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Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)

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Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
Theatrical release poster
Directed byTerry Gilliam
Screenplay byTerry Gilliam
Tony Grisoni
Alex Cox
Tod Davies
Produced byPatrick Cassavetti
Laila Nabulsi
Stephen Nemeth
StarringJohnny Depp
Benicio del Toro
CinematographyNicola Pecorini
Edited byLesley Walker
Music byRay Cooper
Production
companies
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • May 22, 1998 (1998-05-22)
Running time
119 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$18.5 million
Box office$13.7 million

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a 1998 American psychedelic black comedy road film adapted from Hunter S. Thompson's novel of the same name. It was co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam, starring Johnny Depp as Raoul Duke and Benicio del Toro as Dr. Gonzo.

The movie was a box office failure, grossing US$10.6 million at the North American box office, well below its $18.5 million budget. It has since become a cult film due in large part to its release on DVD, including a Special Edition released by The Criterion Collection.

Plot

A montage of news clips of Civil Rights Movement and Vietnam War protests is seen while The Lennon Sisters cover of "My Favorite Things" is heard.

Raoul Duke (Depp) and Dr. Gonzo (del Toro) speed across the Nevada desert. Duke, under the influence of mescaline, complains of a swarm of giant bats, before going through the pair's inventory of psychoactive drugs. Shortly afterward, the duo stop to pick up a young hitchhiker (Tobey Maguire), and explain what they are doing. Duke has been assigned by an unnamed magazine to travel to Las Vegas and cover the Mint 400 motorcycle race. However, they have also decided to take advantage of the trip by purchasing a large number of drugs, and rent a red Chevrolet Impala convertible. The young man soon becomes terrified of the antics of the duo, and flees on foot. Trying to reach Vegas before the hitchhiker can go to the police, Gonzo gives Duke part of a sheet of "Sunshine Acid", then informs him that there is little chance of making it before the drug kicks in. By the time they reach the strip, Duke is in the full throes of his trip, and barely makes it through the check-in, all the while hallucinating that the hotel clerk is a moray eel, and that his fellow bar patrons are lizards in the depths of an orgy.

The next day, Duke arrives at the race, and heads out with his photographer, a man by the name of Lacerda (Bierko). During the coverage, Duke becomes irrational and believes that they are in the middle of a battlefield, so he fires Lacerda and returns to the hotel. After consuming more mescaline, as well as huffing diethyl ether, Duke and Gonzo arrive at the Bazooko Circus casino, but leave shortly afterwards, the chaotic atmosphere frightening Gonzo. Back in the hotel room, Duke leaves Gonzo unattended, and tries his luck at a quick round of Big Six. When Duke returns, he finds that Gonzo, after consuming a full sheet of LSD, has trashed the room, and is sitting fully clothed in the bathtub, attempting to pull the tape player in with him, as he wants to hear the song better. He pleads with Duke to throw the machine into the water when the song "White Rabbit" peaks. Duke agrees, but instead throws a grapefruit at Gonzo's head before running outside.

The next morning, Duke awakes to a massive room service bill, and no sign of Gonzo (who has returned to Los Angeles while Duke slept), and attempts to leave town. As he nears Baker, California, a highway patrolman (Busey) pulls him over for speeding, and advises him to sleep at a nearby rest stop. Duke instead heads to a payphone and calls Gonzo, learning that he has a suite in his name at the Flamingo Las Vegas so he can cover a District Attorney's convention on narcotics. Duke checks into his suite, only to be met by an LSD-tripping Gonzo, and a young girl by the name of Lucy (Ricci) he has brought with him. Gonzo explains that Lucy has come to Las Vegas to meet Barbra Streisand, and that he gave her LSD on the plane not realizing she had never taken it before. Sensing the trouble this could get them into, Duke convinces Gonzo to ditch Lucy in another hotel before her trip wears off.

Gonzo accompanies Duke to the D.A.'s convention, and the pair discreetly snort cocaine as the guest speaker delivers a comically out-of-touch speech about "marijuana addicts" before showing a brief film. Unable to take it, Duke and Gonzo flee back to their room, only to discover that Lucy has called. Their trips mostly over, Gonzo deals with Lucy over the phone (pretending that he is being savagely beaten by thugs), as Duke attempts to mellow out by trying some of Gonzo's stash of adrenochrome. However, the trip spirals out of control, and Duke is reduced to an incoherent mess before he blacks out.

After an unspecified amount of time passes, Duke wakes up to a complete ruin of the once pristine suite. After discovering his tape recorder, he attempts to remember what has happened. As he listens, he has brief memories of the general mayhem that has taken place, including a heated encounter with a waitress at a diner, convincing a distraught cleaning woman that they are police officers investigating a drug ring, and attempting to buy an orangutan.

Duke drops Gonzo off at the airport, after missing the entrance, driving across the tarmac and pulling up right next to the plane, before returning to the hotel one last time to finish his article. Duke speeds back to Los Angeles.

Cast

Hunter S. Thompson also has a brief cameo in the film while Duke has a flashback to a San Francisco music club, The Matrix, where Thompson can be seen sitting at a table as Depp walks by narrating his inner monologue, "There I was... Mother of God, there I am! Holy fuck! Clearly I was a victim of the drug explosion."

Production

Early development

Dr. Gonzo is based on Thompson's friend Oscar Zeta Acosta, who disappeared sometime in 1974.[1] Thompson changed Acosta's ethnic identity to "Samoan" to deflect suspicion from Acosta, who was in trouble with the Los Angeles County Bar Association. He was the "Chicano lawyer" notorious for his party binges.

During the initial development to get the film made, Jack Nicholson and Marlon Brando were originally considered for the roles of Duke and Gonzo but they both grew too old.[2] Afterward, Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi were considered for the duo, but that fell apart when Belushi died. John Malkovich was later considered for the role of Duke, but he too grew too old. At one point John Cusack was almost cast, but after Hunter S. Thompson met with Johnny Depp he became convinced that no one else could play him. Cusack had previously directed the play version of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, with his brother playing Duke.[3]

Animator/filmmaker Ralph Bakshi tried to convince a girlfriend of Thompson's to let him do Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as an animated film, done in the style of Ralph Steadman's illustrations for the book. Bakshi is quoted as saying:

Hunter had given the rights to a girlfriend of his. I spent three days with her trying to talk her into me animating it – she wanted to make a live-action of it – I kept telling her that a live-action would look like a bad cartoon but an animated version would be a great one. She had a tremendous disdain for animators because it wasn't considered the top of Hollywood. Hunter also could not make her change her mind. So she made the pic with Johnny Depp (who is a great actor), and got the film I told her she would get – it would have been more real in a cartoon using Steadman's drawings.[4]

In January 1976, Texas Monthly announced that Larry McMurtry had signed a contract to write a screenplay for a film adaptation.[5]

Martin Scorsese and Oliver Stone each tried to get the film off the ground, but were unsuccessful and moved on.[6]

Rhino Films began work on a film version as early as 1992.[7] Head of Production and the film's producer Stephen Nemeth originally wanted Lee Tamahori to direct, but he wasn't available until after the January 1997 start date.[7] Depp wanted Bruce Robinson to direct, but he was "unavailable... by choice" (Robinson swore to never direct another film after the painful experience on his film Jennifer 8). Robinson later wrote and directed The Rum Diary, based on another of Thompson's novels, also starring Depp.[8] Rhino appealed to Thompson for an extension on the film rights but the author and his lawyers denied the extension. Under pressure, Rhino countered by green-lighting the film and hiring Alex Cox to direct within a few days.[7] According to Nemeth, Cox could "do it for a price, could do it quickly and could get this movie going in four months."[7]

Cox started writing the screenplay with Tod Davies, a UCLA Thompson scholar. Depp and del Toro then committed to starring in the film.[7] During pre-production, Cox and producer Laila Nabulsi had "creative differences" and she forced Rhino to choose between her and Cox.[7] She had an arrangement with Thompson to produce the film and the studio fired Cox and paid him $60,000 in script fees. Thompson's disapproval of the Cox/Davies script treatment is documented in the film Breakfast with Hunter, in which he rails against the writers for planning an animated portrayal of the "wave speech", which he considered "probably the finest thing [he'd] ever written."[9]

Pre-production

Rhino hired Terry Gilliam and was granted an extension from Thompson but only with the stipulation that the director made the film. Rhino did not want to commit to Gilliam in case he didn't work out.[7] Thompson remembers, "They just kept asking for more [time]. I got kind of agitated about it, because I thought they were trying to put off doing it. So I began to charge them more... I wanted to see the movie done, once it got started."[7] The studio threatened to make the film with Cox and without Depp and del Toro. The two actors were upset when Nabulsi told them of Rhino's plans.[7] Universal Pictures stepped in to distribute the film and Depp and Gilliam were paid $500,000 each but the director still did not have a firm deal in place. In retaliation, Depp and Gilliam locked Rhino out of the set during filming.[7]

The decision was made to not use the Cox/Davies script, which gave Gilliam only ten days to write another.[10] The director enlisted the help of Tony Grisoni and they wrote the script at Gilliam's home in May 1997. Grisoni remembers, "I'd sit at the keyboard, and we'd talk and talk and I'd keep typing."[10] One of the most important scenes from the book that Gilliam wanted to put in the film was the confrontation between Duke and Dr. Gonzo and the waitress of the North Star Coffee Lounge. The director said, "This is two guys who have gone beyond the pale, this is unforgivable – that scene, it's ugly. My approach, rather than to throw it out, was to make that scene the low point."[11]

The lead actors undertook extraordinary preparations for their respective roles. Del Toro gained more than 45 pounds (18 kg) in nine weeks before filming began, and extensively researched Acosta's life.[1][12] In the spring of 1997, Depp moved into the basement of Thompson's Owl Farm home and lived there for four months, doing research for the role as well as studying Thompson's habits and mannerisms.[13] The actor went through Thompson's original manuscript, mementos and notebooks that he kept during the actual trip.[13] Depp remembers, "He saved it all. Not only is [the book] true, but there's more. And it was worse."[14] Depp even traded his car for Thompson's red Chevrolet Caprice convertible, known to fans as The Great Red Shark, and drove it around California during his preparation for the role.[15] Many of the costumes that Depp wears in the film are genuine articles of clothing that Depp borrowed from Thompson, and the writer himself shaved Depp's head to match his own natural male pattern baldness.[13] Other props, such as Duke's cigarette filter (a TarGard Permanent Filter System), Hawaiian shirts, hats, a patchwork jacket, a silver medallion (given to him by Oscar Acosta) and IDs, belonged to Thompson.[15]

Initially, the studio wanted Gilliam to update the book for the 1990s, which he considered, "And then I looked at the film and said, 'No, that's apologizing. I don't want to apologize for this thing. It is what it is.' It's an artifact. If it's an accurate representation of that book, which I thought was an accurate representation of a particular time and place and people."[16]

Principal photography

According to Gilliam, there was no firm budget in place when filming started.[17] Cinematographer Nicola Pecorini was hired based on an audition reel he sent Gilliam that made fun of the fact that he had only one eye (he lost the other to retinal cancer).[18] According to Pecorini, the look of the film was influenced by the paintings of Robert Yarber that are "very hallucinatory: the paintings use all kinds of neon colors, and the light sources don't necessarily make sense."[18] According to Gilliam, they used him as a guide "While mixing our palette of deeply disturbing fluorescent colors."[19]

Shooting on location in Las Vegas began on August 3, 1997 and lasted 56 days. The production ran into problems when they wanted to shoot in a casino. They were only allowed to film between two and six in the morning, given only six tables to put extras around and insisted that the extras really gamble."[10] Exterior shots of the Bazooko Casino were filmed in front of the Stardust hotel/casino with the interiors constructed with a Warner Bros. Hollywood soundstage.[18] To get the period look of Vegas in the 1970s, Gilliam and Pecorini used rear-projection footage from the old television show, Vega$. According to the cinematographer, this footage heightened the film's "already otherworldly tone an extra notch."[18]

For the desert scenes, Pecorini wanted a specific, undefined quality without a real horizon to convey the notion that the landscape never ended and to emphasize "a certain kind of unreality outside the characters' car, because everything that matters to them is within the Red Shark."[18] For the scene where Duke hallucinates a lounge full of lizards, the production was supposed to have 25 animatronic reptiles but they only received seven or eight.[18] The production used motion-control techniques to make it look like they had a whole room of them and made multiple passes with the cameras outfitting the lizards with different costumes each time.[18]

Gilliam felt that it was not a well-organized film and said, "Certain people didn't... I'm not going to name names but it was a strange film, like one leg was shorter than the other. There was all sorts of chaos."[10] While Depp was on location in Los Angeles, he got a phone call from comedian Bill Murray who had played Thompson in Where the Buffalo Roam. He warned Depp, "Be careful or you'll find yourself ten years from now still doing him… Make sure your next role is some drastically different guy."[20]

During production, it was Gilliam's intention that it should feel like a drug trip from beginning to end. He said in an interview, "We start out at full speed and it's WOOOO! The drug kicks in and you're on speed! Whoah! You get the buzz – it's crazy, it's outrageous, the carpet's moving and everybody's laughing and having a great time. But then, ever so slowly, the walls start closing in and it's like you're never going to get out of this fucking place. It's an ugly nightmare and there's no escape."[15]

To convey the effects of the various drugs, Gilliam and Pecorini assembled a list of "phases" that detailed the "cinematic qualities" of each drug consumed.[18] For ether, Pecorini said they used a "loose depth of field; everything becomes non-defined"; for adrenochrome, "everything gets narrow and claustrophobic, move closer with lens"; mescaline was simulated by having "colors melt into each other, flares with no sources, play with color temperatures"; for amyl nitrite, the "perception of light gets very uneven, light levels increase and decrease during the shots"; and for LSD, "everything extremely wide, hallucinations via morphs, shapes, colors, and sound."[18]

Writers credit dispute with WGA

When the film approached release, Gilliam learned that the Writers Guild of America (WGA) would not allow Cox and Davies to be removed from the credits even though none of their material was used in the production of the film. According to WGA rules, Gilliam and Grisoni had to prove that they wrote 60% of their script. The director said, "But there have been at least five previous attempts at adapting the book, and they all come from the book. They all use the same scenes."[21] Gilliam remarked in an interview, "The end result was we didn't exist. As a director, I was automatically deemed a 'production executive' by the guild and, by definition, discriminated against. But for Tony to go without any credit would be really unfair."[22] David Kanter, agent for Cox and Davies, argued, "About 60 percent of the decisions they made on what stays in from the book are in the film - as well as their attitude of wide-eyed anarchy."[22] According to the audio commentary by Gilliam on the Criterion Collection DVD, during the period where it appeared that only Cox and Davies would be credited for the screenplay, the film was to begin with a short scene in which it is explained that no matter what is said in the credits, no writers were involved in the making of the film. When this changed in early May 1998 after the WGA revised its decision and gave credit to Gilliam and Grisoni first and Cox and Davies second, the short was not needed.[11] Angered over having to share credit, Gilliam publicly burned his WGA card at a May 22 book signing on Broadway.[23][11]

Release

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas underwent preview test screenings – a process that Gilliam does not enjoy. "I always get very tense in those (test screenings), because I'm ready to fight. I know the pressure from the studio is, 'somebody didn't like that, change it!'"[14] The filmmaker said that it was important to him that Thompson like the film and recalls the writer's reaction at a screening, "Hunter watched it for the first time at the premiere and he was making all this fucking noise! Apparently it all came flooding back to him, he was reliving the whole trip! He was yelling out and jumping on his seat like it was a roller coaster, ducking and diving, shouting 'SHIT! LOOK OUT! GODDAMN BATS!' That was fantastic – if he thought we'd captured it, then we must have done it!"[15] Thompson himself stated, "Yeah, I liked it. It's not my show, but I appreciated it. Depp did a hell of a job. His narration is what really held the film together, I think. If you hadn't had that, it would have just been a series of wild scenes."[24]

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas debuted at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival[25] and Gilliam said, "I'm curious about the reaction... If I'm going to be disappointed, it's because it doesn't make any waves, that people are not outraged."[26]

Box office

The film opened in wide release on May 22, 1998 and grossed $3.3 million in 1,126 theaters on its first weekend. The film went on to gross $10.6 million, well below its budget of $18.5 million.[27]

Critical reception

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas polarized critics; it currently has a 49% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[28] In The New York Times, Stephen Holden wrote, "Even the most precise cinematic realizations of Mr. Thompson's images (and of Ralph Steadman's cartoon drawings for the book) don't begin to match the surreal ferocity of the author's language."[29] Stephen Hunter, in his review for the Washington Post, wrote, "It tells no story at all. Little episodes of no particular import come and go...But the movie is too grotesque to be entered emotionally."[30] Mike Clark, of USA Today, found the film, "simply unwatchable."[31] In The Guardian, Gaby Wood wrote, "After a while, though, the ups and downs don't come frequently enough even for the audience, and there's an element of the tedium usually found in someone else's druggy experiences."[32]

Michael O'Sullivan gave the film a positive review in the Washington Post. "What elevates the tale from being a mere drug chronicle is the same thing that lifted the book into the realm of literature. It's the sense that Gilliam, like Thompson, is always totally in command of the medium, while abandoning himself utterly to unpredictable forces beyond his control."[33]

Gene Siskel's "thumbs-up" review at the time also noted the film successfully captured the book's themes into film, adding "What the film is about and what the book is about is using Las Vegas as a metaphor for – or a location for – the worst of America, the extremes of America, the money obsession, the visual vulgarity of America."[34] But Roger Ebert thought the movie was a disgrace. He gave the film one star out of four and said it was "a horrible mess of a movie, without shape, trajectory or purpose--a one joke movie, if it had one joke. The two characters wander witlessly past the bizarre backdrops of Las Vegas (some real, some hallucinated, all interchangeable) while zonked out of their minds. Humor depends on attitude. Beyond a certain point, you don't have an attitude, you simply inhabit a state." He wrapped up his review by saying that Johnny Depp "was once in trouble for trashing a New York hotel room, just like the heroes of "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas." What was that? Research? After River Phoenix died of an overdose outside Depp's club, you wouldn't think Depp would see much humor in this story—but then, of course, there isn't much humor in this story."

Gilliam wanted to provoke strong reactions to his film as he said in an interview, "I want it to be seen as one of the great movies of all time, and one of the most hated movies of all time."[14]

Empire magazine voted the film the 469th greatest film in their "500 Greatest Movies of All Time" list.[35]

Soundtrack

Untitled
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic link

The soundtrack contains songs used in the film with sound bites of the film before each song. Most of the music is of the time with a few exceptions; one being the Dead Kennedys rendition of "Viva Las Vegas" (which is heard at the very end of the closing credits) and others being Debbie Reynolds' "Tammy" and Perry Como's "Magic Moments". Jefferson Airplane's "Somebody to Love" is heard during a flashback, but is not present on the soundtrack. The Rolling Stones song "Jumping Jack Flash" is heard at the conclusion of the film as Thompson drives out of Las Vegas. There are several other songs played in the film that are not included on the soundtrack, some of the more noted cuts being: "Lady" by Beck, Bogert & Appice, Tom Jones' "It's Not Unusual", "You're Getting To Be A Habit With Me", sung by Frank Sinatra, "Spy vs. Spy" by Combustible Edison and "Moon Mist", performed by The Out-Islanders, and a recording of "Ball and Chain" by Janis Joplin.

Gilliam could not pay $300,000 (half of the soundtrack budget) for the rights to "Sympathy for the Devil" by The Rolling Stones, which plays a prominent role in the book.[7]

The Lennon Sisters' version of "My Favorite Things" (from The Sound of Music), which plays in the beginning of the picture, was also not included in the soundtrack.

Track listing

No.TitlePerformed byLength
1."Combination of the Two"Big Brother and the Holding Company5:47
2."One Toke Over the Line"Brewer & Shipley3:43
3."She's a Lady"Tom Jones2:53
4."For Your Love"The Yardbirds2:36
5."White Rabbit"Jefferson Airplane3:13
6."A Drug Score - Part 1 (Acid Spill)"Tomoyasu Hotei & Ray Cooper0:52
7."Get Together"The Youngbloods5:41
8."Mama Told Me Not to Come"Three Dog Night3:51
9."Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again"Bob Dylan7:27
10."Time Is Tight"Booker T. & the MG's3:29
11."Magic Moments"Perry Como3:04
12."A Drug Score - Part 2 (Adrenochrome, the Devil's Dance)"Tomoyasu Hotei & Ray Cooper2:27
13."Tammy"Debbie Reynolds3:03
14."A Drug Score - Part 3 (Flashbacks)"Tomoyasu Hotei & Ray Cooper2:26
15."Expecting to Fly"Buffalo Springfield4:17
16."Viva Las Vegas"Dead Kennedys3:23
Total length:61:00

Home media

By the time Fear and Loathing was released as a Criterion Collection DVD in 2003, Thompson showed his approval of the Gilliam version by recording a full-length audio commentary for the film and participating in several DVD special features.[36]

On an audio commentary track in the Criterion edition of the DVD, Gilliam expresses great pride in the film and says it was one of the few times where he did not have to fight extensively with the studio during the filming.[37] Gilliam chalks this up to the fact that many of the studio executives read Thompson's book in their youth and understood it could not be made into a conventional Hollywood film. However, he does express frustration with the advertising campaign used during its initial release, which he says tried to sell it as wacky comedy.[37] The film was later released by Universal Studios on HD DVD and, subsequently, Blu-ray; Criterion released the film on Blu-ray on April 26, 2011.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Doss, Yvette C (5 June 1998). "The Lost Legend of the Real Dr. Gonzo". Los Angeles Times.
  2. ^ Nathan Lee (12 May 2006). "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2007. (registration required)
  3. ^ Laila Nabulsi. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas audio commentary (DVD).
  4. ^ Ralph Bakshi (24 March 2005). "Your thoughts on the passing of Hunter S. Thompson". Ralph Bakshi Forum. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  5. ^ West, Richard (January 1976). "Texas Monthly Reporter". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  6. ^ David Morgan (1999). "The Making of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". Retrieved 15 December 2006.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ebner, Mark (January 1998). "Fear and Bleating in Las Vegas: Hunter Thompson Goes Hollywood". Premiere.
  8. ^ Yamato, Jen (28 October 2011). "Johnny Depp, Bruce Robinson, and Co. Exalt Hunter S. Thompson While Talking The Rum Diary". Movieline. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  9. ^ Ewing, Wayne (2003). "Breakfast with Hunter". Premiere. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
  10. ^ a b c d Gale, David (June 1998). "Cardboard Castles and Chaos". Icon. pp. 102–105.
  11. ^ a b c Smith, Giles (25 May 1998). "War Games". The New Yorker. pp. 74–79.
  12. ^ Elias, Justine (June 1998). "Behind the Scenes: Terry Gilliam". Us Weekly.
  13. ^ a b c Brinkley, Douglas (June 1998). "Johnny, Get Your Gun". George. pp. 96–100, 109–110.
  14. ^ a b c McCracken, Elizabeth (June 1998). "Depp Charge". ELLE.
  15. ^ a b c d Holden, Michael John Perry, Bill Borrows (December 1998). "Fear and Loathing". Loaded.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Rowe, Douglas J (29 May 1998). "Terry Gilliam Can Fly Without Acid". Associated Press.
  17. ^ Houpt, Simon (21 May 1998). "Going Gonzo with Fear and Loathing". Globe and Mail. pp. D1–D2.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pizzello, Stephen (May 1998). "Gonzo Filmmaking". American Cinematographer. pp. 30–41.
  19. ^ Pizzello, Stephen (May 1998). "Unholy Grail". American Cinematographer. pp. 42–47.
  20. ^ Brinkley, Douglas (26 July 1998). "Road to Ruin". Sunday Mail.
  21. ^ McCabe, Bob (December 1998). "One on One". Empire. pp. 120–123.
  22. ^ a b Willens, Michele (17 May 1998). "How Many Writers Does it Take...?". The New York Times.
  23. ^ http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/flwga.htm
  24. ^ Johnston, Ian (December 1998). "Just Say No". Neon. pp. 44–49.
  25. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
  26. ^ Kirkland, Bruce (17 May 1998). "The Gonzo Dream: The Long, Strange Trip of Filming Hunter S. Thompson's '"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". Toronto Sun.
  27. ^ "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  28. ^ Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas at Rotten Tomatoes
  29. ^ Holden, Stephen (22 May 1998). "A Devotedly Drug-Addled Rampage Through a 1971 Vision of Las Vegas". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Hunter, Stephen (22 May 1998). "Fear and Loathing". Washington Post.
  31. ^ Clark, Mike (22 May 1998). "Fear is a Bad Trip for the '90s". USA Today.
  32. ^ Wood, Gabby (13 November 1998). "Night of the Hunter". The Guardian.
  33. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (22 May 1998). "Fear: Worth the Trip". Washington Post.
  34. ^ Siskel, Gene (22 May 1998). "Siskel & Ebert Review". Siskel & Ebert. Retrieved 10 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  35. ^ "500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
  36. ^ "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". Criterion Collection. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
  37. ^ a b Gilliam, Terry. "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas DVD audio commentary". Criterion Collection.
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