List of Solar System extremes: Difference between revisions

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{{listdev}}
This article describes '''extreme locations''' of the [[Solar System]]. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.
This article describes '''extreme locations''' of the [[Solar System]]. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.


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| [[Moon|Moon (moon)]]
| [[Moon|Moon (moon)]]
| {{convert|10786|m|ft}} <br/> 5.4125° , 201.3665° <br/> <ref name=Register-2010-10-29> The Register, [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/29/highest_point_on_moon/ "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest"], '''Lewis Page''', ''29 October 2010'' (accessed 2010-11-05) </ref><ref name=LROC-2010-10-26> Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, [http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/index.php?/archives/302-Highest-Point-on-the-Moon!.html#extended "Highest Point on the Moon!"], '''Mark Robinson''', ''26 October 2010'' (accessed 2010-11-05) </ref>
| {{convert|10786|m|ft}} <br/> 5.4125° , 201.3665° <br/> <ref name=Register-2010-10-29> The Register, [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/29/highest_point_on_moon/ "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest"], '''Lewis Page''', ''29 October 2010'' (accessed 2010-11-05) </ref><ref name=LROC-2010-10-26> Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, [http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/index.php?/archives/302-Highest-Point-on-the-Moon!.html#extended "Highest Point on the Moon!"], '''Mark Robinson''', ''26 October 2010'' (accessed 2010-11-05) </ref>
| {{convert|9.06|km|mi}} <br/> [[Antoniadi (lunar crater)|Antoniadi Crater]] (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) <br/>
| {{convert|9.06|km|mi}} <br/> [[Antoniadi (lunar crater)|Antoniadi Crater]] (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) <br/> <ref name=2009-o-3-06v> {{cite journal |url= http://archive.ists.or.jp/upload_pdf/2009-o-3-06v.pdf |title= A New Lunar Topographic Map of the Moon by the laser altimeter (LALT) on board KAGUYA |author= Hiroshi Araki, Seiichi Tazawa, Hirotomo Noda, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Sho Sasaki, Sander Goossens, Nobuyuki Kawano, Izumi Kamiya, H. Otake, J. Oberst, C. K. Shum |id= 2009-o-3-06v |journal= Proceedings of the 27th ISTS (International Symposium on Space Technology and Science) |date= July 2009 }} </ref>
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[[[[:Category:Physical geography]]|Solar System extremes]]
[[[[:Category:Physical geography]]|Solar System extremes]]
[[[[:Category:Lists of superlatives]]|Solar System extremes]]
[[[[:Category:Lists of superlatives]]|Solar System extremes]]

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{{listdev}}

Revision as of 22:02, 3 October 2015

This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.

By feature

Record Data Feature Comments
Largest canyon Valles Marineris, Mars (planet) [1]
Largest mountain Olympus Mons, Mars (planet) [2]
Largest volcano Olympus Mons, Mars (planet) [3]
Largest scarp Verona Rupes, Miranda (moon), Uranus [4]
Largest impact crater 1,300 miles (2,100 km) wide South Pole-Aitken Basin, Moon (moon), Earth [5]

By class

Type Average density Average temperature Average surface gravity
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 1.4 g/cm3
Sun (star)
[6][7]
5778 K 5778 K
Sun (star)
[8][9]
274.00 m/s2 274.00 m/s2
Sun (star)
[10]
Major planet 0.7 g/cm3
Saturn (planet)
[11][12] 		5.51 g/cm3
Earth (planet)
[13][14] 		−200 C
Neptune (planet)
[15][16][17] 		460 C
Venus (planet)
[18] 		3.70 m/s2
Mercury (planet)
[17] 		23.1 m/s2
Jupiter (planet)
[17]
Dwarf planet 2 g/cm3
Pluto (dwarf planet)
3 g/cm3
Haumea (dwarf planet)
30 K
Makemake (dwarf planet)
167 K
Ceres (dwarf planet)
0.27 m/s2
Ceres (dwarf planet)
0.8 m/s2
Eris (dwarf planet)
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] 3.53 g/cm3
Io (moon)
[19][20] 		-235 C
Triton (moon)
[21] 		-9 F
Moon (moon)
[22]
Type Escape velocity Mass Volume
(Radius)
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star
617.7 km/s 617.7 km/s
Sun (star)
[10]
332,830 MEarth 332,830 MEarth
Sun (star)
[23][24]
695,000 km 695,000 km
Sun (star)
[24]
Major planet 4.3 km/s
Mercury (planet)
[17] 		59.5 km/s
Jupiter (planet)
[17] 		0.055 MEarth
Mercury (planet)
[25] 		318 MEarth
Jupiter (planet)
[23] 		2500 km
Mercury (planet)
[26] 		69911 km
Jupiter (planet)
[25]
Dwarf planet 0.51 km/s
Ceres (dwarf planet)
1.3 km/s
Eris (dwarf planet)
0.0002 MEarth
Ceres (dwarf planet)
0.0028 MEarth
Eris (dwarf planet)
487.3 km
Ceres (dwarf planet)
1170 km
Eris (dwarf planet)
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] 0.0250 MEarth
Ganymede (moon)
[27] 		2634 km
Ganymede (moon)
[27][19]
Extreme characteristic Star Major planet Dwarf planet Major moon
(of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 1]
Densest atmosphere Venus (planet) [NB 2]
[28][29] 		Titan (moon)
[28]

By object

Astronomical Body Elevation
(height above/below datum) 		Elevation
(height above/below base) 		Surface Temperature
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Sun (star) N/A 100,000,000 K
In a solar flare
[30] 		1240 K
In a sunspot
[31]
Mercury (planet) 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains
[32][33] 		450 °C (842 °F)
Dayside of Mercury
[34] 		−300 °F (−184.4 °C)
Permanently shaded polar craters
[35]
Venus (planet) 11 kilometres (6.8 mi)
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[36][37][38][39] 		3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra
[39][40] 		900 °F (482 °C)
lowlands of Venus
[35] 		700 °F (371 °C)
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[35]
Earth (planet) 8,848 metres (29,029 ft)
Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China
[41] 		10,971 metres (35,994 ft)
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean
[42] 		10,200 metres (33,500 ft)
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America
[41] 		7 kilometres (4.3 mi)
Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean
[43] 		57.8 °C (136.0 °F)
Al 'Aziziyah, Libya
−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)
Vostok Station, Antarctica
Mars (planet) 27 kilometres (17 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[41] 		6 kilometres (3.7 mi)
Hellas Planitia
[44] 		24 kilometres (15 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[45] 		9 kilometres (5.6 mi)
Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris
[46] 		20 °C (68 °F)
Martian equator in midsummer day
[47] 		−153 °C (−243 °F)
Martian poles in the depths of winter night
[47]
Jupiter (planet) N/A −121 °C (−186 °F)

[48] 		−163 °C (−261 °F)

[48]
Saturn (planet) N/A −130 °C (−202 °F)

[49] 		−191 °C (−311.8 °F)

[49]
Uranus (planet) N/A −205 °C (−337.0 °F)

[50] 		−214 °C (−353.2 °F)

[50]
Neptune (planet) N/A −220 °C (−364.0 °F)

[51] 		−223 °C (−369.4 °F)

[51]
Moon (moon) 10,786 metres (35,387 ft)
5.4125° , 201.3665°
[52][53] 		9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi)
Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S)
127 °C (261 °F)
midday on the equator
[54] 		−247 °C (−412.6 °F)
Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice
[54]
Io (moon) 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi)
Boosaule Montes
[55][56]
Europa (moon) 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W)
[57] 		132 K
Subsolar temperature
[58]
Ganymede (moon) 156 K
Subsolar temperature
[58] 		−193 °C (−315.4 °F)
Nighttime temperature
[59]
Callisto (moon) 168 K
Subsolar temperature
[58] 		80 K
Predawn nighttime temperature
[60]
Titan (moon)
Mimas (moon)
Enceladus (moon) 110 K
Tiger Stripes
[61]
Tethys (moon)
Dione (moon)
Rhea (moon)
Iapetus (moon) 20 kilometres (12 mi)
Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge
[62][63][64]
Ariel (moon)
Umbriel (moon)
Titania (moon)
Oberon (moon)
Miranda (moon)
20 kilometres (12 mi) 20 kilometres (12 mi)
Verona Rupes
[4]
Triton (moon)
Nereid (moon)
Proteus (moon)
Charon (moon)
Ceres (dwarf planet) −38 °C (−36 °F)

[65]
Pluto (dwarf planet) −228 °C (−378.4 °F)

[66] 		−238 °C (−396.4 °F)

[66]
Eris (dwarf planet) −232 °C (−385.6 °F)

[67] 		−248 °C (−414.4 °F)

[67]
Makemake (dwarf planet)
Haumea (dwarf planet)
The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line;

Notes

  1. ^ a b c A major moon is a moon that is hydrostatically round.
  2. ^ As the transition from atmosphere to other is unclear for the giant planets, they are not included in this

References

  1. ^ NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15)
  2. ^ Appleseeds, "The Biggest Mountain in the Solar System. (Olympus Mons, located on Mars)", Margaret Slepkow, 1 October 1999
  3. ^ Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  4. ^ a b Astronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10)
  5. ^ APOD, "September 6, 1996 ", NASA (accessed 2010-11-15)
  6. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  7. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  8. ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  9. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  10. ^ a b Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets", Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  11. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  12. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  13. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  14. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  15. ^ Universe Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  16. ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  17. ^ a b c d e Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System", Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  18. ^ Planet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  19. ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.10
  20. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  21. ^ Praxis, "Distant Worlds", Peter Bond, 2007, LCCN 2006-931779 – Distant worlds : milestones in planetary exploration , ISBN 0-387-40212-8 , pg.247
  22. ^ ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  23. ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.2
  24. ^ a b Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  25. ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.6
  26. ^ Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.4
  27. ^ a b the neighborhood, "g a l i l e a n m o o n s o f j u p i t e r", Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  28. ^ a b Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
  29. ^ University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
  30. ^ Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  31. ^ Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, doi:10.2298/SAJ0979095S , Bibcode:2009SerAJ.179...95S
  32. ^ Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury’s Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.009 , Bibcode:2010Icar..209..230O
  33. ^ Lerner Publications, "Mercury", Gregory Vogt, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7613-5705-6 , pp.31
  34. ^ World Book at NASA, "Mercury", Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center (accessed 2010-11-11)
  35. ^ a b c Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  36. ^ Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  37. ^ NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  38. ^ NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  39. ^ a b National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, ISBN 0-309-03580-5
  40. ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
  41. ^ a b c Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  42. ^ Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth", John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  43. ^ Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  44. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  45. ^ Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
  46. ^ Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  47. ^ a b NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" (accessed 2010-11-11)
  48. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  49. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  50. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  51. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  52. ^ The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  53. ^ Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!", Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  54. ^ a b BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  55. ^ Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, ISBN 9783540346814 , pp.110
  56. ^ Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, ISBN 0521765730 , pp.289
  57. ^ Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5969 , Bibcode:1998Icar..135....4G
  58. ^ a b c Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, doi:10.1086/591491 , Bibcode:2008ApJ...687..706H
  59. ^ OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" (accessed 2010-11-22)
  60. ^ "17 Callisto", Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
  61. ^ Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
  62. ^ Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus", NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  63. ^ JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus", NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
  64. ^ itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  65. ^ Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
  66. ^ a b Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
  67. ^ a b Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)

External links

See also

[[Category:Solar System|Extremes]] [[Category:Physical geography|Solar System extremes]] [[Category:Lists of superlatives|Solar System extremes]]

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