History of fountains in the United States

For the general history of fountains, see Fountain. For drinking fountains, see Drinking fountains in the United States.

The Court of Neptune Fountain at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. Roland Hinton Perry. (1895).

The first decorative fountain in the United States was dedicated in Philadelphia in 1809. Early American fountains were used to distribute clean drinking water, had little ornamentation, and copied European styles.

In the 20th century, American fountains ceased to distribute drinking water; they became purely decorative, and were designed to honor events or individuals, as works of urban sculpture or to imitate nature.

A notable, albeit widely unknown exception (even locally) is the Tyler Davidson Fountain in the city centre of Cincinnati, which has never ceased maintenance of its filtration and treatment accessories that are housed in the four waterspout figures on the structures perimeter. These waterspouts initially provided a very reliable and trustworthy source of potable water to the urban workforce, and though demand has lessened, the local Water Works continues its upkeep, perhaps informed by the fountain's allegorical design highlighting water as no less fickle than fundamental.

In the late 20th century, the musical fountain, where the dance of water is controlled by a computer and is accompanied by lights and music, became a form of public entertainment in Las Vegas and other American cities.

1800-1900

Fourth of July in Centre Square (c.1809-12), John Lewis Krimmel, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Philadelphia built the first citywide water system in the United States, which began operation in January 1801. Underground aqueducts carried drinking water from the Schuylkill River, and twin steam pumps propelled it into a water tower at Centre Square, now the site of Philadelphia City Hall. Scottish-born architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed the system along with the Greek Revival pumping house/water tower. Centre Square was converted from a meadow into a public park, and an ornamental fountain was added, 1808–1809. Sculptor William Rush carved a wooden statue, Allegory of the Schuylkill River (better known as Water Nymph with Bittern), to adorn the Centre Square fountain.

The first monumental fountains in the United States were built to mark the termini of aqueducts bringing fresh drinking water into New York City. A cholera epidemic in 1832 and the disastrous Great Fire of New York, in 1835, persuaded the government of New York City to build the Croton aqueduct to bring abundant fresh water into the city. The Croton Dam, aqueduct, and reservoir were finished in 1841, bringing water 40 miles from the Croton River to New York City. In commemoration, the Croton Fountain in City Hall Park, was turned on on October 14, 1842, and jetted water 50 feet into the air. A second fountain in Union Square was also connected to the system.

The first fountains were very simple, without sculpture, and simply spouted water up into the air. They no longer exist, though vestiges of the original water system remain.

In 1848, Boston completed its own new water system, an aqueduct from Lake Cochituate 20 miles (32 km) to the Boston Common, where the first fountain was located. A parade and festival were held to mark the fountain's opening on October 25, 1848. The ceremony included schoolchildren singing an ode written by American poet James Russell Lowell for the event. The ode began:

"My name is Water: I have sped through strange dark ways untried before, By pure desire of friendship led, Cochituate's Ambassador: He sends four gifts by me, Long life, health, peace, and purity."

In contrast to the first American fountains, which were simple and functional, in the 1850s, more decorative fountains were constructed as part of a nationwide effort to beautify American cities by building parks, squares, and fountains inspired by European models.

Bethesda Fountain in Central Park, New York (1873)

For example, the Bethesda Fountain was created to adorn New York City's new Central Park, which project had been begun in 1858 by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, to create a vast natural landscape in the heart of the city. In the middle of the park was one formal element: a mall adorned with elm trees and a terrace with views over a lake. In 1863, the park commissioners decided to build a monumental fountain for the central basin in the middle of the mall. The sculptor was a little-known American artist, Emma Stebbins, whose brother was the head of the New York Stock Exchange and President of the Board of Commissioners, who lobbied on her behalf. Her fountain was based on the biblical verse from the Gospel of Saint John, in which an angel touched, or "troubled", the waters of the Pool of Bethesda in Jerusalem, giving it healing powers. She wrote about the fountain: "We have no less healing, comfort and purification freely sent to us through the blessed gift of pure, wholesome water, which to all the countless homes of this great city comes like an angel visitant." It was criticized by some writers when it was opened in 1873: the New York Times called it "a feebly-pretty idealess thing", but gradually the fountain became a popular favorite, featured in many films and in recent times in Tony Kushner's play Angels in America.

1900-2000

Fountains built in the United States between 1900 and 1950 mostly followed European models and classical styles. For example:

• The handsome Samuel Francis Dupont Memorial Fountain (aka Dupont Circle Fountain), in Dupont Circle, Washington D.C., was designed and created by Henry Bacon and Daniel Chester French, the architect and sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, in 1921, in a pure neoclassical style.
• The Buckingham Fountain in Grant Park, Chicago was one of the first American fountains to use powerful modern pumps to shoot water as high as 150 feet (46 meters) into the air.
• The Fountain of Prometheus, with sculpture by Paul Manship, built at Rockefeller Center in New York City in 1933, was the first American fountain in the Art-Deco style.

After World War II, fountains in the United States became more varied in form. Some, like the Vaillancourt Fountain in San Francisco (1971), were pure works of sculpture. The modernist French-Canadian Armand Vaillancourt built his monumental fountain at Embarcadero Plaza in San Francisco in a cubist style, though it was intended as a political statement - the official title is "Quebec Libre!", and the artist was arrested at the time of the opening for painting political slogans on his own fountain.

Other fountains, like the Frankin Roosevelt Memorial Waterfall (1997), by architect Lawrence Halprin, were designed as landscapes to illustrate themes. This fountain is part of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in Washington D.C., which has four outdoor "rooms" illustrating FDR's presidency. Each "room" contains a cascade or waterfall; the cascade in the third room illustrates the turbulence of the years of the World War II. Halprin wrote at an early stage of the design; "the whole environment of the memorial becomes sculpture: to touch, feel, hear and contact - with all the senses."

One of the most unusual modern American fountains is the Civil Rights Memorial (1989) at the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama, designed by Maya Lin, the designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington D.C. The Civil Rights Memorial fountain features a low elliptical black granite table, with a thin surface of water flowing over the surface, over the inscribed names of civil rights leaders who died, illustrating the quotation from Martin Luther King Jr.: "...Until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream." Visitors are invited to touch the names through the water. "The water is as slow as I could get it," Lin wrote. "It remains very still until you touch it. Your hand carves ripples, which transform and alter the piece, just as reading the words completes the piece."

Significant fountains in the United States

See also: Drinking fountains in the United States

Name	Image	Location	Architect(s)	Sculptor(s)	Year completed	Notes
Bartholdi Fountain Fountain of Light and Water		United States Botanical Gardens, Washington, D.C.		Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi	Philadelphia, 1876 Washington, D.C., 1878	Exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. First fountain in the United States illuminated by gaslight.
Bethesda Fountain		Central Park, Manhattan, New York City	Calvert Vaux	Emma Stebbins	1873	"Angel of the Waters"
Buckingham Fountain		Chicago, Illinois	Edward H. Bennett	Marcel F. Loyau	1927	The central jet shoots up 150 feet (46 m).
Centennial Fountain Nicholas J. Melas Centennial Fountain		Chicago, Illinois	Lohan Associates		1989	The jet shoots across the span of the Chicago River.
Civil Rights Memorial		Montgomery, Alabama	Maya Lin		1989	Water spills over a stylized table inscribed with a list of significant events in the Civil Rights Movement.
Coleman Memorial Fountain		Sacramento, California		Ralph Stackpole	1927
Columbus Fountain Christopher Columbus Memorial Fountain		Union Station, Washington, D.C.	Daniel Burnham	Lorado Taft	1912	"The Spirit of Discovery" evokes the figurehead of a ship.
Corning Fountain		Bushnell Park, Hartford, Connecticut		J. Massey Rhind	1899	The hart (deer) is an allegorical figure of the City of Hartford.
Court of Neptune Fountain		Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.	John L. Smithmeyer Paul J. Pelz Edward Pearce Casey	Roland Hinton Perry Albert Weinert (relief sculpture)	1895	Thomas Jefferson Building
Depew Memorial Fountain		Indianapolis, Indiana	Henry Bacon	Karl Bitter Alexander Stirling Calder	1919	Bitter's maquette for the fountain. Following Bitter's 1915 death, Calder completed the sculpture work.
Donahue Memorial Fountain The Mechanics Monument		San Francisco, California	Willis Polk	Douglas Tilden	1901	The fountain survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
Dupont Circle Fountain Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Dupont Memorial Fountain		Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C.	Henry Bacon	Daniel Chester French	1921
Fort Worth Water Gardens		Fort Worth, Texas	Philip Johnson John Burgee		1974	Visitors can walk within the fountain.
Fountain of Eternal Life War Memorial Fountain		Cleveland, Ohio		Marshall Fredericks	1964	"Peace Arising from the Flames of War"
Fountain of the Centaurs and The Signing of the Treaty		Jefferson City, Missouri		Karl Bitter and A.A. Weinman	1927
Fountain of the Great Lakes		Art Institute of Chicago Garden, Chicago, Illinois		Lorado Taft	1913
Fountain Hills Fountain		Fountain Lake, Fountain Hills, Arizona			1970	World's tallest fountain when built, the jet shoots up 562 feet (171 m). Now world's fourth-tallest fountain, and second-tallest in the United States.
Fountain of the Rings		Centennial Olympic Park, Atlanta, Georgia	EDAW, Inc. William Hobbs, Ltd.		1996	Created for the 1996 Olympic Games.
Fountain of Time		Chicago, Illinois		Lorado Taft	1922	"Father Time"
Fountains of Bellagio		Bellagio Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada	WET (Water Entertainment Technologies)		1998	The fountain and light display is choreographed to music.
Gateway Geyser		Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park, East St. Louis, Illinois			1995	Tallest fountain in the United States, and second-tallest in the world. Located on the opposite side of the Mississippi River from the Gateway Arch, its jet can shoot up 630 ft (190 m), the same height as the arch.
LaFayette Fountain		Lafayette, Indiana		Lorado Taft	1882	This was the first of Taft's many fountains.
Littlefield Fountain		University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas	Morison & Walker Paul Cret	Pompeo Coppini Waldine Tauch	1933
Longwood Gardens		Kennett Square, Pennsylvania			Open Air Theatre, 1914 Italian Water Garden, 1927 Main Fountain Garden, 1931	Fountain show in the Open Air Theatre.
Meeting of the Waters Fountain The Wedding of the Waters		Aloe Plaza, Saint Louis, Missouri		Carl Milles	1940	Detail.
National World War II Memorial		National Mall, Washington, D.C.	Friedrich St. Florian	Raymond Kaskey James Peniston	2004	From above.
Jesse Clyde Nichols Memorial Fountain		Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri	McKim, Mead & White	Henri-Léon Gréber	1910 1960	The fountain was created for "Harbor Hill," the Clarence Mackay estate in Roslyn, New York. Four larger-than-life equestrian figures represent great rivers: "The Rhine," "The Seine," "The Volga," and "The Mississippi." It was disassembled, transported, and installed in Kansas City in 1960.
Piazza d'Italia		New Orleans, Louisiana	Charles Williard Moore Perez Architects		1978	At night.
Point State Park Fountain		Point State Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania			1970	The jet shoots 150 feet.
Prometheus Fountain		Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, New York City	Raymond Hood	Paul Manship	1933	With ice skaters.
Pulitzer Fountain		Grand Army Plaza, 5th Avenue & Central Park South, Manhattan, New York City	Thomas Hastings	Karl Bitter Isidore Konti Karl Gruppe	1916	"Pomona" Following Bitter's 1915 death, Konti and Gruppe completed the sculpture work.
Rackham Memorial Fountain		Detroit Zoo, Royal Oak, Michigan		Corrado Parducci	1939
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial		West Potomac Park, Washington, D.C.	Lawrence Halprin		1997
Russell Ager Memorial Fountain		Detroit, Michigan	Henry Bacon	Daniel Chester French	1921
The Sciences and The Arts Fountains		Jefferson City, Missouri		Robert Ingersoll Aitken	1924
Scott Memorial Fountain		Belle Isle Park, Detroit, Michigan	Cass Gilbert	Herbert Adams	1925	The lowest basin has a diameter of 510 ft (160 m).
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument		Indianapolis, Indiana	Bruno Schmitz	Rudolf Schwarz Frederick MacMonnies George Brewster Nicholas Geiger	1888	"War," designed by Frederick William MacMonnies, carved by Rudolf Schwarz.
Swann Memorial Fountain Fountain of the Three Rivers		Logan Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Wilson Eyre	Alexander Stirling Calder	1924	"Allegorical Figure of the Schuylkill River"
Thatcher Memorial Fountain		City Park, Denver, Colorado	J.R.M. Morrison	Lorado Taft	1918
Tyler Davidson Fountain		Fountain Square, Cincinnati, Ohio		August von Kreling Ferdinand von Miller Fritz von Miller Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller	1871	"The Genius of Water" The fountain was designed by August von Kreling in the 1840s for King Ludwig of Bavaria, but never built. It was cast in Germany in 1870, and shipped to the United States.
Unisphere		Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, New York City	Gilmore D. Clarke		1964	The Unisphere was the centerpiece of the 1964 New York World's Fair.
Vaillancourt Fountain "Quebec Libre!"		Justin Herman Plaza, San Francisco, California		Armand Vaillancourt	1971	The plaza from above.

See also

• Drinking fountains in the United States
• Drinking fountains in Philadelphia

Bibliography

• Marilyn Symmes (editor), Fountains-Splash and Spectacle- Water and Design from the Renaissance to the Present. Thames and Hudson, in cooperation with the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. (1998).