Chinese constellations
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Chinese constellations are the way ancient Chinese grouped the stars. They are very different from the modern IAU recognized constellations. This is due to the independent development of ancient Chinese astronomy.
Ancient Chinese skywatchers divided their night sky into 31 regions, namely Three Enclosures (三垣 sān yuán) and Twenty-eight Mansions (二十八宿 èrshíbā xiù). The Three Enclosures occupy the area close to the North Celestial Pole. The stars in the Three Enclosures can be seen all year around.
The Twenty-eight Mansions occupy the zodiacal band. They can be considered as the equivalent to the 12 zodiacal constellations in the Western Astronomy. Contrary to the Western Astronomy, the Twenty-eight Mansions reflect the movement of the Moon in a lunar month rather than the Sun in a Solar Year.
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[edit] Three Enclosures
The Three Enclosures are the Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣, Zǐ Wēi Yuán), the Supreme Palace enclosure (太微垣, Tài Wēi Yuán) and the Heavenly Market enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán). The Purple Forbidden Enclosure occupies the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky, and is circled by all the other stars.
The Supreme Palace Enclosure lies east and north to the Purple Forbidden Enclosure, while the Heavenly Market Enclosure lies west and south. The Three Enclosures are separated by "walls", which are asterisms with their shapes resembling their namesakes.
[edit] The Twenty-Eight Mansions
The zodiac is listed below,
| Four Symbols (四象) |
Mansion (宿) | |||
| name | pinyin | lit. translation | vicinity in western sky | |
| The Azure Dragon of the East (東方青龍) Spring |
角 | Jiăo | Horn | Spica (alpha vir) |
| 亢 | Kàng | Neck | Virgo | |
| 氐 | Dī | Root | Libra | |
| 房 | Fáng | Room | Libra | |
| 心 | Xīn | Heart | Antares | |
| 尾 | Wěi | Tail | Scorpius | |
| 箕 | Jī | Winnowing Basket | Sagittarius | |
| The Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武) Winter |
斗 | Dǒu | Dipper | Sagittarius |
| 牛 | Niú | Ox | Capricornus | |
| 女 | Nǚ | Girl | Aquarius | |
| 虛 | Xū | Emptiness | Aquarius | |
| 危 | Wēi | Danger, Rooftop | Aquarius/Pegasus | |
| 室 | Shì | Room, Encampment | Pegasus | |
| 壁 | Bì | Wall | Algenib Pegasus | |
| The White Tiger of the West (西方白虎) Fall |
奎 | Kuí | Legs | Andromeda |
| 婁 | Lóu | Bond | Aries | |
| 胃 | Wèi | Stomach | Aries | |
| 昴 | Mǎo | Hairy Head | Pleiades | |
| 畢 | Bì | Net | Taurus | |
| 觜 | Zī | Turtle Beak | Orion | |
| 參 | Shēn | Three Stars | Orion | |
| The Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀) Summer |
井 | Jǐng | Well | Gemini |
| 鬼 | Guǐ | Ogre/Demon, Ghost | Cancer | |
| 柳 | Liǔ | Willow | Hydra | |
| 星 | Xīng | Star | Alphard | |
| 張 | Zhāng | Growth, Extended Net | Crater | |
| 翼 | Yì | Wings | Corvus | |
| 軫 | Zhěn | Strongly (as of emotion), Chariot | Corvus | |
[edit] The Southern Asterisms
The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi introduced another 23 asterisms based on the knowledge of western star charts. These asterisms were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps.
[edit] Chinese Star Designation
Ancient Chinese astronomers designated names to the visible stars systematically, roughly more than one thousand years before Johann Bayer did it in a similar way. Basically, every star is assigned to an asterism. Then a number is given to the individual stars in this asterism. Therefore, a star is designated as "Asterism name" + "Number". The numbering of the stars in an asterism, however, is not based on the apparent magnitude of this star as in Bayer designation, but rather its position in the asterism.
For example, Altair is named 河鼓二 in Chinese. 河鼓 is the name of the asterism (literally the Drum at the River). 二 is the number designation (two). Therefore it literally means "the Second Star of the Drum at the River". (Bayer might have called Altair "Beta Tympani Flumine" if he had been cataloguing Chinese constellations.)
Some stars also have traditional name, often related with mythology or astrology. For example, Altair is more commonly known as 牛郎星 or 牵牛星 (the Star of the Cowherd) in Chinese, after the mythologic story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl.
These designations are still used in modern Chinese astronomy. All the stars using the traditional name in English are routinely translated with traditional Chinese designations, instead of the translation of its catalogue names.
[edit] Further reading
- Book of Jin, volume 11–13 (晉書·天文志)
- Huainanzi, volume 3 (淮南子·天文訓)
[edit] See also
- Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)
- lunar mansion
- Five elements (Chinese)
- Nakshatra
- Traditional Chinese star names
- Chinese star maps
[edit] External links
- http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/StarShine/HKSkyMap/e_starshine_hkskymap.htm Download Simplified Chinese Seasonal Star Map
- http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Name by Hong Kong Space Museum
- http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/StarShine/Starlore/e_starshine_starlore.htm Chinese Starlore
- http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html
- http://homepages.primex.co.uk/~sproston/sstar9.htm
- http://www.ld.nbcom.net/shiji/shu/shu005.htm
- Chinese Astrology and Constellation
- Chinese Zodiac Chart Find your Chinese Zodiac sign based on your date of birth.
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