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The organization was founded by an interfaith group of three clergymen under the name Operation Yorkville (OY) in 1962.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=218-222}} Father [[Morton A. Hill]] of St. Ignatius Loyola Roman Catholic Church, dubbed the "smut priest" by the press, became the public face of the group.{{sfn|Bates|2010|p=221}} The group connected exposure to different types of "salacious" magazines and pornography to atheism, homosexuality, juvenile delinquency, masturbation, murder, sexually transmitted diseases and "high school sex clubs", but did not provide evidence for its claims.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=238-240}} Although the group's actions emphasized the protection of minors, ''[[First Amendment Law Review]]'' wrote that "at times the organization seemed to be using children as a pretext for a society-wide ban".{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=235-236}} The group maintained that they were fighting [[Obscenity|obscenities]] and not advocating censorship.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=233-234}} In 1963, the organization began a long-running effort to ban [[John Cleland]]'s erotic novel ''[[Fanny Hill]]'', which ended with the 1966 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decision ''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]''.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=217-219}}
The organization was founded by an interfaith group of three clergymen under the name Operation Yorkville (OY) in 1962.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=218-222}} Father [[Morton A. Hill]] of St. Ignatius Loyola Roman Catholic Church, dubbed the "smut priest" by the press, became the public face of the group.{{sfn|Bates|2010|p=221}} The group connected exposure to different types of "salacious" magazines and pornography to atheism, homosexuality, juvenile delinquency, masturbation, murder, sexually transmitted diseases and "high school sex clubs", but did not provide evidence for its claims.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=238-240}} Although the group's actions emphasized the protection of minors, ''[[First Amendment Law Review]]'' wrote that "at times the organization seemed to be using children as a pretext for a society-wide ban".{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=235-236}} The group maintained that they were fighting [[Obscenity|obscenities]] and not advocating censorship.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=233-234}} In 1963, the organization began a long-running effort to ban [[John Cleland]]'s erotic novel ''[[Fanny Hill]]'', which ended with the 1966 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decision ''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]''.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=217-219}}


Operation Yorkville was renamed to Morality in Media (MIM) in 1968.{{sfn|Bates|2010|p=219}} That same year, Hill (president of MIM until his death in 1985) was appointed to serve on the [[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]] by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. A report was submitted in 1970 that said all "adult" obscenity laws should be repealed. Hill co-authored a minority report describing the Commission's report as a "[[Magna Carta]] for the pornographers" <ref>{{cite news|title=Members Hit Pornography Conclusions|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_X0fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KmYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6659%2C2570838|accessdate=5 March 2012|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=24 September 1970}}</ref> with another Commission member, Winfrey Link. The Supreme Court recognized the Hill-Link minority report in upholding obscenity laws in 1973.
Operation Yorkville was renamed to Morality in Media (MIM) in 1968.{{sfn|Bates|2010|p=219}} Hill, president of MIM until his death in 1985, was appointed to serve on the 18-member [[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]] by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name="CT">{{Cite web | work=[[Chicago Tribune]] | title=Rev. Morton Hill, 68, pornography opponent | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-11-07-8503160906-story.html | date=November 7, 1985 | accessdate=May 16, 2020}}</ref> A report was submitted in 1970 that said all "adult" obscenity laws should be repealed.<ref name="CT"/> Hill called the Commission's report a "magna carta for the pornographers".<ref>{{cite news|title=Members Hit Pornography Conclusions|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_X0fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KmYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6659%2C2570838|accessdate=5 March 2012|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=24 September 1970}}</ref> After the [[Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates|four justices]] nominated by President [[Richard Nixon]] reshaped the Supreme Court, the [[Burger Court]] disregarded the Commission's report and upheld obscenity laws in 1973, citing the dissenting reports by Hill, minister Winfrey Link and [[Charles Keating]], the leader of the [[Citizens for Decent Literature]].<ref>{{Cite book | first=Whitney | last=Strub | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | title=Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right | year=2013 | pages=152, 169, 256}}</ref>


In 1973, a member of the group complained to the FCC about [[George Carlin]]'s anti-censorship routine "[[Seven dirty words|Seven Dirty Words]]", leading to the 1978 decision [[FCC v. Pacifica Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web | first=Josh | last=Sanburn | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title=You Can't Say That on Television: 40 Years of Debating Dirty Words | url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2117988,00.html | date=June 25, 2012 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> In the 1990s, the organization attacked the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] for funding what it deemed as obscene and profane art.<ref name="Lewis"/> After the 2009 [[Binghamton shootings]] happened on the same day as Iowa's Supreme Court legalized [[same-sex marriage]], the organization released a statement titled "Connecting the Dots: The Line Between Gay Marriage and Mass Murders".<ref name="Corn">{{Cite web | first=David | last=Corn | work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] | title=Gay Marriage Leads To Mass Murder? | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/04/gay-marriage-leads-mass-murder/ | date=April 9, 2009 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> The group's president Bob Peters said that the sexual revolution and the "decline of morality" were the underlying cause of mass murders.<ref name="Corn"/>
In 1973, a member of the group complained to the FCC about [[George Carlin]]'s anti-censorship routine "[[Seven dirty words|Seven Dirty Words]]", leading to the 1978 decision [[FCC v. Pacifica Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web | first=Josh | last=Sanburn | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title=You Can't Say That on Television: 40 Years of Debating Dirty Words | url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2117988,00.html | date=June 25, 2012 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> In 1983, MIM asked for federal action against pornography in a White House meeting with President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{Cite web | first=David | last=Hoffman | work=[[The Washington Post]] | title=Reagan Hears Pleas to Battle Pornography | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/03/29/reagan-hears-pleas-to-battle-pornography/9e4f1a29-92d8-4827-b583-56d9f1094fae/ | date=March 29, 1983 | accessdate=May 16, 2020}}</ref> In the 1990s, the organization attacked the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] for funding what it deemed as obscene and profane art.<ref name="Lewis"/> The organization's influence began to decline due to the decreasing interest in the anti-obscenity cause among prosecutors, politicians and religious leaders.{{sfn|Bates|2010|pp=281-282}} After the 2009 [[Binghamton shootings]] happened on the same day as Iowa's Supreme Court legalized [[same-sex marriage]], the organization released a statement titled "Connecting the Dots: The Line Between Gay Marriage and Mass Murders".<ref name="Corn">{{Cite web | first=David | last=Corn | work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] | title=Gay Marriage Leads To Mass Murder? | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/04/gay-marriage-leads-mass-murder/ | date=April 9, 2009 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> The group's president Bob Peters said that the sexual revolution and the "decline of morality" were the underlying cause of mass murders.<ref name="Corn"/>


The group's current CEO and president is [[Patrick A. Trueman]], an attorney and a registered lobbyist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jcp.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/b_three_sections_with_teasers/clientlist_page_T.htm |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Public Disclosure > client list index > client list T |publisher=Jcp.senate.gov |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806083902/http://jcp.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/b_three_sections_with_teasers/clientlist_page_T.htm |archivedate=2011-08-06 }}</ref> He served as Chief of the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, a United States Department of Justice Criminal Division, when the [[George H. W. Bush administration]] aggressively prosecuted obscenity cases against adult pornography.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Jason | last=Krause | work=[[ABA Journal]] | title=The End of the Net Porn Wars | url=https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_end_of_the_net_porn_wars | date=May 10, 2008 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> Morality in Media changed its name to the National Center on Sexual Exploitation in 2015.<ref name="brown2015">{{cite news | author = Brown EN | date = 14 July 2015 | title = Anti-Porn Summit on Capitol Hill Mixes Moralist, Feminist, and Public Health Rhetoric With Insane Results | work = Reason.com | url = http://reason.com/blog/2015/07/14/congress-holds-anti-porn-summit | access-date = 2015-07-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715192200/http://reason.com/blog/2015/07/14/congress-holds-anti-porn-summit | archive-date = 2015-07-15 | url-status = live }}</ref> NCOSE's current campaigns include the White Ribbon Against Pornography week and the ''Dirty Dozen'', an annual list of "leading porn facilitators".<ref name=2013Dirty12>{{cite web|last=Oui|first=Ann|title=Morality in Media Names ‘Dirty Dozen’ Facilitators of Porn|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/legal/Morality-in-Media-Names-Dirty-Dozen-Facilitators-of-Porn-511568.html|publisher=Adult Video News|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=2014Dirty12>{{cite web|last=Staff|title=MiM Releases 2014 ‘Dirty Dozen’ List of Leading Porn Facilitators|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/MiM-Releases-2014-Dirty-Dozen-List-of-Leading-Porn-Facilitators-550834.html|publisher=Adult Video News|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=2011-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213174257/http://www.moralityinmedia.org/full_article.php?article_no=137|url=http://www.moralityinmedia.org/full_article.php?article_no=137|title=Full Article|date=2011-12-13|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> In 2015, the organization successfully pressured [[Walmart]] to remove ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' from its checkout aisles.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Amy B | last=Wang | work=[[The Washington Post]] | title=Walmart pulls Cosmopolitan from checkout aisles after pressure from anti-porn group | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/03/28/walmart-pulls-cosmopolitan-from-checkout-aisles-after-pressure-from-anti-porn-group/ | date=March 28, 2018 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> Elizabeth Nolan Brown of ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' has criticized the group for promoting claims about sexuality and pornography that contradict the findings of peer-reviewed studies.<ref name="brown2015"/>
The group's current CEO and president is [[Patrick A. Trueman]], an attorney and a registered lobbyist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jcp.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/b_three_sections_with_teasers/clientlist_page_T.htm |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Public Disclosure > client list index > client list T |publisher=Jcp.senate.gov |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806083902/http://jcp.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/b_three_sections_with_teasers/clientlist_page_T.htm |archivedate=2011-08-06 }}</ref> He served as Chief of the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, a United States Department of Justice Criminal Division, when the [[George H. W. Bush administration]] aggressively prosecuted obscenity cases against adult pornography.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Jason | last=Krause | work=[[ABA Journal]] | title=The End of the Net Porn Wars | url=https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_end_of_the_net_porn_wars | date=May 10, 2008 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> Morality in Media changed its name to the National Center on Sexual Exploitation (NCOSE) in 2015.<ref name="brown2015">{{cite news | author = Brown EN | date = 14 July 2015 | title = Anti-Porn Summit on Capitol Hill Mixes Moralist, Feminist, and Public Health Rhetoric With Insane Results | work = Reason.com | url = http://reason.com/blog/2015/07/14/congress-holds-anti-porn-summit | access-date = 2015-07-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715192200/http://reason.com/blog/2015/07/14/congress-holds-anti-porn-summit | archive-date = 2015-07-15 | url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[Sexuality Research and Social Policy]]'' writes that the name change reflects the group's modernization "from morality to exploitation".<ref name="Weitzer">{{Cite journal | first=Ronald | last=Weitzer | authorlink=Ronald Weitzer | journal=[[Sexuality Research and Social Policy]] | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] | title=The Campaign Against Sex Work in the United States: A Successful Moral Crusade | doi=10.1007/s13178-019-00404-1 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335749312_The_Campaign_Against_Sex_Work_in_the_United_States_A_Successful_Moral_Crusade_2019 | year=2019 | accessdate=May 16, 2020}}</ref> NCOSE's current campaigns include the White Ribbon Against Pornography week and the ''Dirty Dozen'', an annual list of "leading porn facilitators".<ref name=2013Dirty12>{{cite web|last=Oui|first=Ann|title=Morality in Media Names ‘Dirty Dozen’ Facilitators of Porn|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/legal/Morality-in-Media-Names-Dirty-Dozen-Facilitators-of-Porn-511568.html|publisher=Adult Video News|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=2014Dirty12>{{cite web|last=Staff|title=MiM Releases 2014 ‘Dirty Dozen’ List of Leading Porn Facilitators|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/MiM-Releases-2014-Dirty-Dozen-List-of-Leading-Porn-Facilitators-550834.html|publisher=Adult Video News|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=2011-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213174257/http://www.moralityinmedia.org/full_article.php?article_no=137|url=http://www.moralityinmedia.org/full_article.php?article_no=137|title=Full Article|date=2011-12-13|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> In 2015, the organization successfully pressured [[Walmart]] to remove ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' from its checkout aisles.<ref>{{Cite web | first=Amy B | last=Wang | work=[[The Washington Post]] | title=Walmart pulls Cosmopolitan from checkout aisles after pressure from anti-porn group | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/03/28/walmart-pulls-cosmopolitan-from-checkout-aisles-after-pressure-from-anti-porn-group/ | date=March 28, 2018 | accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> In 2017, the organization was one of the principal supporters of the [[Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act|Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act]] (FOSTA).<ref name="ATR">{{Cite journal | first=Ben | last=Chapman-Schmidt | journal=Anti-Trafficking Review | publisher=[[Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women]] | title=‘Sex Trafficking’ as Epistemic Violence | doi=10.14197/atr.2012191211 | url=https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/384/325 | year=2019 | issue=12 | pages=172-187 | accessdate=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

Elizabeth Nolan Brown of ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' has criticized the group for promoting claims about sexuality and pornography that contradict the findings of peer-reviewed studies.<ref name="brown2015"/> ''[[Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women|Anti-Trafficking Review]]'' writes that NCOSE "uses misleading ‘research reports’ to fabricate a false medical consensus about the harms of pornography".<ref name="ATR"/> Since the 2010s, the group has stated that pornography constitutes a [[Health crisis|public health crisis]].<ref name="Weitzer"/> NCOSE drafted much of the language when [[Utah]] passed a resolution labeling pornography, without evidence, a "public health hazard leading to a broad spectrum of individual and public health impacts and societal harms".<ref name="Weitzer"/><ref name="Politico">{{Cite magazine | first=Tim | last=Alberta | magazine=[[Politico|Politico Magazine]] | issue=November/December 2018| title=How the GOP Gave Up on Porn | url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/11/11/republican-party-anti-pornography-politics-222096 | date= | accessdate=May 16, 2020}}</ref> The resolution called for action against "the pornography epidemic that is harming the citizens of Utah and the nation".<ref name="Weitzer"/> The claims are not backed by any global health agency,<ref name="Weitzer"/> and outside experts criticized the language for its unproven assertions.<ref name="Politico"/> 15 other states replicated the resolution, using mostly identical language and also lacking evidence.<ref name="Weitzer"/>


===EBSCO controversy===
===EBSCO controversy===

Revision as of 18:19, 16 May 2020

National Center on Sexual Exploitation
Founded1962
TypePolitical, media watchdog, anti-pornography
13-2608326
Location
Websiteendsexualexploitation.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
Operation Yorkville (1962-1968)
Morality In Media (1968–2015)

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation (NCOSE), formerly known as Morality in Media, is an American Christian conservative non-profit known for its anti-pornography advocacy.[1][2] The group has also campaigned against profanity and same-sex marriage. The oganization describes its goal as "exposing the links between all forms of sexual exploitation".[3]

History

The organization was founded by an interfaith group of three clergymen under the name Operation Yorkville (OY) in 1962.[4] Father Morton A. Hill of St. Ignatius Loyola Roman Catholic Church, dubbed the "smut priest" by the press, became the public face of the group.[5] The group connected exposure to different types of "salacious" magazines and pornography to atheism, homosexuality, juvenile delinquency, masturbation, murder, sexually transmitted diseases and "high school sex clubs", but did not provide evidence for its claims.[6] Although the group's actions emphasized the protection of minors, First Amendment Law Review wrote that "at times the organization seemed to be using children as a pretext for a society-wide ban".[7] The group maintained that they were fighting obscenities and not advocating censorship.[8] In 1963, the organization began a long-running effort to ban John Cleland's erotic novel Fanny Hill, which ended with the 1966 Supreme Court decision Memoirs v. Massachusetts.[9]

Operation Yorkville was renamed to Morality in Media (MIM) in 1968.[10] Hill, president of MIM until his death in 1985, was appointed to serve on the 18-member President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography by President Lyndon B. Johnson.[11] A report was submitted in 1970 that said all "adult" obscenity laws should be repealed.[11] Hill called the Commission's report a "magna carta for the pornographers".[12] After the four justices nominated by President Richard Nixon reshaped the Supreme Court, the Burger Court disregarded the Commission's report and upheld obscenity laws in 1973, citing the dissenting reports by Hill, minister Winfrey Link and Charles Keating, the leader of the Citizens for Decent Literature.[13]

In 1973, a member of the group complained to the FCC about George Carlin's anti-censorship routine "Seven Dirty Words", leading to the 1978 decision FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.[14] In 1983, MIM asked for federal action against pornography in a White House meeting with President Ronald Reagan.[15] In the 1990s, the organization attacked the National Endowment for the Arts for funding what it deemed as obscene and profane art.[1] The organization's influence began to decline due to the decreasing interest in the anti-obscenity cause among prosecutors, politicians and religious leaders.[16] After the 2009 Binghamton shootings happened on the same day as Iowa's Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage, the organization released a statement titled "Connecting the Dots: The Line Between Gay Marriage and Mass Murders".[17] The group's president Bob Peters said that the sexual revolution and the "decline of morality" were the underlying cause of mass murders.[17]

The group's current CEO and president is Patrick A. Trueman, an attorney and a registered lobbyist.[18] He served as Chief of the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, a United States Department of Justice Criminal Division, when the George H. W. Bush administration aggressively prosecuted obscenity cases against adult pornography.[19] Morality in Media changed its name to the National Center on Sexual Exploitation (NCOSE) in 2015.[20] Sexuality Research and Social Policy writes that the name change reflects the group's modernization "from morality to exploitation".[21] NCOSE's current campaigns include the White Ribbon Against Pornography week and the Dirty Dozen, an annual list of "leading porn facilitators".[22][23][24] In 2015, the organization successfully pressured Walmart to remove Cosmopolitan from its checkout aisles.[25] In 2017, the organization was one of the principal supporters of the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA).[26]

Elizabeth Nolan Brown of Reason has criticized the group for promoting claims about sexuality and pornography that contradict the findings of peer-reviewed studies.[20] Anti-Trafficking Review writes that NCOSE "uses misleading ‘research reports’ to fabricate a false medical consensus about the harms of pornography".[26] Since the 2010s, the group has stated that pornography constitutes a public health crisis.[21] NCOSE drafted much of the language when Utah passed a resolution labeling pornography, without evidence, a "public health hazard leading to a broad spectrum of individual and public health impacts and societal harms".[21][27] The resolution called for action against "the pornography epidemic that is harming the citizens of Utah and the nation".[21] The claims are not backed by any global health agency,[21] and outside experts criticized the language for its unproven assertions.[27] 15 other states replicated the resolution, using mostly identical language and also lacking evidence.[21]

EBSCO controversy

In 2017, NCOSE placed EBSCO on its Dirty Dozen List because its databases, widely used in schools in the United States, "could be used to search for information about sexual terms."[28] The group said that some articles from Men's Health and other publications indexed by EBSCO included articles with sexual (but not pornographic) content, and that other articles in the database linked to websites that included pornography.[28] EBSCO responded by saying that it took the complaint seriously, but was unaware of any case "of students using its databases to access pornography or other explicit materials" and that "the searches NCOSE was concerned about had been conducted by adults actively searching for graphic materials, often on home computers that don't have the kinds of controls and filters common on school computers."[28]

James LaRue, the director of the American Library Association's Office for Intellectual Freedom, said that students have a right to receive information, even about topics that some groups deem inappropriate. He said that NCOSE's goal seems to be to get rid of any content "that will offend any parent in America."[28] "NCOSE has the right to advocate for greater restrictions on access to sexual content", said LaRue, "but they often do this by suppressing content. When they try to impose their standards on other families, the American Library Association would call that censorship."[28] NCOSE also put the American Library Association on their Dirty Dozen List, along with Amazon.com.[28]

Funding

U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) grants of $150,000 in the 2005 and 2006 federal budgets funded MIM's review of citizen-generated obscenity complaints submitted to MIM's ObscenityCrimes.org website. Sixty-seven thousand of the complaints deemed legitimate under the program had resulted in no obscenity prosecutions as of August 2007. The grants were created by Congressional earmarks by U.S. Representative Frank Wolf of Virginia,[29] and awarded through the DOJ's Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Lewis, Andrew R. (2017). The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
  2. ^ Gold, Michael (March 28, 2018). "Walmart Pulls Cosmo From Checkout. Plus! Guess Who's Claiming Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  3. ^ "About - National Center on Sexual Exploitation". National Center on Sexual Exploitation. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  4. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 218–222.
  5. ^ Bates 2010, p. 221.
  6. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 238–240.
  7. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 235–236.
  8. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 233–234.
  9. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 217–219.
  10. ^ Bates 2010, p. 219.
  11. ^ a b "Rev. Morton Hill, 68, pornography opponent". Chicago Tribune. November 7, 1985. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  12. ^ "Members Hit Pornography Conclusions". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 24 September 1970. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  13. ^ Strub, Whitney (2013). Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right. Columbia University Press. pp. 152, 169, 256.
  14. ^ Sanburn, Josh (June 25, 2012). "You Can't Say That on Television: 40 Years of Debating Dirty Words". Time. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  15. ^ Hoffman, David (March 29, 1983). "Reagan Hears Pleas to Battle Pornography". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  16. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 281–282.
  17. ^ a b Corn, David (April 9, 2009). "Gay Marriage Leads To Mass Murder?". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  18. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Public Disclosure > client list index > client list T". Jcp.senate.gov. 2011-10-13. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
  19. ^ Krause, Jason (May 10, 2008). "The End of the Net Porn Wars". ABA Journal. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  20. ^ a b Brown EN (14 July 2015). "Anti-Porn Summit on Capitol Hill Mixes Moralist, Feminist, and Public Health Rhetoric With Insane Results". Reason.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Weitzer, Ronald (2019). "The Campaign Against Sex Work in the United States: A Successful Moral Crusade". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. Springer Science+Business Media. doi:10.1007/s13178-019-00404-1. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  22. ^ Oui, Ann. "Morality in Media Names 'Dirty Dozen' Facilitators of Porn". Adult Video News. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  23. ^ Staff. "MiM Releases 2014 'Dirty Dozen' List of Leading Porn Facilitators". Adult Video News. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  24. ^ "Full Article". 2011-12-13. Archived from the original on 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  25. ^ Wang, Amy B (March 28, 2018). "Walmart pulls Cosmopolitan from checkout aisles after pressure from anti-porn group". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  26. ^ a b Chapman-Schmidt, Ben (2019). "'Sex Trafficking' as Epistemic Violence". Anti-Trafficking Review (12). Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women: 172–187. doi:10.14197/atr.2012191211. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Alberta, Tim. "How the GOP Gave Up on Porn". Politico Magazine. No. November/December 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Jackie Zubrzycki, Do Online Databases Filter Out Enough Inappropriate Material? Archived 2018-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Education Week (July 14, 2017).
  29. ^ Lewis, Neil A. Federal Effort on Web Obscenity Shows Few Results Archived 2017-09-04 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, via nytimes.com, 2007-08-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  30. ^ "ObscenityCrimes.org". 2007-08-11. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2018-06-03.

Bibliography

External links

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