Han (Warring States)

Han
Han
Traditional Chinese	韓
Simplified Chinese	韩
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Hán
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Harn
Wade–Giles	Han2
IPA	[xǎn]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Hòhn
Jyutping	Hon4
Southern Min
Tâi-lô	Hân
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	*[g]ˤar

Han
韓
*Gar
Han 韓 ; *Gar
403 BC–230 BC
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Yangzhai (before 375 BC); Xinzheng (after 375 BC)
Religion	Chinese folk religion; ancestor worship
Government	Monarchy
King
Chancellor
Historical era	Warring States period
• Partition of Jin	403 BC
• Conquered by Qin	230 BC
Currency	spade money; other ancient Chinese coinage
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Jin (Chinese state)
Qin dynasty

State of Han
(small seal script, 220 BC)

Han (Chinese: 韓, Old Chinese: *[g]ˤar) was an ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period of ancient China. It is conventionally romanized by scholars as Hann to distinguish it from the later Han dynasty (漢).^[1]

It was located in central China (modern-day Shanxi and Henan) in a region south and east of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou. It was ruled by a royal family who were former ministers in the state of Jin that had slowly gained power from the Jin royal family until they were able to divide Jin into the three new states of Han, Wei and Zhao with the assistance of two other ministerial families.^[2]

The state of Han was small and located in a mountainous and unprofitable region.^[2] Its territory directly blocked the passage of the state of Qin into the North China Plain.^{[citation needed]}. Although Han had attempted to reform its governance (notably under Chancellor and "Legalist" Shen Buhai who improved state administration and strengthened its military ability)^[3] these reforms were not enough to defend itself and it was the first of the seven warring states to be conquered by Qin in 230 BC.^[4]

Qin invasion of Han's Shangdang Commandery in 260 BC resulted in the Battle of Changping and was allegedly the bloodiest battle of the Warring States period where up to 400,000 soldiers died.^[5]^[6]

History

Founding

According to chapter 45 of the Records of the Grand Historian, the royal family of Han was a cadet branch of the royal family of the state of Jin. The founder of the Han clan Wuzi of Han was the uncle of Duke Wu of Jin.

Members of the family became ministers in the powerful state of Jin and were granted Hanyuan (modern Hancheng in Shaanxi).

Spring and Autumn period

During the Spring and Autumn period, members of the Han family slowly gained more and more influence and power within Jin.^[2] In 403 BC, Jing of Han, along with Wen of Wei and Lie of Zhao partitioned Jin among themselves. In Chinese history, this Partition of Jin is the event which marks the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States. Subsequently, Han was an independent polity. King Lie eventually recognized the new states in 403 BC^[2] and elevated the rulers to 侯 (hou, "marquess").

Warring States Period

Han's highest point occurred under the rule of Marquess Xi. Xi appointed Shen Buhai as his chancellor and implemented his Legalist policies. These reforms improved state administration and strengthened its military capability. Under King Xuanhui (332–312 BC), Han declared itself an independent kingdom.

However, Han was disadvantaged in the competition of the Warring States because Jin's partition had left it surrounded on all sides by other strong states – Chu to the south, Qi to the east, Qin to the west, and Wei to the north. It was the smallest of the seven states and, without any easy way to expand its own territory and resources, it was bullied militarily by its more powerful neighbors.

Defeat

During its steady decline, Han eventually lost the power to defend its territory and had to request military assistance from other states. The contest between Wei and Qi over control of Han resulted in the Battle of Maling, which established Qi as the pre-eminent state in the east. In 260 BC, Qin's invasion of Han led to Zhao intervention and the Battle of Changping.

During the late years of the era, in an attempt to drain Qin's resources in an expensive public works project, the state of Han sent the civil engineer Zheng Guo to Qin to persuade them to build a canal. The scheme, while expensive, backfired spectacularly when it was eventually completed: the irrigation abilities of the new Zhengguo Canal far outweighed its cost and gave Qin the agricultural and economic means to dominate the other six states. Han was the first to fall, in 230 BC.

In 226 BC, former nobility of the Han launched a failed rebellion in former capital Xinzheng, and King An, the last king of Han, was put to death the same year.

Han Xin was made a "Prince" or "King of Han" (韩王) by Liu Bang after the establishment of the Han dynasty (漢朝). He was removed to Taiyuan Commandery and the territory of the kingdom of Dai, where he defected to the Xiongnu and led raids against the Han Dynasty until his death.

Culture and society

Before the state of Qin unified China in 221 BC, each region had their own unique customs and culture, although they were all dominated by an upper class that shared a largely common culture. In the Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu), a section of the Book of Documents which was most likely composed in the 4th century BC, the author describes a China that is divided into nine regions, each with its own distinctive peoples and products. The core theme of this section is that these nine regions are unified into one state by the travels of the eponymous sage, Yu the Great and by sending each region's unique goods to the capital as tribute. Other texts also discussed these regional variations in culture and physical environments.^[7]

One of these texts was Wuzi (The Book of Master Wu) which was a Warring States military treatise written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were linked to the physical environment and territory they live in.^[8]

Rulers

Title	Name	Reign	Alternative Title(s)
Pre-State sovereigns
Wuzi 韓武子	Hán Wàn 韓萬
Qiubo 韓賕伯	unknown
Dingbo 韓定伯	Hán Jiǎn 韓簡
Ziyu 韓子輿	Hán Yú 韓輿
Xianzi 韓獻子	Hán Jué 韓厥
Xuanzi 韓宣子	Hán Qǐ 韓起
Zhenzi 韓貞子	Hán Xū 韓須
Jianzi 韓簡子	Hán Bùxìn 韓不信
Zhuangzi 韓莊子	Hán Gēng 韓庚
Kangzi 韓康子	Hán Hǔ 韓虎
Wuzi 韓武子	Hán Qǐzhāng 韓啓章	424 BC – 409 BC
State sovereigns
Marquess Jing 韓景侯	Hán Qián 韓虔	408 BC – 400 BC
Marquess Lie 韓烈侯	Hán Qǔ 韓取	399 BC – 387 BC	Marquess Wu (韓武侯)
Marquess Wen 韓文侯	unknown	386 BC – 377 BC
Marquess Ai 韓哀侯	unknown	376 BC – 374 BC
Marquess Gong 韓共侯	Hán Ruòshān 韓若山	374 BC – 363 BC	Marquess Zhuang (韓莊侯) Marquess Yi (韓懿侯)
Marquess Xi 韓厘侯	Hán Wǔ 韓武	362 BC – 333 BC	Marquess Zhao (韓昭侯)
King Xuanhui 韓宣惠王	unknown	332 BC – 312 BC	King Xuan (韓宣王) Marquess Wei (韓威侯), before 323 BC
King Xiang 韓襄王	unknown	311 BC – 296 BC	King Xiang'ai (韓襄哀王) King Daoxiang (韓悼襄王)
King Xi 韓釐王	Hán Jiù 韓咎	295 BC – 273 BC
King Huanhui 韓桓惠王	unknown	272 BC – 239 BC
King An 韓王安	Hán Ān 韓安	238 BC – 230 BC

Rulers family tree

Han state

Mu of Jin 晉穆侯
Marquis of Jin
812–785 BC

Wen of Jin 晉文侯
Marquis of Jin
780–746 BC

Huan Shu of Quwo
曲沃桓叔
745–731 BC

Zhao of Jin 晉昭侯
Marquis of Jin
745–739 BC

Hán Wàn 韓萬
Wuzi of Han 韩武子
Ruler of Han

Zhuang Bo
of Quwo 曲沃莊伯
731–716 BCE

Qiubo of Han
韓賕伯
Ruler of Han

Hán Jiǎn 韓简
Dingbo 韓定伯
Ruler of Han

Hán Yú 韓輿
Ziyu 子舆
Ruler of Han

Hán Jué 韓厥
Xianzi of Han 韓獻子
Ruler of Han

Hán Qǐ 韓起
Xuanzi of Han 韓宣子
Ruler of Han

Hán Xū 韓須
Zhenzi of Han 韓貞子
Ruler of Han

Hán Bùxìn 韓不信
Jianzi of Han 韓簡子
Ruler of Han

Hán Gēng 韓庚
Zhuangzi 韓莊子
Ruler of Han

Hán Hǔ 韓虎
Kangzi of Han 韓康子
Ruler of Han

Hán Qǐzhāng 韓啓章
Wuzi of Han 韓武子
Ruler of Han
424–409 BC

Hán Qián 韓虔
Jing of Han 韓景侯
Marquess of Han
408–400BC

Hán Qǔ 韓取
Lie (Wu) of Han
Marquess of Han
399–387 BC

Wen of Han
Marquess of Han
386–377 BC

Ai of Han 韓哀侯
Marquess of Han
376–374 BC

Hán Ruòshān 韓若山
Gong of Han 韓共侯
Marquess of Han
374–363 BC

Hán Wǔ 韓武
Xi of Han 韓厘侯
Marquess of Han
362 BC–333 BC

Xuanhui of Han
韓宣惠王
King of Han
332–312 BC

Xiang of Han 韓襄王
King of Han
311–296 BC

Hán Jiù 韓咎
Xi of Han 韓釐王
King of Han
295–273 BC

Jǐ shī 虮虱

Huanhui of Han
韓桓惠王
King of Han
272–239 BC

Xin of Han
King of Han
205–196 BC

Hán Ān 韓安
An of Han 韓王安
King of Han
?–238–230–226 BC

Famous people

Han Fei, a Legalist philosopher
Zhang Liang, a major figure in the early Han dynasty
Zheng Guo, the hydraulic engineer who designed the Zhengguo Canal for Qin

Han in astronomy

Han is represented by the star 35 Capricorni^[9] in the "Twelve States" asterism, part of the "Girl" lunar mansion in the "Black Turtle" symbol. Han is also represented by the star Zeta Ophiuchi in the "Right Wall" asterism, part of the "Heavenly Market" enclosure.^[10]

References

^ Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge history of ancient China : from the origins of civilization to 221 B.C. Co-edited by Edward L. Shaughnessy. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 0521470307. OCLC 37361770.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Watson, Burton (2003). Han Feizi : basic writings. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780231521321. OCLC 796815905.
^ R Knechtges, David (2014). Ancient and early medieval Chinese literature : a reference guide. Co-edited by Taiping Chang. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 874–5. ISBN 9789004191273. OCLC 649419201.
^ Fairbank, John K (1986). The Cambridge history of China. Co-edited by Denis Twitchett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521243278. OCLC 2424772.
^ Edward Lewis, Mark (2007). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 38. ISBN 9780674024779. OCLC 71189868.
^ Qizhi, Zhang (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture. Springer. pp. 231–2. ISBN 9783662464823. OCLC 907676443.
^ Edward Lewis, Mark (2007). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 11 - 16. ISBN 9780674024779. OCLC 71189868.
^ Edward Lewis, Mark (2007). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 12. ISBN 9780674024779. OCLC 71189868.
^ Ian Ridpath's Startales - Capricornus the Sea Goat
^ Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy. "天文教育資訊網". 24 Jun 2006. (in Chinese)

Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Ch. 45
Zizhi Tongjian Volumes 1-6

[1] Loewe, Michael (1999). The Cambridge history of ancient China : from the origins of civilization to 221 B.C. Co-edited by Edward L. Shaughnessy. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 0521470307. OCLC 37361770.

[:0-2] Watson, Burton (2003). Han Feizi : basic writings. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780231521321. OCLC 796815905.

[3] R Knechtges, David (2014). Ancient and early medieval Chinese literature : a reference guide. Co-edited by Taiping Chang. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 874–5. ISBN 9789004191273. OCLC 649419201.

[4] Fairbank, John K (1986). The Cambridge history of China. Co-edited by Denis Twitchett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521243278. OCLC 2424772.

[5] Edward Lewis, Mark (2007). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 38. ISBN 9780674024779. OCLC 71189868.

[6] Qizhi, Zhang (2015). An introduction to Chinese history and culture. Springer. pp. 231–2. ISBN 9783662464823. OCLC 907676443.

[7] Edward Lewis, Mark (2007). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 11 - 16. ISBN 9780674024779. OCLC 71189868.

[8] Edward Lewis, Mark (2007). The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 12. ISBN 9780674024779. OCLC 71189868.

[9] Ian Ridpath's Startales - Capricornus the Sea Goat

[10] Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy. "天文教育資訊網". 24 Jun 2006. (in Chinese)

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