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Both [[plastid]] DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' is the sister [[clade]] to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked [[phyllotaxis]], monosulcate [[pollen]], and laminate [[stamen]]s) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.<ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2005">{{cite journal |author1=Scharaschkin, T. |author2=J.A. Doyle | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data. | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 712–735 |doi = 10.1600/036364405775097888}}</ref><ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2006">{{Cite journal |author1=Scharaschkin, T. |author2=J.A. Doyle | year = 2006 | title = Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–54 | doi=10.3732/ajb.93.1.36|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/10259/1/10259a.pdf }}</ref><ref name="DoyleLe Thomas2012">{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=James A.|last2=Le Thomas|first2=Annick|title=Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=190–221|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x}}</ref>
Both [[plastid]] DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' is the sister [[clade]] to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked [[phyllotaxis]], monosulcate [[pollen]], and laminate [[stamen]]s) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.<ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2005">{{cite journal |author1=Scharaschkin, T. |author2=J.A. Doyle | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data. | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 712–735 |doi = 10.1600/036364405775097888}}</ref><ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2006">{{Cite journal |author1=Scharaschkin, T. |author2=J.A. Doyle | year = 2006 | title = Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–54 | doi=10.3732/ajb.93.1.36|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/10259/1/10259a.pdf }}</ref><ref name="DoyleLe Thomas2012">{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=James A.|last2=Le Thomas|first2=Annick|title=Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=190–221|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x}}</ref>
The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus ''Futabanthus'', from the late Cretaceous of Japan,<ref name="TakahashiFriis2008">{{cite journal|last1=Takahashi|first1=Masamichi|last2=Friis|first2=Else Marie |authorlink2=Else Marie Friis |last3=Uesugi|first3=Kentaro|last4=Suzuki|first4=Yoshio|last5=Crane|first5=Peter R.|title=Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Japan|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=169|issue=7|year=2008|pages=908–917|issn=1058-5893|doi=10.1086/589693|title-link=Cretaceous}}</ref> which represents a minimum age of c. 89 Mya for the [[most recent common ancestor]] (crown group) of the family.<ref name="PirieDoyle2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pirie|first1=Michael D.|last2=Doyle|first2=James A.|title=Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=84–116|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x}}</ref> The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and [[molecular clock]] based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break up of the [[Gondwana]]n supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the [[boreotropical flora]] during the [[Eocene]] and more recent long distance dispersal events.<ref name="RichardsonChatrou2004">{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=J. E.|last2=Chatrou|first2=L. W.|last3=Mols|first3=J. B.|last4=Erkens|first4=R. H. J.|last5=Pirie|first5=M. D.|title=Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=359|issue=1450|year=2004|pages=1495–1508|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1537|pmid=15519968|pmc=1693429}}</ref><ref name="CouvreurPirie2011">{{cite journal|last1=Couvreur|first1=Thomas L. P.|last2=Pirie|first2=Michael D.|last3=Chatrou|first3=Lars W.|last4=Saunders|first4=Richard M. K.|last5=Su|first5=Yvonne C. F.|last6=Richardson|first6=James E.|last7=Erkens|first7=Roy H. J.|title=Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=38|issue=4|year=2011|pages=664–680|issn=0305-0270|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x}}</ref>
The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus ''Futabanthus'', from the late Cretaceous of Japan,<ref name="TakahashiFriis2008">{{cite journal|last1=Takahashi|first1=Masamichi|last2=Friis|first2=Else Marie |authorlink2=Else Marie Friis |last3=Uesugi|first3=Kentaro|last4=Suzuki|first4=Yoshio|last5=Crane|first5=Peter R.|title=Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Japan|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=169|issue=7|year=2008|pages=908–917|issn=1058-5893|doi=10.1086/589693|title-link=Cretaceous}}</ref> which represents a minimum age of c. 89 Mya for the [[most recent common ancestor]] (crown group) of the family.<ref name="PirieDoyle2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pirie|first1=Michael D.|last2=Doyle|first2=James A.|title=Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=169|issue=1|year=2012|pages=84–116|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x}}</ref> The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and [[molecular clock]] based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break up of the [[Gondwana]]n supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the [[boreotropical flora]] during the [[Eocene]] and more recent long distance dispersal events.<ref name="RichardsonChatrou2004">{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=J. E.|last2=Chatrou|first2=L. W.|last3=Mols|first3=J. B.|last4=Erkens|first4=R. H. J.|last5=Pirie|first5=M. D.|title=Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=359|issue=1450|year=2004|pages=1495–1508|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1537|pmid=15519968|pmc=1693429}}</ref><ref name="CouvreurPirie2011">{{cite journal|last1=Couvreur|first1=Thomas L. P.|last2=Pirie|first2=Michael D.|last3=Chatrou|first3=Lars W.|last4=Saunders|first4=Richard M. K.|last5=Su|first5=Yvonne C. F.|last6=Richardson|first6=James E.|last7=Erkens|first7=Roy H. J.|title=Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=38|issue=4|year=2011|pages=664–680|issn=0305-0270|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x}}</ref>

=== Taxonomic Revisions Within the Subfamily Malmeoideae ===

===== The Reclassification and Establishment of ''Hubera'' =====
The genus ''Hubera'' was resolved to be sister to ''Miliusa'', with certain species previously under ''Polyalthia'' being additionally reclassified. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chaowasku|first=Tanawat|last2=Johnson|first2=David M.|last3=Van Der Ham|first3=Raymond W.J.M.|last4=Chatrou|first4=Lars W.|date=2012-10-17|title=Characterization of Hubera (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa|url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.69.1.6|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=69|issue=1|pages=33|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.69.1.6|issn=1179-3163}}</ref> This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. ''Hubera'' is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. ''Hubera''<nowiki/>'s phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from ''Monoon'' and ''Polyalthia'', distinguish ''Hubera'' on the generic level. Morphologically, ''Hubera'' has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas ''Monoon'' and ''Polyalthia'' have columellate or densely granular infratectums. <ref name=":0" />

===== The Creation and Establishment of ''Winitia'' =====
''Winitia'' is sister to ''Stelechocarpus burahol'', with ''Stelechocarpus cauliflorus'' being reclassified under the new genus. The ''Winitia'' is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to ''Stelechocarpus cauliflorus'' as a monophyletic group. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaowasku|first=Tanawat|last2=Van Der Ham|first2=Raymond W.J.M.|date=2013-06|title=Integrative systematics supports the establishment of Winitia , a new genus of Annonaceae (Malmeoideae, Miliuseae) allied to Stelechocarpus and Sageraea|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2013.806370|journal=Systematics and Biodiversity|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=195–207|doi=10.1080/14772000.2013.806370|issn=1477-2000}}</ref>

===== Reclassification of ''Annickia'' as Tribe Annickieae =====
The genus ''Annickia'' was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, its is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, ''Annickia'' is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae. <small><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Couvreur|first=Thomas L. P.|last2=Helmstetter|first2=Andrew J.|last3=Koenen|first3=Erik J. M.|last4=Bethune|first4=Kevin|last5=Brandão|first5=Rita D.|last6=Little|first6=Stefan A.|last7=Sauquet|first7=Hervé|last8=Erkens|first8=Roy H. J.|date=2019-01-09|title=Phylogenomics of the Major Tropical Plant Family Annonaceae Using Targeted Enrichment of Nuclear Genes|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.01941/full|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=9|pages=1941|doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01941|issn=1664-462X|pmc=PMC6334231|pmid=30687347}}</ref></small>


==Genera==
==Genera==
Line 240: Line 251:
*** ''[[Uvaria]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Anomianthus]]'' <small>Zoll.</small>, ''[[Balonga]]'' <small>Le Thomas</small>, ''[[Cyathostemma]]'' <small>Griff.</small>, ''[[Dasoclema]]'' <small>J.Sinclair</small>, ''[[Ellipeia]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>, ''[[Ellipeiopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>, ''[[Rauwenhoffia]]'' <small>Scheff.</small>, * ''[[Xylopiastrum]]'' <small>Roberty</small>)
*** ''[[Uvaria]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Anomianthus]]'' <small>Zoll.</small>, ''[[Balonga]]'' <small>Le Thomas</small>, ''[[Cyathostemma]]'' <small>Griff.</small>, ''[[Dasoclema]]'' <small>J.Sinclair</small>, ''[[Ellipeia]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>, ''[[Ellipeiopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>, ''[[Rauwenhoffia]]'' <small>Scheff.</small>, * ''[[Xylopiastrum]]'' <small>Roberty</small>)
* '''Subfamily [[Malmeoideae]]''' <small>Chatrou et al. 2012</small>
* '''Subfamily [[Malmeoideae]]''' <small>Chatrou et al. 2012</small>
** '''Tribe [[Piptostigmateae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**'''Tribe''' '''[[Annickieae]]''' <small>Couvreur et al., 2019 <ref name=":1" /></small>
*** ''[[Annickia]]'' <small>Setten & Maas</small>
***''[[Annickia]]'' <small>Setten & Maas</small>
**'''Tribe [[Piptostigmateae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*** ''[[Brieya]]''
*** ''[[Greenwayodendron]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
***''[[Brieya]]''
***''[[Greenwayodendron]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
*** ''[[Mwasumbia]]'' <small>Couvreur & D.M. Johnson</small>
***''[[Mwasumbia]]'' <small>Couvreur & D.M. Johnson</small>
*** ''[[Piptostigma]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
***''[[Piptostigma]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
*** ''[[Polyceratocarpus]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
***''[[Polyceratocarpus]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
*** ''[[Sirdavidia]]'' <small>Couvreur</small>
***''[[Sirdavidia]]'' <small>Couvreur</small>
** '''Tribe [[Malmeeae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**'''Tribe [[Malmeeae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*** ''[[Bocageopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*** ''[[Bocageopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*** ''[[Cremastosperma]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*** ''[[Cremastosperma]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
Line 262: Line 274:
*** ''[[Ruizodendron]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*** ''[[Ruizodendron]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*** ''[[Unonopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*** ''[[Unonopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** '''Tribe [[Maasieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**'''Tribe [[Maasieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*** ''[[Maasia]]'' <small>Mols et al.</small>
*** ''[[Maasia]]'' <small>Mols et al.</small>
** '''Tribe [[Fenerivieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**'''Tribe [[Fenerivieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*** ''[[Fenerivia]]'' <small>Diels</small>
*** ''[[Fenerivia]]'' <small>Diels</small>
** '''Tribe [[Phoenicantheae]]'''
**'''Tribe [[Phoenicantheae]]'''
*** ''[[Phoenicanthus]]'' <small>Alston</small>
*** ''[[Phoenicanthus]]'' <small>Alston</small>
** '''Tribe [[Dendrokingstonieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**'''Tribe [[Dendrokingstonieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*** ''[[Dendrokingstonia]]'' <small>Rauschert</small>
*** ''[[Dendrokingstonia]]'' <small>Rauschert</small>
** '''Tribe [[Monocarpieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**'''Tribe [[Monocarpieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*** ''[[Monocarpia]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
*** ''[[Monocarpia]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
** '''Tribe [[Miliuseae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
**'''Tribe [[Miliuseae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
*** ''[[Alphonsea]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
*** ''[[Alphonsea]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
*** ''[[Desmopsis]]'' <small>Saff.</small>
*** ''[[Desmopsis]]'' <small>Saff.</small>

Revision as of 23:04, 17 February 2020

Annonaceae
Annona squamosa fruit
Annona squamosa fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Juss.
Type genus
Annona
Subfamilies
Synonyms

The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas[2] commonly known as the custard apple family[3][2] or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species,[4] it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona, Anonidium, Asimina, Rollinia, and Uvaria. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan.

Description

Annona muricata

The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.[2]

Stems, stalks and leaves
Bark is fibrous and aromatic. Pith septate (fine tangential bands[5] divided by partitions) to diaphragmed (divided by thin partitions with openings in them).[2] Branching distichous (arranged in two rows/on one plane) or spiral.[6] Leaves are alternate, two-ranked,[6] simple, pinnately veined, and have leaf stalks. Stipules absent.[2]
Flowers
Flower stalks are axillary to (on the opposite side of shoot from) leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaves on new shoots. The flowers are usually trimerous; borne singly or in compound inflorescences; bisexual and rarely unisexual. The receptacle might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The outer whorls are inserted below the ovaries, and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments. Usually two to four persistent sepals that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout filaments and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct. Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one locule, with one to many ovules. Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.[2]
Fruits and seeds
Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into aggregate fruit, syncarps). Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.[2]

Systematics

Monophyly and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by a combination of morphological and molecular evidence.[7] The APG II system places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family Eupomatiaceae.

Uvaria ovata is part of the Family, Annonaceae.
Magnoliidae
Annonaceae

In a phylogeny-based reclassification of the family[4] four subfamilies are recognised: Anaxagoreoideae (including just Anaxagorea), Ambavioideae, Annonoideae, and Malmeoideae. A number of the larger genera, including Guatteria, with its 177 species,[8] Annona, and Xylopia belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into a number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in World Annonaceae which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in[9] . For a concise bibliographic overview of the taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see.[10]

Both plastid DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that Anaxagorea is the sister clade to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked phyllotaxis, monosulcate pollen, and laminate stamens) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.[11][12][13] The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus Futabanthus, from the late Cretaceous of Japan,[14] which represents a minimum age of c. 89 Mya for the most recent common ancestor (crown group) of the family.[15] The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and molecular clock based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break up of the Gondwanan supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the boreotropical flora during the Eocene and more recent long distance dispersal events.[16][17]

Taxonomic Revisions Within the Subfamily Malmeoideae

The Reclassification and Establishment of Hubera

The genus Hubera was resolved to be sister to Miliusa, with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified. [18] This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Hubera's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia, distinguish Hubera on the generic level. Morphologically, Hubera has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas Monoon and Polyalthia have columellate or densely granular infratectums. [18]

The Creation and Establishment of Winitia

Winitia is sister to Stelechocarpus burahol, with Stelechocarpus cauliflorus being reclassified under the new genus. The Winitia is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to Stelechocarpus cauliflorus as a monophyletic group. [19]

Reclassification of Annickia as Tribe Annickieae

The genus Annickia was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, its is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, Annickia is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae. [20]

Genera

Taxonomy based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.[21] [22]

Uses

Asimina triloba fruit.

Food

The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members typically called anona by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of Annona: custard apple (A. reticulata), cherimoya (A. cherimola), soursop/guanábana/graviola (A. muricata), sweetsop (A. squamosa), ilama (A. diversifolia), soncoya (A. purpurea), atemoya (a cross between A. cherimola and A. squamosa); and biriba (Rollinia deliciosa, which may require reclassification under Annona.[24]). The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably. Recently, consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata (soursop, graviola, guanabana) has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism". The causative agent, annonacin, is present in many of the Annonaceae. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.[25][26][27][28]

The American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) has an Eastern U.S. distribution, and is currently under investigation as a commercial agricultural crop.[29]

Flower petals from sacred earflower (Cymbopetalum penduliflorum) and from related species C. costaricense[30] were traditionally used to flavor chocolate[31] before the arrival of cinnamon and the other Old World spices.[32] The dried petals are still used to flavor atoles, pinoles, and coffee.[33]

Folk medicine

The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in folk medicines.[citation needed]

Toxicology

The compound annonacin in the seeds and leaves of many Annonaceae including soursop (Annona muricata), is a neurotoxin and it seems to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results demonstrate that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.[34]

Other uses

Lancewood (Oxandra lanceolata)[35] is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the West Indies and The Guianas. It was often used for carriage shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20 cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of The Guianas is of remarkably slender form.

The yellow lancewood tree Calycophyllum candididissimum, common names lemonwood or degame, is from a different family (Rubiaceae).[35] It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows.

Other

Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) flowers.

Chemical constituents

A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and acetogenins, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.[36]

References

  1. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2007-05-12). "Family: Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Flora of North America. "2. Annonaceae Jussieu". 3. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ "Annonaceae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  4. ^ a b Chatrou, L. W.; M. D. Pirie; R. H. J. Erkens; T. L. P. Couvreur; K. M. Neubig; J. R. Abbott; J. B. Mols; P. J. M. Maas; R. M. K. Saunders; Mark W. Chase (2012). "A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169: S. 4–50. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x.
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