Betrayal (play)
| Betrayal | |
|---|---|
 NT, poster for the 1998 production directed by Trevor Nunn |
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| Written by | Harold Pinter |
| Characters | Emma, Jerry, Robert, Waiter |
| Date premiered | 15 November 1978 |
| Place premiered | Lyttelton Theatre & Royal National Theatre, London |
| Original language | English |
| Subject | extramarital affair |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Setting | London and Venice |
| Official site | |
| IBDB profile | |
Betrayal is a play written by Harold Pinter in 1978. Critically regarded as one of the English playwright's major dramatic works, it features his characteristically economical dialogue, characters' hidden emotions and veiled motivations, and their self-absorbed competitive one-upmanship, face-saving, dishonesty, and (self-)deceptions.[1]
Inspired by Pinter's clandestine extramarital affair with BBC Television presenter Joan Bakewell, which occurred for seven years, from 1962 to 1969,[2] the plot of Betrayal exposes different permutations of betrayal and kinds of betrayals occurring over a period of nine years, relating to a seven-year affair involving a married couple, Emma and Robert, and Robert's "close friend" Jerry, who is also married, to a woman named Judith. For five years Jerry and Emma carry on their affair without Robert's knowledge, both cuckolding Robert and betraying Judith, until Emma, without telling Jerry she has done so, admits her infidelity to Robert (in effect, betraying Jerry), although she continues their affair. In 1977, four years after exposing the affair (in 1973) and two years after their subsequent break up (in 1975), Emma meets with Jerry to tell him that her marriage to Robert is over. She then lies to Jerry in telling him that, "last night", she had to reveal the truth to Robert and that he now knows of the affair. The truth however, is that Robert has known about the affair for the past four years.
Pinter's particular usage of reverse chronology in structuring the plot is innovative: the first scene takes place after the affair has ended, in 1977; the final scene ends when the affair begins, in 1968; and, in between 1977 and 1968, scenes in two pivotal years (1977 and 1973) move forward chronologically.[3] As Roger Ebert observes, in his review of the 1983 film, based on Pinter's own screenplay, "The 'Betrayal' structure strips away all artifice. It shows, heartlessly, that the very capacity for love itself is sometimes based on betraying not only other loved ones, but even ourselves."
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[edit] Setting
London and Venice, from 1968 to 1977 (in reverse chronology).[4]
[edit] Synopsis
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This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2010) |
The years between 1968 and 1977 occur in reverse order; scenes within years 1977 and 1973 move forward.[3]
- 1977
- Scene One: Pub. 1977. Spring.
- Emma and Jerry meet for the first time in two years. For 7 years they had an affair and a secret flat, and Jerry says no-one else knew. Now Emma is having an affair with Casey, an author whose agent is Jerry and whose publisher is Robert, Emma’s husband. Emma says she found out last night that Robert has betrayed her with other women for years, and admits she revealed her affair with Jerry.
- Scene Two: Jerry's House. Later the same day.
- Jerry meets Robert to talk about the affair. Robert reveals that in fact he learned about it 4 years ago. Since then their friendship has continued, albeit without playing squash.
- 1975
- Scene Three: Flat. 1975. Winter.
- It is the end of Jerry and Emma’s affair. They rarely meet, and Emma’s hopes that the flat would be a different kind of home are unfulfilled. They agree to give it up.
- 1974
- Scene Four: Robert and Emma's House. Living room. 1974. Autumn.
- Jerry visits Robert and Emma at home. He reveals that Casey has left his wife and is living nearby. Jerry and Robert plan to play squash, but Jerry reveals that first he is visiting New York with Casey.
- 1973
- Scene Five: Hotel Room. 1973. Summer.
- Robert and Emma are on holiday, intending to visit Torcello tomorrow. Emma is reading a book by Spinks, another author whose agent is Jerry. Robert says he refused to publish it because there is not much more to say about betrayal. Robert has discovered that Emma has received a private letter from Jerry. Emma admits they are having an affair.
- Scene Six: Flat. 1973. Summer.
- Emma has returned from the holiday with Robert in Venice. She has bought a tablecloth for the flat. Jerry reveals that despite the affair he continues to lunch with Robert.
- Scene Seven: Restaurant. 1973. Summer.
- Robert gets drunk over lunch with Jerry. He says he hates modern novels, and that he went to Torcello on his own and read Yeats.
- 1971
- Scene Eight: Flat. 1971. Summer.
- Emma wants to know whether Jerry’s wife suspects his affair, and announces that while Jerry was in America she became pregnant with Robert’s child.
- 1968
- Scene Nine: Robert and Emma's House. Bedroom. 1968. Winter.
- During a party Jerry surprises Emma in her bedroom and declares his love for her. He tells Robert he is his oldest friend as well as his best man.
[edit] Characters
- Emma
- Jerry
- Robert
- Waiter
In 1977 Emma is 38, Jerry and Robert are 40. (n. pag. [7])
[edit] Productions
[edit] London
Betrayal was first produced by the National Theatre in London on 15 November 1978. The original cast featured Penelope Wilton as Emma, Michael Gambon as Jerry, Daniel Massey as Robert, and Artro Morris as the waiter. It was designed by John Bury and directed by Peter Hall.
In 2007, Roger Michell staged a revival of Betrayal at the Donmar Warehouse theatre starring Toby Stephens as Jerry, Samuel West as Robert, and Dervla Kirwan as Emma. Pinter reportedly lunched with the actors, attended an early "readthrough" and provided some advice, which, according to Stephens, included ignoring some of Pinter's famous pauses (Lawson). The play was also revived in the Lyttelton at the National Theatre in November 1998, directed by Trevor Nunn and starring Douglas Hodge, Imogen Stubbs, and Anthony Calf. In 2011, a new West End production at the Comedy Theatre, directed by Ian Rickson, starred Kristin Scott Thomas, Douglas Henshall, and Ben Miles.
[edit] Sheffield
Betrayal will be performed at the Sheffield Crucible 17th May 2012 to 9th June 2012 with John Simm cast as Jerry.
[edit] New York
The play had its American premiere on Broadway on 5 January 1980 at the Trafalgar Theatre where it ran for 170 performances to close on 31 May 1980. The show was directed by Peter Hall, design by John Bury, production stage manager Marnel Sumner, stage manager Ian Thomson, press by Seymour Krawitz and Patricia McLean Krawitz. It opened with Raul Julia as Jerry, Blythe Danner as Emma, Roy Scheider as Robert, Ian Thomson as Barman, and Ernesto Gasco as Waiter.
A 2000 Broadway revival was staged at the American Airlines Theatre with Juliette Binoche, Liev Schreiber, and John Slattery.
[edit] Australia
David Berthold directed a production of Betrayal, designed by Peter England, at the Sydney Theatre Company, from 10 March through 17 April 1999; it starred Paul Goddard, Robert Menzies, and Angie Milliken.[5]
[edit] Hong Kong
In 2004, Theatre de R&D staged Betrayal's Cantonese version as the first production of this theatrical group. With the script translated to Chinese by Lucretia Ho, this production was directed by Yankov Wong, starring Lucretie Ho as Emma, Johnny Tan as Jerry, Karl Lee as Robert, and Kenneth Cheung as the Waiter.
A reader's theatre format of Betrayal was producted by the Hong Kong Repertory Theatre and directed by Yankov Wong on 6 March 2010.
In September 2010, theatrical group We Draman put the show on stage with a translated script by Cancer Chong, featuring renowned stage actress Alice Lau as Emma.
[edit] Italy
In 2009 Italian Actor and Director Andrea Renzi brought the play to life in Italy. Famed Italian actress Nicoletta Braschi stars as Emma. Tony Laudadio plays the character of Robert. Enrico Ianniello plays the part of Jerry. Nicola Marchi plays the part of a waiter. The play has been very successful and has been touring in Italy for over two years and will return again in early 2012 with the same cast.
[edit] Adaptations
Pinter adapted Betrayal as a screenplay for the 1983 film directed by David Jones, starring Jeremy Irons (Jerry), Ben Kingsley (Robert), and Patricia Hodge (Emma).
[edit] Autobiographical inspiration
Betrayal was inspired by Pinter's seven-year affair with television presenter Joan Bakewell, who was married to the producer and director Michael Bakewell, while Pinter was married to actress Vivien Merchant.[6][7] The affair was known in some circles; when Betrayal premiered on stage in 1978, Lord Longford (father of Antonia Fraser), who was in the audience, commented that Emma appeared to be based on Joan Bakewell;[8] but the affair only became public knowledge after it was confirmed by Pinter in Billington's 1996 authorised biography,[6] which was further confirmed in Joan Bakewell's later memoir The Centre of the Bed.[7]
A program note about the author accompanying productions of the play, stating that he "has lived [with] Antonia Fraser" for "five years, when the play was first produced and published in 1978, led some to assume that the play was based on their relationship; thus, the biographical context for the play was (mis)attributed to Pinter's affair with Lady Antonia Fraser, which occurred from 1975 to 1980, while he was still married to Vivien Merchant. Pinter married Antonia Fraser in 1980, after the Frasers' divorce (1977) and the Pinters' divorce (1980) became final (Billington 253–54).
In the mid 1990s, Pinter explained to his official authorised biographer Michael Billington that, although he wrote the play while "otherwise engaged" with Fraser, he actually based some details of the play on the clandestine affair which he conducted from 1962 to 1969 with BBC Television presenter Joan Bakewell.[9]
[edit] Cultural allusions
"The Betrayal" (1997), episode 8 of the 9th (final) season of the NBC Television series Seinfeld (Sony Pictures), alludes overtly to Pinter's play and film Betrayal, which appears to have inspired it. Apart from the title, "The Betrayal", and the name of one-off character Pinter Ranawat who appears in the episode, the episode is structured and runs in reverse chronological order and also features love triangles as one of its central themes. According to Kent Yoder, all of these allusions were deliberate.[10]
[edit] Awards and nominations
[edit] Notes
- ^ Billington 257–67; cf. performance review by Bryden 204–06 and review essay by Merritt 192–99; see also film reviews by Canby and Ebert.
- ^ Billington 257–58, 264–67; cf. the memoir by Bakewell, which includes two chapters on her relationship and affair with Pinter.
- ^ a b For an analysis of the plot structure, see Quigley 230–31.
- ^ Pinter specifies the location in the stage directions describing each scene, as given in the plot summary. According to his initialed note on the same page, "Betrayal can be performed without an interval, or with an interval after Scene Four" (n. pag. [7]).
- ^ "Betrayal: Sydney Theatre Company, Australia, 10 March - 17 April 1999", HaroldPinter.org, Harold Pinter, 2000–[2009]. 7 Feb. 2009.
- ^ a b Michael Billington, Harold Pinter, rev. and expanded ed. (1996; London: Faber and Faber, 2007) 264–67.
- ^ a b Joan Bakewell, The Centre of the Bed (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2003). ISBN 0-34082310-0. (Two chapters deal with the relationship and affair with Pinter.)
- ^ An affair to remember, Daily Telegraph, 7 Oct 2003
- ^ (Billington 264–67)
- ^ The Betrayal - Seinfeld Episode Guide, StanTheCaddy.com. Accessed: 07/04/2011
[edit] Works cited
"The Betrayal". Episode Guide for Seinfeld. Sony Pictures, 2009. World Wide Web. 11 Mar. 2009. (Includes a video clip.)
Bakewell, Joan. The Centre of the Bed. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2003. ISBN 0340823100 (10). ISBN 9780340823101 (13). Print.
Billington, Michael. Harold Pinter. Rev. and expanded ed. 1996. London: Faber and Faber, 2007. Print.
Bryden, Mary. Rev. of Betrayal (One from the Heart at The Camberley Theatre, February 2002). 204–06 in "The Caretaker and Betrayal. The Pinter Review: Collected Essays 2003 and 2004. Ed. Francis Gillen and Steven H. Gale. Tampa: U of Tampa P, 2004. 202–06. ISBN 1879852179 (10). ISBN 9781879852174 (13). Print.
Canby, Vincent. "Movie Review: Betrayal (1983): Pinter's 'Betrayal,' Directed by David Jones". New York Times, Movies. New York Times Company, 20 Feb. 1983. Web. 11 Mar. 2009.
Ebert, Roger. "Movies: 'Betrayal' ". Chicago Sun-Times 18 Mar. 1983. RogerEbert.com, 2009. Web. 11 Mar. 2009.
Lawson, Mark. "Prodigal Son". Guardian.co.uk. Guardian Media Group, 31 May 2007. Web. 11 Mar. 2009.
Merritt, Susan Hollis. "Betrayal in Denver" (Denver Center Theatre Company, Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, CO. 29 May 2002). The Pinter Review: Collected Essays 2003 and 2004. Ed. Francis Gillen and Steven H. Gale. Tampa: U of Tampa P, 2004. 187–201. ISBN 1879852179 (10). ISBN 9781879852174 (13). Print.
Pinter, Harold. Betrayal. 1978. New York: Grove Press, 1979. ISBN 0394505255 (10). ISBN 9780394505251 (13). ISBN 0394170849 (10). ISBN 9780394170848 (13). Print. (Parenthetical references in the text are to this edition, ISBN 0394170849. Pinter indicates pauses by three spaced dots of ellipsis; editorial ellipses herein are unspaced and within brackets.)
Quigley, Austin E.. "Pinter: Betrayal". Chapter 11 of The Modern Stage and Other Worlds. New York: Methuen, 1985. 221–52. ISBN 0416393209 (10). ISBN 9780416393200 (13). Print. Chapter 11: "Pinter: Betrayal" in Limited preview at Google Books (omits some pages). Web. 11 Mar. 2009.
[edit] External links
- Betrayal at HaroldPinter.org (Includes "Selected foreign productions".)
- Betrayal at the Internet Broadway Database
- Betrayal (revival) at the Internet Broadway Database
- The Betrayal at the Internet Movie Database
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