will defend eggs from predators, as well as continuously fan them to provide the developing embryos with oxygenated water. This results in successful hatch rates of up to 95%. Its eggs are 4&nbsp;mm by 2.2&nbsp;mm in size. [[Female]] round gobies reach sexual maturity in 1 to 2 years while males do so in 3 to 4 years. [[Gobies]] in the [[Laurentian Great Lakes]] typically mature up to 1 year earlier than in their native habitat in [[Europe]]. The male releases a steroid sex pheromone that attracts females to their territory. Males also use visual displays, including posturing and changing its color from beige to black during mating season. They also produce sounds during courtship. The [[females]] deposit their eggs in male-guarded crevices between rocks. Egg clutches can contain up to 5,000 eggs.


==Invasive species==
==Invasive species==
[[Image:Neogobius melanostomus1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Round goby from the [[Great Lakes]], [[USA]]]]
[[Image:Neogobius melanostomus1.jpg|thumb|left|Round goby from the [[Great Lakes]], [[USA]]]]
The species was accidentally introduced into the [[North America]]n [[Great Lakes]] by way of ballast water transfer in cargo ships. First discovered in [[North America]] in the [[St. Clair River]] in 1990, the round goby is considered an [[invasive species]] with significant ecological and economic impact;<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/m62u6777wpw23332/ 'The Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus, a Fish Invader on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean'' (2004) in ''Biological Invasions'', Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Volume 6, Number 2, 173—181]</ref> the consequences are quite complex as the fish both competes with native species and provides an abundant source of food for them while consuming other invasive species.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Lydersen|first=Karl|title=The Round Goby, an Uninvited Resident of the Great Lakes, Is Doing Some Good|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/us/27cncgoby.html|accessdate=May 27, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 26, 2011|quote=their ecological impact has not been devastating, but complicated — even beneficial in some cases.}}</ref> In other words, the round goby behaves much like most biological invasive controls. An aggressive fish, the round goby outcompetes native species such as the [[sculpin]] and [[logperch]] for food (such as [[snails]] and [[mussels]]), shelter and nesting sites, substantially reducing their numbers. Round gobies are also voracious predators of eggs of native fish, many important to the angling industry. The goby's robust ability to survive in degraded environmental conditions has helped to increase its competitive advantage compared to native species. Many native predatory fish such as [[smallmouth bass]], [[largemouth bass]], [[walleye]], salmon and trout have begun to prey on round gobies. These [[game fish]] feed so heavily on the abundant gobies that a bait company, called Culprit, has created a soft plastic bait called the "Great Lakes Goby" to exploit this behavior. The incorporation of the round goby into native [[foodweb]]s, coupled with the goby's ability to consume large numbers of invasive mussels ([[zebra mussel|zebra]] and [[quagga mussel|quagga]]), may result in greater bioaccumulation of toxins such as PCBs higher in the food chain, since these mussels filter-feed and are known to accumulate persistent contaminants. However, this is partly beneficial because even though they do not reduce the population of zebra mussels, they do control their population. Hence, it prevents a large scale spread of the zebra mussel, which is also an invasive species in the Great Lakes.
The species was accidentally introduced into the [[North America]]n [[Great Lakes]] by way of ballast water transfer in cargo ships. First discovered in [[North America]] in the [[St. Clair River]] in 1990, the round goby is considered an [[invasive species]] with significant ecological and economic impact;<ref>{{cite doi|10.1023/B:BINV.0000022136.43502.db}}</ref> the consequences are quite complex as the fish both competes with native species and provides an abundant source of food for them while consuming other invasive species.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Lydersen|first=Karl|title=The Round Goby, an Uninvited Resident of the Great Lakes, Is Doing Some Good|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/us/27cncgoby.html|accessdate=May 27, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 26, 2011|quote=their ecological impact has not been devastating, but complicated — even beneficial in some cases.}}</ref> In other words, the round goby behaves much like most biological invasive controls. An aggressive fish, the round goby outcompetes native species such as the [[sculpin]] and [[logperch]] for food (such as [[snails]] and [[mussels]]), shelter and nesting sites, substantially reducing their numbers. Round gobies are also voracious predators of eggs of native fish, many important to the angling industry. The goby's robust ability to survive in degraded environmental conditions has helped to increase its competitive advantage compared to native species. Many native predatory fish such as [[smallmouth bass]], [[largemouth bass]], [[walleye]], salmon and trout have begun to prey on round gobies. These [[game fish]] feed so heavily on the abundant gobies that a bait company, called Culprit, has created a soft plastic bait called the "Great Lakes Goby" to exploit this behavior. The incorporation of the round goby into native [[foodweb]]s, coupled with the goby's ability to consume large numbers of invasive mussels ([[zebra mussel|zebra]] and [[quagga mussel|quagga]]), may result in greater bioaccumulation of toxins such as PCBs higher in the food chain, since these mussels filter-feed and are known to accumulate persistent contaminants. However, this is partly beneficial because even though they do not reduce the population of zebra mussels, they do control their population. Hence, it prevents a large scale spread of the zebra mussel, which is also an invasive species in the Great Lakes.


An unintended benefit of the round goby's introduction is that the [[Nerodia sipedon|Lake Erie Watersnake]], once listed as a [[threatened species]], has found it to be a tasty addition to its diet. A recent study found the introduced fish now accounts for up to 90% of the snake's diet. The new food supply means that the water snake is now staging a comeback.<ref>Williams, Rebecca (producer). [http://environmentreport.org/story.php?story_id=2796 "Ten Threats: Natives Bite Back"]. ''[[The Environment Report]]'', October 10, 2005. Accessed 11 February 2010.</ref> Round gobies also serve as food for a variety of predatory fishes in the Great Lakes, including bass, lake trout, lake whitefish, burbot, and walleye.
An unintended benefit of the round goby's introduction is that the [[Nerodia sipedon|Lake Erie Watersnake]], once listed as a [[threatened species]], has found it to be a tasty addition to its diet. A recent study found the introduced fish now accounts for up to 90% of the snake's diet. The new food supply means that the water snake is now staging a comeback.<ref>Williams, Rebecca (producer). [http://environmentreport.org/story.php?story_id=2796 "Ten Threats: Natives Bite Back"]. ''[[The Environment Report]]'', October 10, 2005. Accessed 11 February 2010.</ref> Round gobies also serve as food for a variety of predatory fishes in the Great Lakes, including bass, lake trout, lake whitefish, burbot, and walleye.


The round goby is also considered [[invasive species|invasive]] in parts of [[Europe]]. The processes of [[invasive species|invasion]] of the round goby in [[Europe]] were started by its introduction to the [[Gdańsk Bay|Gulf of Gdańsk]] (Southern [[Baltic Sea]]) in 1990.<ref>Skóra K.E., Stolarski J. (1993) New fish species in the Gulf of Gdańsk ''[[Neogobius]]'' sp. [cf. ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas 1811)]. Bull. Sea Fisheries Inst., 1(128): 83.</ref> Recently the cases of the round goby [[invasive species|invasion]] are mentioned in the [[Aegean Sea]],<ref>Eryilmaz L. (2002) A new fish record for the Aegean Sea: round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1814) (Gobiidae). Israel J. Zool., 48: 251–252.</ref> in the different parts of the [[Baltic Sea]],<ref>Sapota M., Skóra K.E. (2005) Spread of alien (non-indigenous) species ''Neogobius melanostomus'' in the Gulf of Gdańsk (South Baltic). Biological Invasions, 7: 157-164.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/r1408670417h1up3/]</ref> [[North Sea|North-Sea]] basin,<ref>van Beek G.C.W. (2006) [http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2006/AI_2006_1_1_van_Beek.pdf The round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' first recorded in the Netherlands]. Aquatic Invasions, 1: 42–43.</ref> and basins of the [[rivers]] [[Danube]] and [[Rhine]].<ref>Jurajda P., Černý J., Polačik M., Valová Z., Janáč M., Blažek R., Ondračková M. (2005) The recent distribution and abundance of non-native ''[[Neogobius]]'' fishes in the Slovak section of the River Danube. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 21(4): 319–323.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00688.x/abstract]</ref><ref>van Kessel N., Dorenbosch M., Spikmans F. (2009) [http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2009/AI_2009_4_2_vanKessel_etal.pdf First record of Pontian monkey goby, ''Neogobius fluviatilis'' (Pallas, 1814), in the Dutch Rhine]. Aquatic Invasions, 4(2): 421-424.</ref> In the [[Germany|German]] part of the [[Baltic Sea]] this fish was first noted near the [[Rügen]] [[Island]].<ref>Winkler H.M. (2006) Die Fischfauna der südlichen Ostsee. Meeresangler-Magazin, 16: 17–18.</ref> Now it is distributed along all south-western [[Baltic Sea]] coast includes the [[Szczecin Lagoon|Stettiner Haff (Szczecin Lagoon)]], the [[Unterwarnow]] (the [[Estuary]] of the [[Warnow]] [[River]]), the mouth of the [[Trave]] [[River]], and in the [[Kiel Canal|Nord-Ostsee (Kiel) Kanal]].
The round goby is also considered [[invasive species|invasive]] in parts of [[Europe]]. The processes of [[invasive species|invasion]] of the round goby in [[Europe]] were started by its introduction to the [[Gdańsk Bay|Gulf of Gdańsk]] (Southern [[Baltic Sea]]) in 1990.<ref>Skóra K.E., Stolarski J. (1993) New fish species in the Gulf of Gdańsk ''[[Neogobius]]'' sp. [cf. ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas 1811)]. Bull. Sea Fisheries Inst., 1(128): 83.</ref> Recently the cases of the round goby [[invasive species|invasion]] are mentioned in the [[Aegean Sea]],<ref>Eryilmaz L. (2002) A new fish record for the Aegean Sea: round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1814) (Gobiidae). Israel J. Zool., 48: 251–252.</ref> in the different parts of the [[Baltic Sea]],<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10530-004-9035-0}}</ref> [[North Sea|North-Sea]] basin,<ref>van Beek G.C.W. (2006) [http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2006/AI_2006_1_1_van_Beek.pdf The round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' first recorded in the Netherlands]. Aquatic Invasions, 1: 42–43.</ref> and basins of the [[rivers]] [[Danube]] and [[Rhine]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00688.x}}</ref><ref>van Kessel N., Dorenbosch M., Spikmans F. (2009) [http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2009/AI_2009_4_2_vanKessel_etal.pdf First record of Pontian monkey goby, ''Neogobius fluviatilis'' (Pallas, 1814), in the Dutch Rhine]. Aquatic Invasions, 4(2): 421–424.</ref> In the [[Germany|German]] part of the [[Baltic Sea]] this fish was first noted near the [[Rügen]] [[Island]].<ref>Winkler H.M. (2006) Die Fischfauna der südlichen Ostsee. Meeresangler-Magazin, 16: 17–18.</ref> Now it is distributed along all south-western [[Baltic Sea]] coast includes the [[Szczecin Lagoon|Stettiner Haff (Szczecin Lagoon)]], the [[Unterwarnow]] (the [[Estuary]] of the [[Warnow]] [[River]]), the mouth of the [[Trave]] [[River]], and in the [[Kiel Canal|Nord-Ostsee (Kiel) Kanal]].


At this time, the westernmost site of the round goby occurrence in Europe is the Lower [[River Scheldt]], the [[tidal zone]] in the river mouth, and [[Albert Canal]], [[Belgium]].<ref>Verreycken H., Breine J.J., Snoeks J., Belpaire C. (2011) [http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2010/2_2/pdf/11_1060_FULLTEXT.pdf First record of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Belgium]. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 41(2): 137–140.</ref> In 2011, the expansion of the round goby through the fresh waters of [[France]] is started: this species occurred in the [[Rhine River]] (on the border between France and Germany), also in the French part of the [[Moselle River]].<ref>Manné S., Poulet N, Dembski S. (2013) [http://www.kmae-journal.org/articles/kmae/pdf/2013/04/kmae120090.pdf Colonisation of the Rhine basin by non-native gobiids: an update of the situation in France]. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 411: 02.</ref>
At this time, the westernmost site of the round goby occurrence in Europe is the Lower [[River Scheldt]], the [[tidal zone]] in the river mouth, and [[Albert Canal]], [[Belgium]].<ref>Verreycken H., Breine J.J., Snoeks J., Belpaire C. (2011) [http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2010/2_2/pdf/11_1060_FULLTEXT.pdf First record of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Belgium]. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 41(2): 137–140.</ref> In 2011, the expansion of the round goby through the fresh waters of [[France]] is started: this species occurred in the [[Rhine River]] (on the border between France and Germany), also in the French part of the [[Moselle River]].<ref>Manné S., Poulet N, Dembski S. (2013) [http://www.kmae-journal.org/articles/kmae/pdf/2013/04/kmae120090.pdf Colonisation of the Rhine basin by non-native gobiids: an update of the situation in France]. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 411: 02.</ref>


==Parasites==
==Parasites==
In total, 52 [[parasite]] [[species]] are registered in the round goby in the native area.<ref>Kvach Y. (2002) Round goby’s parasites in native habitats and in a place of invasion. Oceanological Studies, 31(1-2): 51-57.</ref> Most abundant parasites of the Black-Sea round goby are [[metacercariae]] of [[trematodes]] of [[Heterophyidae]] [[family (biology)|family]], such as ''Cryptocotyle concavum'', ''C. lingua'', and ''Pygidiopsis genata''.<ref>Kvach Y. (2005) A comparative analysis of helminth faunas and infection of ten species of gobiid fishes (Actinopterigii: [[Gobiidae]]) from the North-Western [[Black Sea]]. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 35(2): 103–110.[http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2000/5_2/pdf/ACTA_35(2)_paper_06.pdf]</ref> The trematodes ''C. lingua'' and ''P. genata'' can infest human.<ref>Youssef M.M., Mansour N.S., Awadalla H.N., Hammouda N.A., Khalifa R., Boulos L.M. (1987) Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 17: 474–479.</ref><ref>Zimmerman M.R., Smith G.S. (1975) A probable case of occidental inhumation of 1600 years ago. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 51(7): 828–837.</ref> In the 1950s, along the coast of the [[Gulf of Taganrog]] ([[Sea of Azov]]) the round roby was registered as a [[Host (biology)|host]] of [[epizootic]] of [[nematodes]], ''Tetrameres fissispina'' and ''Streptocara crassicauda'', which were fatal to [[ducklings]].<ref>Kovalenko I.I. (1960) Izucenie cikla razvitiâ nekotoryh gel’mintov domasnih utok v hozâjstvah na Azovskom poberez’e. Doklady AN SSSR, 133(5): 1259–1261.(In Russian)</ref>
In total, 52 [[parasite]] [[species]] are registered in the round goby in the native area.<ref>Kvach Y. (2002) [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451595_The_round_goby_parasites_in_native_habitats_and_in_a_place_of_invasion Round goby’s parasites in native habitats and in a place of invasion]. Oceanological Studies, 31(1–2): 51–57.</ref> Most abundant parasites of the Black-Sea round goby are [[metacercariae]] of [[trematodes]] of [[Heterophyidae]] [[family (biology)|family]], such as ''Cryptocotyle concavum'', ''C. lingua'', and ''Pygidiopsis genata''.<ref>Kvach Y. (2005) [[http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2000/5_2/pdf/ACTA_35(2)_paper_06.pdf A comparative analysis of helminth faunas and infection of ten species of gobiid fishes (Actinopterigii: Gobiidae) from the North-Western Black Sea]. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 35(2): 103–110.</ref> The trematodes ''C. lingua'' and ''P. genata'' can infest human.<ref>Youssef M.M., Mansour N.S., Awadalla H.N., Hammouda N.A., Khalifa R., Boulos L.M. (1987) Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 17: 474–479.</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|19312928}}</ref> In the 1950s, along the coast of the [[Gulf of Taganrog]] ([[Sea of Azov]]) the round roby was registered as a [[Host (biology)|host]] of [[epizootic]] of [[nematodes]], ''Tetrameres fissispina'' and ''Streptocara crassicauda'', which were fatal to [[ducklings]].<ref>Kovalenko I.I. (1960) Izucenie cikla razvitiâ nekotoryh gel’mintov domasnih utok v hozâjstvah na Azovskom poberez’e. Doklady AN SSSR, 133(5): 1259–1261. (In Russian)</ref>


In the [[Gdańsk Bay|Gulf of Gdańsk]], [[Baltic Sea]], the parasite fauna of the [[invasive species|invasive]] round goby consists of 12 [[species]].<ref>Kvach Y., Skóra K.E. (2007) Metazoa parasites of the invasive round goby ''Apollonia melanostoma'' (''Neogobius melanostomus'') (Pallas) (Gobiidae: Osteichthyes) in the [[Gdansk Bay|Gulf of Gdańsk]], [[Baltic Sea]], [[Poland]]: a comparison with the Black Sea. Parasitology Research, 100(4): 767–774.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/q448l50l4026h688/]</ref> The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of [[trematode]] [[metacercariae]]: ''C. concavum'' and ''Diplostomum spathaceum''. Also, in the Baltic Sea the round goby is [[paratenic host]] of the [[invasive species|invasive]] [[nematode]] ''[[Anguillicoloides crassus]]''.<ref>Kvach Y. (2004) The Far-Eastern nematode ''Anguillicola crassus'' – new parasite of the invasive round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Vestnik Zoologii, 38(2): 38.</ref> In the [[Vistula Lagoon]], the most abundant parasites of the round goby are [[nematodes]] ''Hysterothylacium aduncum'' and ''[[Anguillicoloides crassus|A. crassus]]''.<ref>Rolbiecki L. (2006) Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1811), an invasive species in the Polish fauna of the Vistula Lagoon ecosystem. Oceanologia, 48: 545–541.[http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=fulltext&passMe=http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/48_4.html#A5]</ref>
In the [[Gdańsk Bay|Gulf of Gdańsk]], [[Baltic Sea]], the parasite fauna of the [[invasive species|invasive]] round goby consists of 12 [[species]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s00436-006-0311-z}}</ref> The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of [[trematode]] [[metacercariae]]: ''C. concavum'' and ''Diplostomum spathaceum''. Also, in the Baltic Sea the round goby is [[paratenic host]] of the [[invasive species|invasive]] [[nematode]] ''[[Anguillicoloides crassus]]''.<ref>Kvach Y. (2004) [http://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451606_The_Far-Eastern_nematode_Anguillicola_crassus__new_parasite_of_the_invasive_round_goby_Neogobius_melanostomus_in_the_Baltic_Sea?ev=prf_cit The Far-Eastern nematode ''Anguillicola crassus'' – new parasite of the invasive round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' in the Baltic Sea]. Vestnik Zoologii, 38(2): 38.</ref> In the [[Vistula Lagoon]], the most abundant parasites of the round goby are [[nematodes]] ''Hysterothylacium aduncum'' and ''[[Anguillicoloides crassus|A. crassus]]''.<ref>Rolbiecki L. (2006) [http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/484rolbi.pdf‎ Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1811), an invasive species in the Polish fauna of the Vistula Lagoon ecosystem]. Oceanologia, 48: 545–541.</ref>


25 [[species]] of [[parasitism|parasites]] are noted in the round goby in the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>Camp J.W., Blaney L.M., Barnes D.K. (1999) Helminths of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from Southern Lake Michigan, Indiana. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., 66: 70–72.</ref><ref>Muzzall P.M., Peebles C.R., Thomas M.V. (1995) Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'', and tubenose goby, ''Proterorhinus marmoratus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., 62(2): 226–228.</ref><ref>Pronin N.M., Fleischer G.W., Baldanova D.R., Pronina S.V. (1997) Parasites of the recently established round goby (''Neogobius melanostomus'') and tubenose goby (''Proterorhinus marmoratus') (Gobiidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA. Folia Parasitol., 44: 1–6.[http://www.paru.cas.cz/folia/pdfs/showpdf.php?pdf=21146]</ref><ref>Kvach Y., Stepien C.A. (2008) Metazoan parasites of introduced round and tubenose gobies in the Great Lakes: support for the “enemy release hypothesis”. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 34: 23-35.[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3394/0380-1330%282008%2934%5B23%3AMPOIRA%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=jglr]</ref> The trematode ''D. spathaceum'' is most abundant core species overall. Also the [[cestode]] ''Proteocephalus'' sp. and the [[trematode]] ''Neochasmus umbellus'' are rather abundant. The round goby may circumvent more of the [[metacercariae]] of ''N. umbellus'' from completing their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]].<ref>Kvach Y., Stepien C.A. (2008) The invasive round goby ''Apollonia melanostoma'' (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) – a new intermediate host of the trematode ''Neochasmus umbellus'' (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) in Lake Erie, Ohio, USA. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24: 103-105.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.01024.x/abstract]</ref> The [[parasite]] “load” on the [[invasive species|invasive]] [[gobies]] in the [[Great Lakes]] appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "[[enemy release hypothesis]]".
25 [[species]] of [[parasitism|parasites]] are noted in the round goby in the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Camp J.W., Blaney L.M., Barnes D.K. |year=1999|title= Helminths of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from Southern Lake Michigan, Indiana|journal= J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.|volume= 66|pages= 70–72|url=http://www.reabic.net/publ/Camp_etal_1999.pdf‎}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Muzzall P.M., Peebles C.R., Thomas M.V. |year=1995|title= Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'', and tubenose goby, ''Proterorhinus marmoratus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan|journal= J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.|volume= 62|issue=2|pages= 226–228|url=http://bionames.org/bionames-archive/issn/1049-233X/62/226.pdf‎}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Pronin N.M., Fleischer G.W., Baldanova D.R., Pronina S.V.|year=1997|title= Parasites of the recently established round goby (''Neogobius melanostomus'') and tubenose goby (''Proterorhinus marmoratus') (Gobiidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA|journal= Folia Parasitol.|volume= 44|pages= 1–6|url=http://www.paru.cas.cz/folia/pdfs/showpdf.php?pdf=21146}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[23:MPOIRA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> The trematode ''D. spathaceum'' is most abundant core species overall. Also the [[cestode]] ''Proteocephalus'' sp. and the [[trematode]] ''Neochasmus umbellus'' are rather abundant. The round goby may circumvent more of the [[metacercariae]] of ''N. umbellus'' from completing their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.01024.x}}</ref> The [[parasite]] “load” on the [[invasive species|invasive]] [[gobies]] in the [[Great Lakes]] appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "enemy release hypothesis".


==See also==
==See also==
Line 81: Line 81:


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{TaxonIds |eol=218104 |worms=126916 |ncbi=47308 |itis=172072 |others=[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=12019 FishBase]}}
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}


==Notes==
==External links==
⚫
{{commons category|Neogobius melanostomus}}
⚫
{{TaxonIds |eol=218104 |worms=126916 |ncbi=47308 |itis=172072 |others=[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=12019 FishBase]}}
* [http://www.meldorfer-sportfischer-verein.de/html/_die_schwarzmundgrundel_erober.html Die Schwarzmundgrundel erobert den Nord-Ostsee-Kanal]
* [http://www.meldorfer-sportfischer-verein.de/html/_die_schwarzmundgrundel_erober.html Die Schwarzmundgrundel erobert den Nord-Ostsee-Kanal]
* [http://www.utoledo.edu/as/lec/goby/RoundPhy.html Round Goby Phylogeography]
* [http://www.utoledo.edu/as/lec/goby/RoundPhy.html Round Goby Phylogeography]
Line 95: Line 96:
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/roundgoby/index.html Minnesota DNR]
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/roundgoby/index.html Minnesota DNR]
* [http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/roundgoby.html Round Goby/Fish of the Great Lakes by Wisconsin Sea Grant]
* [http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/roundgoby.html Round Goby/Fish of the Great Lakes by Wisconsin Sea Grant]

==External links==
⚫
{{commons category|Neogobius melanostomus}}
* [http://www.invadingspecies.com InvadingSpecies.com], Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
* [http://www.invadingspecies.com InvadingSpecies.com], Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
* [http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Biodiversity/biodv-26f.cfm#Round%20Goby CRS Report for Congress: Harmful Non-Native Species]
* [http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Biodiversity/biodv-26f.cfm#Round%20Goby CRS Report for Congress: Harmful Non-Native Species]
Line 105: Line 103:
* University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neogobius_melanostomus.html Neogobius melanostomus]. Downloaded on 18 May 2009.
* University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neogobius_melanostomus.html Neogobius melanostomus]. Downloaded on 18 May 2009.
* [http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=6%2F11%2F2010+12%3A45%3A15+PM&SpeciesID=713&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes/ GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet]
* [http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=6%2F11%2F2010+12%3A45%3A15+PM&SpeciesID=713&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes/ GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet]
* [http://cabinetoffreshwatercuriosities.com/2010/11/11/round-goby/ Round Goby - ''Neogobius melanostomus''], BioFresh Cabinet of Freshwater Curiosities.
* [http://cabinetoffreshwatercuriosities.com/2010/11/11/round-goby/ Round Goby – ''Neogobius melanostomus''], BioFresh Cabinet of Freshwater Curiosities.


{{diversity of fish}}
{{diversity of fish}}

Revision as of 05:56, 19 April 2014

Round goby
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Suborder:
Gobioidei
Family:
Gobiidae
Subfamily:
Benthophilinae
Genus:
Neogobius
Species:
N. melanostomus
Binomial name
Neogobius melanostomus
(Pallas, 1814)
The Range of the Round Goby
Synonyms
  • Gobius affinis Eichwald, 1831
  • Gobius cephalarges Pallas, 1814
  • Gobius chilo Pallas, 1814
  • Gobius exanthematosus Pallas, 1814
  • Gobius grossholzii Steindachner, 1894
  • Gobius lugens Nordmann, 1840
  • Gobius marmoratus Antipa, 1909
  • Gobius melanio Pallas, 1814
  • Gobius melanostomus Pallas, 1814
  • Gobius sulcatus Eichwald, 1831
  • Gobius virescens Pallas, 1814
  • Neogobius cephalarges (Pallas, 1814)
  • Apollonia melanostoma (Pallas, 1814)

The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is an euryhaline bottom-dwelling goby of the family Gobiidae, native to central Eurasia including the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Round gobies have established large non-native populations in the Baltic Sea, several major Eurasian rivers, and the North American Great Lakes.[2]

Characteristics

Round gobies are small, soft-bodied fish, characterized by a distinctive black spot on the first dorsal fin. Their eyes are large and protrude slightly from the top of the head and, like most gobies, round gobies have pelvic fins that are fused to form a single disc on the belly of the fish shaped like a suction cup. Round gobies range in length from 4 to 10 inches (maximum of 9.7 inches (24.6 cm), and in weight from 0.176 ounces to 2.816 ounces, increasing as they age. Male round gobies are larger than females. Juvenile round gobies (less than one year old) are grey. Upon maturation, round gobies become mottled with gray, black, brown, and olive green markings. Adult male round gobies turn inky black during the spawning season and develop swollen cheeks. Male and female round gobies are easily differentiated through the shape of their urogenital papilla, which is white to grey, long and pointed in males, and brown, short and blunt-tipped in females.

Range/Habitat

Widespread in the Sea of Marmara and rivers of its basin. In the Black Sea and Sea of Azov along all coasts and fresh waters of their basins. In the coastal lakes and lagoons. In the rivers of Crimea and Caucasus: Mezib, Pshada, Vulan, Kodori, Çoruh. In the Caspian Sea presented by subspecies Neogobius melanostomus affinis. Since 1990 the round goby registered as introduced in the North American Great Lakes as an invasive species.[3] and different parts of Europe including the Baltic Sea. Round gobies are also rapidly expanding into tributaries of the Great Lakes in North America, and were recently discovered in at least one of the Finger Lakes in New York state (Cayuga Lake).

Round gobies are euryhaline (salt-tolerant) and are found in both freshwater and marine ecosystems. In habits the water with mineralization of 18–24%, presented in fresh waters. Rather common on shelfs with sandy and rocky bottoms with low silting, on the depth from 1–2 to 10–17 m.

Feeding

Round gobies actively feed both nocturnally and diurnally, and are believed to detect prey only while stationary. The primary diet of round gobies includes mollusks, crustaceans, worms, fish eggs, zebra mussels, small fish, and insect larvae.

Adult round gobies feed mainly on mollusks and other small invertebrates (insects and amphipods) living on the bottom of lakes and streams.[2] At spring, the main items in its diet in the Sasyk Lagoon are Hydrobia, Cerastoderma, Abra.[4] In the same season near the Romanian coasts of the Black Sea the round goby feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans (Idothea balthica, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, Xantho poressa, etc.) and juvenile gobies.[5] Near Sevastopol the round goby feeds on molluscs (Mytilaster lineatus, Abra spp.), but near Karadag except molluscs (Cerastoderma, Brachiodontes) were fishes.[6]

In the Gulf of Odessa in the diet of the round goby are 23 items.[7] Mytilus galloprovincialis, Setia pulcherrima, Mytilaster lineatus, Lentidium mediterraneum, Idothea balthica, and Alitta (Nereis) succinea dominate in spring. In summer are mainly Sphaeroma pulchellum and L. mediterraneum. Mussels M. galloprovincialis and M. lineatus have big importance in the diet in all seasons. The polychaetes are most elected component of benthos.

Reproduction

Round goby eggs on rocks, Dniester Estuary, Ukraine

Round gobies exhibit male parental care. Females can spawn up to six times during the spawning season, which spans April to September in most areas. Males will migrate from deeper water, where overwintering occurs, into shallower breeding grounds during the beginning of the mating season. Males are territorial and will defend eggs from predators, as well as continuously fan them to provide the developing embryos with oxygenated water. This results in successful hatch rates of up to 95%. Its eggs are 4 mm by 2.2 mm in size. Female round gobies reach sexual maturity in 1 to 2 years while males do so in 3 to 4 years. Gobies in the Laurentian Great Lakes typically mature up to 1 year earlier than in their native habitat in Europe. The male releases a steroid sex pheromone that attracts females to their territory. Males also use visual displays, including posturing and changing its color from beige to black during mating season. They also produce sounds during courtship. The females deposit their eggs in male-guarded crevices between rocks. Egg clutches can contain up to 5,000 eggs.

Invasive species

Round goby from the Great Lakes, USA

The species was accidentally introduced into the North American Great Lakes by way of ballast water transfer in cargo ships. First discovered in North America in the St. Clair River in 1990, the round goby is considered an invasive species with significant ecological and economic impact;[8] the consequences are quite complex as the fish both competes with native species and provides an abundant source of food for them while consuming other invasive species.[9] In other words, the round goby behaves much like most biological invasive controls. An aggressive fish, the round goby outcompetes native species such as the sculpin and logperch for food (such as snails and mussels), shelter and nesting sites, substantially reducing their numbers. Round gobies are also voracious predators of eggs of native fish, many important to the angling industry. The goby's robust ability to survive in degraded environmental conditions has helped to increase its competitive advantage compared to native species. Many native predatory fish such as smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, walleye, salmon and trout have begun to prey on round gobies. These game fish feed so heavily on the abundant gobies that a bait company, called Culprit, has created a soft plastic bait called the "Great Lakes Goby" to exploit this behavior. The incorporation of the round goby into native foodwebs, coupled with the goby's ability to consume large numbers of invasive mussels (zebra and quagga), may result in greater bioaccumulation of toxins such as PCBs higher in the food chain, since these mussels filter-feed and are known to accumulate persistent contaminants. However, this is partly beneficial because even though they do not reduce the population of zebra mussels, they do control their population. Hence, it prevents a large scale spread of the zebra mussel, which is also an invasive species in the Great Lakes.

An unintended benefit of the round goby's introduction is that the Lake Erie Watersnake, once listed as a threatened species, has found it to be a tasty addition to its diet. A recent study found the introduced fish now accounts for up to 90% of the snake's diet. The new food supply means that the water snake is now staging a comeback.[10] Round gobies also serve as food for a variety of predatory fishes in the Great Lakes, including bass, lake trout, lake whitefish, burbot, and walleye.

The round goby is also considered invasive in parts of Europe. The processes of invasion of the round goby in Europe were started by its introduction to the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) in 1990.[11] Recently the cases of the round goby invasion are mentioned in the Aegean Sea,[12] in the different parts of the Baltic Sea,[13] North-Sea basin,[14] and basins of the rivers Danube and Rhine.[15][16] In the German part of the Baltic Sea this fish was first noted near the Rügen Island.[17] Now it is distributed along all south-western Baltic Sea coast includes the Stettiner Haff (Szczecin Lagoon), the Unterwarnow (the Estuary of the Warnow River), the mouth of the Trave River, and in the Nord-Ostsee (Kiel) Kanal.

At this time, the westernmost site of the round goby occurrence in Europe is the Lower River Scheldt, the tidal zone in the river mouth, and Albert Canal, Belgium.[18] In 2011, the expansion of the round goby through the fresh waters of France is started: this species occurred in the Rhine River (on the border between France and Germany), also in the French part of the Moselle River.[19]

Parasites

In total, 52 parasite species are registered in the round goby in the native area.[20] Most abundant parasites of the Black-Sea round goby are metacercariae of trematodes of Heterophyidae family, such as Cryptocotyle concavum, C. lingua, and Pygidiopsis genata.[21] The trematodes C. lingua and P. genata can infest human.[22][23] In the 1950s, along the coast of the Gulf of Taganrog (Sea of Azov) the round roby was registered as a host of epizootic of nematodes, Tetrameres fissispina and Streptocara crassicauda, which were fatal to ducklings.[24]

In the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, the parasite fauna of the invasive round goby consists of 12 species.[25] The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of trematode metacercariae: C. concavum and Diplostomum spathaceum. Also, in the Baltic Sea the round goby is paratenic host of the invasive nematode Anguillicoloides crassus.[26] In the Vistula Lagoon, the most abundant parasites of the round goby are nematodes Hysterothylacium aduncum and A. crassus.[27]

25 species of parasites are noted in the round goby in the Great Lakes.[28][29][30][31] The trematode D. spathaceum is most abundant core species overall. Also the cestode Proteocephalus sp. and the trematode Neochasmus umbellus are rather abundant. The round goby may circumvent more of the metacercariae of N. umbellus from completing their life cycle.[32] The parasite “load” on the invasive gobies in the Great Lakes appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "enemy release hypothesis".

See also

References

  1. ^ Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Neogobius melanostomus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 09 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 22268429, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=22268429 instead.
  3. ^ Jude D.J., Reider R.H., Smith G.R. (1992). "Establishment of Gobiidae in the Great Lakes basin". Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 416–421.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Smirnov A.I. (1986) Perch-likes (gobiids), scorpionfishes, flatfishes, clingfishes, anglerfishes [in:] Fauna of Ukraine, Vol. 8, No 5, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 320 pp. (in Russian)
  5. ^ Porumb I.I. (1961) Contribuţii la cunoşterea biologiei guvisilor (Gobius batrachocephalus, Gobius cephalarges şi Gobius melanostomus) din dreptul litoralului Romînesc al Mării Neagre (date preliminare), Hidrobiologia, 3, 271—282.
  6. ^ Khirina V.A. (1950) Materialy po pitaniju nekotoryh bentosnyh ryb v pribrezhnoj zone Chernogo moria u Karadaga. Trudy Karadagskoy biologicheskoy stantsii, No 10: 53–65.
  7. ^ Kvach Y., Zamorov V. (2001) Feeding preferences of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus and mushroom goby Neogobius cephalarges in the Odessa Bay. Oceanological Studies, 30(3–4): 91–101.
  8. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1023/B:BINV.0000022136.43502.db, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1023/B:BINV.0000022136.43502.db instead.
  9. ^ Lydersen, Karl (May 26, 2011). "The Round Goby, an Uninvited Resident of the Great Lakes, Is Doing Some Good". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2011. their ecological impact has not been devastating, but complicated — even beneficial in some cases.
  10. ^ Williams, Rebecca (producer). "Ten Threats: Natives Bite Back". The Environment Report, October 10, 2005. Accessed 11 February 2010.
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  31. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[23:MPOIRA]2.0.CO;2, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[23:MPOIRA]2.0.CO;2 instead.
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