East-Central Europe

East Central Europe is the region between Germanic, West Slavic, and Hungarian-speaking Europe and the East Slavic countries of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.^[1]^[2] Those lands are described as situated "between two": "between two worlds, between two stages, between two futures".^[3] In the geopolitical sense, East-Central Europe can be considered alongside Western and Eastern Europe, as one of the "Three Europes".^[4] The largest East Central Europe academic research groups tends to disinclude Russia and Germany, but appreciate their historical influences in this area.

The concept differs from that of Central and Eastern Europe in that it is based on criteria^[5] whereby the states of Central and Eastern Europe belong to two different cultural^[6]^[7]^[8] and economic circles.

Definitions

Oskar Halecki

Oskar Halecki, who distinguished four regions in Europe (Western, West Central, East Central, and Eastern Europe), defined East-Central Europe as a region from Finland to Greece,^[9] "the eastern part of Central Europe, between Sweden, Germany, and Italy, on the one hand, and Turkey and Russia on the other".^[10] According to Halecki:

In the course of European history, a great variety of peoples in this region created their own independent states, sometimes quite large and powerful; in connection with Western Europe they developed their individual national cultures and contributed to the general progress of European civilization.^[10]

Paul Robert Magocsi

Paul Robert Magocsi described this region in his work Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. His idea distinguished Central Europe into 3 main zones:

The northern zone, located between the Baltic Sea (in the north) and the alignment Ore Mountains-Sudetes-northern Carpathians-Prut river (in the south) and the Dnieper in the east. The countries located by the author in this zone are: Belarus, former East Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, and Ukraine (west of the Dnieper river) – this area roughly coincides with the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (minus the eastern part of Moldavia, designated later as Bessarabia).
The Alpine-Carpathian zone, located on the south of the northern zone, bordered in the south by the rivers Kupa-Sava-Danube. This area comprises the Pannonian Basin, and roughly coincides with the former Habsburg Empire before the mid nineteenth century and the Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia). The countries located by the author in this zone are Austria, Croatia (north of the Kupa-Sava rivers), Czech Republic, Hungary, northeastern Italy, Romania, Serbia (north of Sava and Danube), Slovakia, and Slovenia.
The Balkan zone, located on the south of the Alpine-Carpathian zone and matching with the Balkan peninsula. The countries located by the author in this zone are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Central Serbia, and European Turkey.

United Nations

United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) was set up to consider the technical problems of domestic standardization of geographical names. The Group is composed of experts from various linguistic/geographical divisions that have been established at the UN Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names.

Baltic Division:^[11] Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the Russian Federation.
East-Central and South-East Europe Division:^[11] Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, European Turkey, and Ukraine.
Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia Division:^[11] Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
Romano-Hellenic Division:^[11] Andorra, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Holy See, Italy, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland and European Turkey.

Academic institutions

International Federation of the Institutes of East-Central Europe has four institutes in its structure (Lublin, Prague, Bratislava, and Vilnius) and includes over a hundred members from Belarus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.^{[citation needed]} The institutes were established successively after 1990, with a secretariat in Lublin, to stimulate the debate on the issue of Central European space between the East and the West.^[13] This experience of cooperation – from the very beginning open for representatives of other East-Central European nation-States as well as Russians, Germans and Jews – allowed creation of the Joint Committee of UNESCO and International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS). The first president of the committee was Jerzy Kłoczowski, long-time member of the UNESCO Executive Council and president of the Institute of East-Central Europe in Lublin.^[14] The committee's 10 meetings (in Paris, Lublin, Oslo and Sydney) were devoted to East-Central Europe.^[15] The Federation maintains official relations with UNESCO.^[16]^[17]
East Central European Center at Columbia University^[18] was established "to promote the study of the countries lying between Germany and Russia and between the Baltic and Aegean seas". Its program covers Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
CEEM (Centre for the Study of Median Europe)^[19] defines Median Europe as an area situated between Germany and Russia, from the Baltic region to the Balkans. The centre conducts its research on 18 European cultures: Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Montenegrin, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian, and Ukrainian.
Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy at Utrecht University has defined East Central Europe as 'the region within the historical boundaries of [the] late medieval kingdoms of Bohemia, Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.'^[12]

Other contributors

Michael Foucher^[20] defined Middle Europe as "an intermediate geopolitical space between the West and Russia, a space of historical transitions between these two organizational poles; political and territorial heirs imposed from the East, i.e. Kremlin; nowadays streamlining process imposed by the West". According to this author, the following sub-regions form Median (Middle) Europe:
- in the North – Central Europe stricto sensu (Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia)
- in the South – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, the region "overflows towards Belarus and Ukraine" (despite the obvious geographical distance from both)
- Greece is cited as not being a part of Median Europe but playing an important role there
Daniel Călin – In the Final Report NATO and the EU in the Balkans – a Comparison prepared by Romanian NATO Fellow Daniel Călin,^[21] three sub-regions of Middle Europe are distinguished:
- Northern Middle Europe (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – the Baltic States)
- Central Europe stricto sensu (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia)
- Southeast Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, plus the continental parts of Greece and European Turkey)

Southeast Europe is distinguished from the Balkans, defined as the region consisting of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia.

Narrow definition

East-Central Europe is sometimes defined as the eastern part of Central Europe^[22]^[23] and is limited to the member states of the Visegrád Group – Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. This definition is close to the German concept of de:Ostmitteleuropa.

References

^ Palmer, Alan (1970)The Lands between: A History of East-Central Europe Since the Congress of Vienna, New York: Macmillan
^ J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
^ "François Jarraud". Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ F. Braudel, Preface to Szucs J., Les trois Europes, Paris 1990
^ I. Loucas, The New Geopolitics of Europe & The Black Sea Region, Naval Academy, UK National Defence Minister’s Staff, p. 8 [1]^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 ISBN 0-684-84441-9
^ Milan Kundera, The tragedy of Central Europe, New York Review of Books, 26 April 1984, pp.33–8
^ Okey, Robin (1 January 1992). "Central Europe / Eastern Europe: Behind the Definitions". Past & Present. 137 (137): 102–133. doi:10.1093/past/137.1.102. JSTOR 650853.
^ O. Halecki, The limits and divisions on European history, Sheed&Ward, New York 1950, p. 120
^ ^a ^b Halecki, Oskar (1952). Borderlands of Western Civilization: A History of East Central Europe. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names". Linguistic/Geographical Divisions. UNGEGN. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
^ ^a ^b Adamska, Anna (2016). "13. Intersections. Medieval East Central Europe from the perspective of literacy and communication". Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 9781317212256. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
^ J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, p. 9, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
^ J. Kłoczowski (ed.), L'héritage historique de la Res Publica de Plusierus Nations, Lublin 2004, ISBN 83-85854-82-7
^ J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, pp. 110–120, ISBN 83-85854-86-X
^ "ONG-NGO, non Gouvernemental Organizations, Organisations non gouvernementales". Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001170/117035E.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ "East Central European Center". Institute on East Central Europe at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
^ "ceem.fr – Le blog buzz de Ceem".
^ M. Foucher (dir.), Fragments d'Europe – Atlas de l'Europe mediane et orientale, Paris, 1993, p. 60
^ D. Calin, Final Report, NATO and the EU in the Balkans – a Comparison, Bucharest, 2003, p. 12, available at: http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/01-03/calin.pdf
^ J. Kim, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary: Recent Developments, CRS 1996, Federation of American Scientists on-line version Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ J.Winiecki, East-Central Europe: A Regional Survey. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia in 1993, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5 (1994), pp. 709–734

Citations

^ "Middle Europe: On the way home – Yaroslav Shimov". Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ "L' Europe médiane : Des pays Baltes aux Balkans (Dossier n. 8005) - Documentation photographique (Le dossier ) / GEORGETTE ZRINSCAK - la Documentation française". Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
^ "Geopolitique de l'Europe. L'Union europeenne elargie a-t-elle les moyens de la puissance ? par Pierre Verluise".

[1] Palmer, Alan (1970)The Lands between: A History of East-Central Europe Since the Congress of Vienna, New York: Macmillan

[2] J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, ISBN 83-85854-86-X

[3] "François Jarraud". Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2008-04-07.

[4] F. Braudel, Preface to Szucs J., Les trois Europes, Paris 1990

[5] I. Loucas, The New Geopolitics of Europe & The Black Sea Region, Naval Academy, UK National Defence Minister’s Staff, p. 8 [1]^{[permanent dead link]}

[6] Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 ISBN 0-684-84441-9

[7] Milan Kundera, The tragedy of Central Europe, New York Review of Books, 26 April 1984, pp.33–8

[8] Okey, Robin (1 January 1992). "Central Europe / Eastern Europe: Behind the Definitions". Past & Present. 137 (137): 102–133. doi:10.1093/past/137.1.102. JSTOR 650853.

[9] O. Halecki, The limits and divisions on European history, Sheed&Ward, New York 1950, p. 120

[:0-10] Halecki, Oskar (1952). Borderlands of Western Civilization: A History of East Central Europe. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2017-07-05.

[unstats-11] "United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names". Linguistic/Geographical Divisions. UNGEGN. Retrieved 22 February 2014.

[Adamska-12] Adamska, Anna (2016). "13. Intersections. Medieval East Central Europe from the perspective of literacy and communication". Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 9781317212256. Retrieved 26 August 2021.

[13] J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, p. 9, ISBN 83-85854-86-X

[14] J. Kłoczowski (ed.), L'héritage historique de la Res Publica de Plusierus Nations, Lublin 2004, ISBN 83-85854-82-7

[15] J. Kłoczowski (ed.), Central Europe Between East and West, Lublin 2005, pp. 110–120, ISBN 83-85854-86-X

[erc.unesco.org-16] "ONG-NGO, non Gouvernemental Organizations, Organisations non gouvernementales". Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2008-10-19.

[17] ttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001170/117035E.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[18] "East Central European Center". Institute on East Central Europe at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 March 2016.

[19] "ceem.fr – Le blog buzz de Ceem".

[20] M. Foucher (dir.), Fragments d'Europe – Atlas de l'Europe mediane et orientale, Paris, 1993, p. 60

[21] D. Calin, Final Report, NATO and the EU in the Balkans – a Comparison, Bucharest, 2003, p. 12, available at: http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/01-03/calin.pdf

[22] J. Kim, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary: Recent Developments, CRS 1996, Federation of American Scientists on-line version Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine

[23] J.Winiecki, East-Central Europe: A Regional Survey. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia in 1993, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5 (1994), pp. 709–734

[24] "Middle Europe: On the way home – Yaroslav Shimov". Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2008-04-07.

[25] "L' Europe médiane : Des pays Baltes aux Balkans (Dossier n. 8005) - Documentation photographique (Le dossier ) / GEORGETTE ZRINSCAK - la Documentation française". Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2008-04-06.

[26] "Geopolitique de l'Europe. L'Union europeenne elargie a-t-elle les moyens de la puissance ? par Pierre Verluise".

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