Genetically modified insect: Difference between revisions
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The British company [[Oxitec]] use a technique called RIDL (Release of Insects with Dominant Lethality), that can produce fertile male adults that induce a high mortality of the descendants. The adults generated with this technique and released in the environment are not sterile but their descendants have a survival rate of 0% (this lethality can be switched off by introducing [[tetracycline]] into their diet).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Leftwich | first1 = Philip | year = 2014 | title = Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume = 281 | issue = 1792 | pages = | publisher = Royal Society Publishing | jstor = | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 | url = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1792/20141372 | format = | accessdate = |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=doi>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wise De Valdez | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Nimmo | first2 = D. | last3 = Betz | first3 = J. | last4 = Gong | first4 = H. -F. | last5 = James | first5 = A. A. | last6 = Alphey | first6 = L. | last7 = Black | first7 = W. C. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1019295108 | title = Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 108 | issue = 12 | pages = 4772 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> This company is currently(written 3/23/15) working on releasing these insects into Florida Keys, reducing the amount of wild insects that carry disease. |
The British company [[Oxitec]] use a technique called RIDL (Release of Insects with Dominant Lethality), that can produce fertile male adults that induce a high mortality of the descendants. The adults generated with this technique and released in the environment are not sterile but their descendants have a survival rate of 0% (this lethality can be switched off by introducing [[tetracycline]] into their diet).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Leftwich | first1 = Philip | year = 2014 | title = Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume = 281 | issue = 1792 | pages = | publisher = Royal Society Publishing | jstor = | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2014.1372 | url = http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1792/20141372 | format = | accessdate = |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=doi>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wise De Valdez | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Nimmo | first2 = D. | last3 = Betz | first3 = J. | last4 = Gong | first4 = H. -F. | last5 = James | first5 = A. A. | last6 = Alphey | first6 = L. | last7 = Black | first7 = W. C. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1019295108 | title = Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 108 | issue = 12 | pages = 4772 | year = 2011 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> This company is currently(written 3/23/15) working on releasing these insects into Florida Keys, reducing the amount of wild insects that carry disease. |
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== Modified species == |
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* ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' |
* ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' |
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* ''[[Pectinophora gossypiella]]'' |
* ''[[Pectinophora gossypiella]]'' |
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=== Diamondback moth === |
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[[File:Plutella xylostella2.jpg |right|thumb]] |
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In 2015 GM [[diamondback moth]]s modified to produce nonviable female larvae were introduced to control populations that were able to quickly become resistant to insecticides. The modified insects were initially placed in cages for field trials. Earlier it was the first crop pest to evolve resistance to [[DDT]]<ref name=transgene/> and eventually became resistant to 45 other insecticides.<Ref>{{cite journal |title=Studies on the Mechanism |
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Resistance to Insecticides of Diamondback Moth |first1=Tadashi |last1=Miyata |first2=Tetsuo |last2=Saito |first3=Virapong |last3=Noppun |
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|publisher=Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya |
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University|accessdate=September 2015 |url=http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/diamondback-moth/pdf/85papers/1985DBM33.pdf}}</ref> Their caterpillars cost farmers an estimated $5 billion a year worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A heterozygous moth genome provides insights into herbivory and detoxification|url = http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v45/n2/full/ng.2524.html|journal = Nature Genetics|date = 2013-02-01|issn = 1061-4036|pages = 220-225|volume = 45|issue = 2|doi = 10.1038/ng.2524|language = en|first = Minsheng|last = You|first2 = Zhen|last2 = Yue|first3 = Weiyi|last3 = He|first4 = Xinhua|last4 = Yang|first5 = Guang|last5 = Yang|first6 = Miao|last6 = Xie|first7 = Dongliang|last7 = Zhan|first8 = Simon W.|last8 = Baxter|first9 = Liette|last9 = Vasseur |accessdate=September 2015}}</ref> In Malaysia, it became immune to all synthetic sprays.<ref name=moth/> The gene is a combination of DNA from a virus and a bacterium. In an earlier study captive male moths carrying the gene wiped out communities of normal moths.<ref name=transgene>{{Cite journal|title = Pest control and resistance management through release of insects carrying a male-selecting transgene|url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/13/49/abstract|journal = BMC Biology|date = 2015-07-16|issn = 1741-7007|pmc = 4504119|pmid = 26179401|pages = 49|volume = 13|issue = 1|doi = 10.1186/s12915-015-0161-1|language = en|first = Tim|last = Harvey-Samuel|first2 = Neil I.|last2 = Morrison|first3 = Adam S.|last3 = Walker|first4 = Thea|last4 = Marubbi|first5 = Ju|last5 = Yao|first6 = Hilda L.|last6 = Collins|first7 = Kevin|last7 = Gorman|first8 = T. Ge|last8 = Davies|first9 = Nina|last9 = Alphey|accessdate=September 2015}}</ref> Brood sizes were similar, but female offspring died before reproducing. The gene itself disappears after a few generations, requiring ongoing introductions of cultivated males. Modified moths can be identified by their red glow under [[ultraviolet light]], caused by a [[coral]] transgene.<ref name=moth/> |
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Opponents claim that the protein made by the synthetic gene could harm non-target organisms that eat the moths. The creators claim to have tested the gene's protein on mosquitoes, fish, beetles, spiders and [[parasitoids]] without problems. Farmers near the test site claim that moths could endanger nearby farms' [[organic certification]]. Legal experts say that national organic standards penalize only deliberate GMO use. The creators claim that the moth does not migrate if sufficient food is available, nor can it survive winter weather.<ref name=moth>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/01/science/replacing-pesticides-with-genetics.html?_r=0 |title=Replacing Pesticides With Genetics |first= DEVIN |last=POWELL |date=August 31, 2015 |accessdate=September 2015 |publisher=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> |
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== Notes and references == |
== Notes and references == |
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Revision as of 05:15, 7 September 2015
A genetically modified insect is an insect that has been genetically modified for various reasons such as agricultural production,[1] oil production[2] and pest control.[3]
In biological research, transgenic fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development.[4] Fruit flies are often preferred over other animals due to their short life cycle, low maintenance requirements, and relatively simple genome compared to many vertebrates.
Methods
The first release of modified mosquitoes were performed in the 1970s. It was mosquitoes of the species that transmit the dengue virus, that were sterilised by irradiation (sterile insect technique).[5]
The British company Oxitec use a technique called RIDL (Release of Insects with Dominant Lethality), that can produce fertile male adults that induce a high mortality of the descendants. The adults generated with this technique and released in the environment are not sterile but their descendants have a survival rate of 0% (this lethality can be switched off by introducing tetracycline into their diet).[6][7] This company is currently(written 3/23/15) working on releasing these insects into Florida Keys, reducing the amount of wild insects that carry disease.
Modified species
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013) |
For confined scientific research
For commercial uses
Diamondback moth
In 2015 GM diamondback moths modified to produce nonviable female larvae were introduced to control populations that were able to quickly become resistant to insecticides. The modified insects were initially placed in cages for field trials. Earlier it was the first crop pest to evolve resistance to DDT[8] and eventually became resistant to 45 other insecticides.[9] Their caterpillars cost farmers an estimated $5 billion a year worldwide.[10] In Malaysia, it became immune to all synthetic sprays.[11] The gene is a combination of DNA from a virus and a bacterium. In an earlier study captive male moths carrying the gene wiped out communities of normal moths.[8] Brood sizes were similar, but female offspring died before reproducing. The gene itself disappears after a few generations, requiring ongoing introductions of cultivated males. Modified moths can be identified by their red glow under ultraviolet light, caused by a coral transgene.[11]
Opponents claim that the protein made by the synthetic gene could harm non-target organisms that eat the moths. The creators claim to have tested the gene's protein on mosquitoes, fish, beetles, spiders and parasitoids without problems. Farmers near the test site claim that moths could endanger nearby farms' organic certification. Legal experts say that national organic standards penalize only deliberate GMO use. The creators claim that the moth does not migrate if sufficient food is available, nor can it survive winter weather.[11]
Notes and references
- ^ New Report Finds Genetically Modified Insects May Offer Public Health And Agricultural Benefits, But Clear Regulatory Oversight Is Lacking
- ^ Chris Ayres, "Scientists find bugs that eat waste and excrete petrol", www.timesonline.co.uk, 14 June 2008 (page visited on 21 September 2013).
- ^ Scientists are currently working on using them for disease control(see "Methods") Genetically modified insects prevent disease
- ^ First Transgenic Mice and Fruit Flies
- ^ Carpenter, Jennifer (11 August 2011) Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria BBC News, Science & Environment, Retrieved 17 August 2014
- ^ Leftwich, Philip; et al. (2014). "Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 281 (1792). Royal Society Publishing. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1372.
- ^ Wise De Valdez, M. R.; Nimmo, D.; Betz, J.; Gong, H. -F.; James, A. A.; Alphey, L.; Black, W. C. (2011). "Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 4772. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019295108.
- ^ a b Harvey-Samuel, Tim; Morrison, Neil I.; Walker, Adam S.; Marubbi, Thea; Yao, Ju; Collins, Hilda L.; Gorman, Kevin; Davies, T. Ge; Alphey, Nina (2015-07-16). "Pest control and resistance management through release of insects carrying a male-selecting transgene". BMC Biology. 13 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0161-1. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 4504119. PMID 26179401. Retrieved September 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Miyata, Tadashi; Saito, Tetsuo; Noppun, Virapong. "Studies on the Mechanism Resistance to Insecticides of Diamondback Moth" (PDF). Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya
University. Retrieved September 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help); line feed character in|publisher=at position 80 (help); line feed character in|title=at position 25 (help) - ^ You, Minsheng; Yue, Zhen; He, Weiyi; Yang, Xinhua; Yang, Guang; Xie, Miao; Zhan, Dongliang; Baxter, Simon W.; Vasseur, Liette (2013-02-01). "A heterozygous moth genome provides insights into herbivory and detoxification". Nature Genetics. 45 (2): 220–225. doi:10.1038/ng.2524. ISSN 1061-4036. Retrieved September 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b c POWELL, DEVIN (August 31, 2015). "Replacing Pesticides With Genetics". New York Times. Retrieved September 2015.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)
See also
- Inherited sterility in insects
- List of sterile insect technique trials
- Insect ecology
- Detection of genetically modified organisms
External links
- Transgenic Fly Virtual Lab - Howard Hughes Medical Institute BioInteractive
- "GM Insects and Disease Control". Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
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