Imperial circle

Map of the Empire showing division into Circles in 1512

A map of the Imperial Circles as in 1560. Unencircled territories appear in white.

An Imperial Circle ([Circulus imperii, plural Circuli imperii] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help) [Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) comprised a regional grouping of territories of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organizing a common defensive structure and of collecting the imperial taxes, but also as a means of organization within the Imperial Diet and the Imperial Chamber Court.

Each circle had a Circle Diet, although not every member of the Circle Diet would hold membership of the Imperial Diet as well.

Formation of the Imperial Circles

Initially the 1500 Diet of Augsburg set up six circles as part of the Imperial Reform:

• the Bavarian Circle
• the Swabian Circle
• the Upper Rhenish Circle
• the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
• the Franconian Circle
• the Saxon Circle

Originally, the territories held by the Habsburg dynasty and the Electors remained unencircled. In 1512 the Diet at Trier and Cologne organized these lands into four more circles:

• the Austrian Circle, including the Habsburg territories inherited by Maximilian I
• the Burgundian Circle, including the patrimony of Maximilian's late wife, Mary of Burgundy
• the Upper Saxon Circle, including the Electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg
• the Electoral Rhenish Circle, including the ecclesiastical Electorates of Mainz, Cologne and Trier, and the secular Electorate of the Palatinate.

In view of French claims raised to Maximilian's Burgundian heritage, the 1512 Diet initiated the official use of the name Holy Roman Empire of (the) German Nation (Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ) in its Final Act.

Though the Empire lost several western territories after the secession of the Seven United Netherlands in 1581 and during the French annexations of the 1679 Peace of Nijmegen, the ten circles remained largely unchanged until the early 1790s, when the French Revolutionary Wars brought about significant changes to the political map of Europe.

Unencirled territories

Main article: Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles

A number of imperial territories remained unencircled, for instance:

• the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (i.e. the Kingdom of Bohemia with the March of Moravia and the County of Kladsko, the Duchies of Silesia, as well as Upper and Lower Lusatia)
• the territories of the Swiss Confederacy, withdrawn from the Imperial federation according to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
• Imperial territories in northern Italy: Mantua, Milan, Modena, Montferrat, Parma and Tuscany
• territories of Imperial Knights
• minor territories, such as:
  • the County of Montbéliard
  • the Lordship of Schmalkalden
  • the Lordship of Jever
  • the peasant republic of Dithmarschen (until incorporated into Holstein in 1559)

References

• Imperial Circles in the 16th Century Historical Maps of Germany