List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.

Contents

Detection [edit]

The molecules listed below were detected by spectroscopy. Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component electrons between different energy levels, or by rotational or vibrational spectra. Detection usually occurs in radio, microwave, or infrared portions of the spectrum.[1] The first such molecule to be detected in the interstellar medium was the methylidyne radical (⫶CH) in 1937.[2]

Interstellar molecules are formed by chemical reactions within very sparse interstellar or circumstellar clouds of dust and gas. Usually this occurs when a molecule becomes ionized, often as the result of an interaction with a cosmic ray. This positively charged molecule then draws in a nearby reactant by electrostatic attraction of the neutral molecule's electrons. Molecules can also be generated by reactions between neutral atoms and molecules, although this process is generally slower.[3] The dust plays a critical role of shielding the molecules from the ionizing effect of ultraviolet radiation emitted by stars.[4]

A particularly large and rich region for detecting interstellar molecules is Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2). This giant molecular cloud lies near the center of the Milky Way galaxy and is a frequent target for new searches. About half of the molecules listed below were first found near Sgr B2, and nearly every other molecule has since been detected in this feature.[5] A rich source of investigation for circumstellar molecules is the relatively nearby star CW Leonis (IRC +10216), where about 50 molecules have been identified.[6]

Molecules [edit]

The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium, grouped by the number of component atoms. If there is no entry in the Molecule column, only the ionized form has been detected. For molecules where no designation was given in the scientific literature, that field is left empty. Mass is given in Atomic mass units. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is listed in parentheses in each section header.

Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.[7]

Diatomic (42) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
AlCl Aluminium monochloride[8][9] 62.5 —
AlF Aluminium monofluoride[8][10] 46 —
AlO Aluminium monoxide[11] 43 —
C2 Diatomic carbon[12][13] 24 —
— Fluoromethylidynium 31 CF+[14]
CH Methylidyne radical[15] 13 CH+[16]
CN Cyanogen radical[8][15][17][18] 26 CN+,[19] CN-[20]
CO Carbon monoxide[8] 28 CO+[21]
CP Carbon monophosphide[18] 43 —
CS Carbon monosulfide[8] 44 —
FeO Iron(II) oxide[22] 82 —
H2 Molecular hydrogen[23] 2 —
HCl Hydrogen chloride[24] 36.5 HCl+[25]
HF Hydrogen fluoride[26] 20 —
HO Hydroxyl radical[8] 17 OH+[27]
KCl Potassium chloride[8][9] 75.5 —
NH Nitrogen monohydride[28][29] 15 —
N2 Molecular nitrogen[30][31] 28 —
NO Nitric oxide[32] 30 NO+[19]
NS Nitrogen sulfide[8] 46 —
NaCl Sodium chloride[8][9] 58.5 —
— Magnesium monohydride cation 25.3 MgH+[19]
NaI Sodium iodide[33] 150 —
O2 Molecular oxygen[34] 32 —
PN Phosphorus nitride[35] 45 —
PO Phosphorus monoxide[36] 47 —
SH Sulfur monohydride[37] 33 SH+[38]
SO Sulfur monoxide[8] 48 SO+[16]
SiC Carborundum[8][39] 40 —
SiN Silicon mononitride[8] 42 —
SiO Silicon monoxide[8] 44 —
SiS Silicon monosulfide[8] 60 —
TiO Titanium oxide[40] 63.9 —
The H3+ cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.[3][41]

Triatomic (41) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
AlNC Aluminium isocyanide[8] 53 —
AlOH Aluminium hydroxide[42] 44 —
C3 Tricarbon[13] 36 —
C2H Ethynyl radical[8][17] 25 —
C2O Dicarbon monoxide[43] 40 —
C2S Thioxoethenylidene[44] 56 —
C2P —[45] 55 —
CO2 Carbon dioxide[46] 44 —
FeCN Iron cyanide[47] 82 —
— Protonated molecular hydrogen 3 H3+[3][41]
H2C Methylene radical[12] 14 —
— Chloronium 37.5 H2Cl+[48]
H2O Water[49] 18 H2O+[50]
HO2 Hydroperoxyl[51] 33 —
H2S Hydrogen sulfide[8] 34 —
HCN Hydrogen cyanide[8][17][52] 27 —
HNC Hydrogen isocyanide[53] 27 —
HCO Formyl radical[54] 29 HCO+[16][54][55]
HCP Phosphaethyne[56] 44 —
— Thioformyl 45 HCS+[16][55]
HNC Hydrogen isocyanide[57] 27 —
— Diazenylium 29 HN2+[55]
HNO Nitroxyl[58] 31 —
— Isoformyl 29 HOC+[17]
KCN Potassium cyanide[8] 65 —
MgCN Magnesium cyanide[8] 50 —
MgNC Magnesium isocyanide[8] 50 —
NH2 Amino radical[59] 16 —
— — 29 N2H+[16][60]
N2O Nitrous oxide[61] 44 —
NaCN Sodium cyanide[8] 49 —
NaOH Sodium hydroxide[62] 40 —
OCS Carbonyl sulfide[63] 60 —
O3 Ozone[64] 48 —
SO2 Sulfur dioxide[8][65] 64 —
c-SiC2 c-Silicon dicarbide[8][39] 52 —
SiCN Silicon carbonitride[66] 54 —
SiNC Silicon naphthalocyanine[67] 54 —
TiO2 Titanium dioxide[40] 79.9 —
Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.[68]

Four atoms (25) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
CH3 Methyl radical[69] 15 —
l-C3H Propynylidyne[8][70] 37 l-C3H+[71]
c-C3H Cyclopropynylidyne[72] 37 —
C3N Cyanoethynyl[12] 50 C3N−[45]
C3O Tricarbon monoxide[70] 52 —
C3S Tricarbon sulfide[8][44] 68 —
— Hydronium 19 H3O+[73]
C2H2 Acetylene[74] 26 —
H2CN methylene amidogen[75] 28 H2CN+[16]
H2CO Formaldehyde[76] 30 —
H2CS Thioformaldehyde[77] 46 —
HCCN —[78] 39 —
— Protonated hydrogen cyanide 28 HCNH+[55]
— Protonated carbon dioxide 45 HOCO+[79]
HCNO Fulminic acid[80] 43 —
HOCN Cyanic acid[81] 43 —
HOOH Hydrogen peroxide[82] 34 —
HNCO Isocyanic acid[65] 43 —
HNCS Isothiocyanic acid[83] 59 —
NH3 Ammonia[8][84] 17 —
HSCN Thiocyanic acid[85] 59 —
SiC3 Silicon tricarbide[8]  64 —
Methane, the primary component of natural gas, has also been detected on comets and in the atmosphere of several planets in the Solar System.[86]

Five atoms (19) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
C5 —[13]  60 —
CH4 Methane[28][74] 16 —
CH3O Methoxy radical[87] 31 —
c-C3H2 Cyclopropenylidene[17][88][89] 38 —
l-H2C3 Propadienylidene[89] 38 —
H2CCN Cyanomethyl[79] 40 —
H2C2O Ketene[65] 42 —
H2CNH Methylenimine[90] 29 —
HNCNH Carbodiimide[91] 42 —
— Protonated formaldehyde 31 H2COH+[92]
C4H Butadiynyl[8] 49 C4H–[93]
HC3N Cyanoacetylene[8][17][55][89][94] 51 —
HCC-NC Isocyanoacetylene[95] 51 —
HCOOH Formic acid[89] 46 —
NH2CN Cyanamide[96] 42 —
HC(O)CN Cyanoformaldehyde[97] 55 —
SiC4 Silicon-carbide cluster[39] 92 —
SiH4 Silane[98] 32 —
In the ISM, formamide (above) can combine with methylene to form acetamide.[99]

Six atoms (15) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
c-H2C3O Cyclopropenone[99] 54 —
E-HNCHCN E-Cyanomethanimine[100] 54 —
C2H4 Ethylene[74] 28 —
CH3CN Acetonitrile[65][101] 40 —
CH3NC Methyl isocyanide[101] 40 —
CH3OH Methanol[65] 32 —
CH3SH Methanethiol[83] 48 —
l-H2C4 Diacetylene[8][102] 50 —
— Protonated cyanoacetylene 52 HC3NH+[55]
HCONH2 Formamide[99] 44 —
C5H Pentynylidyne[8][44] 61 —
C5N Cyanobutadiynyl[103] 74 —
HC2CHO Propynal[104] 54 —
HC4N —[8]  63 —
CH2CNH Ketenimine[88] 40 —
Acetaldehyde (above) and its isomers vinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.[105]

Seven atoms (9) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
c-C2H4O Ethylene oxide[106] 44 —
CH3C2H Methylacetylene[17] 40 —
H3CNH2 Methylamine[107] 31 —
CH2CHCN Acrylonitrile[65][101] 53 —
H2CHCOH Vinyl alcohol[105] 44 —
C6H Hexatriynyl[8][44] 73 C6H–[89][108]
HC4CN Cyanodiacetylene[65][94][101] 75 —
CH3CHO Acetaldehyde[8][106] 44 —
The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.[109]

Eight atoms (10) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass
H3CC2CN Methylcyanoacetylene[110] 65
H2COHCHO Glycolaldehyde[111] 60
HCOOCH3 Methyl formate[65][89][111] 60
CH3COOH Acetic acid[109] 60
H2C6 Hexapentaenylidene[8][102] 74
CH2CHCHO Propenal[88] 56
CH2CCHCN Cyanoallene[88][110] 65
CH3CHNH Ethanimine[112] 43
C7H Heptatrienyl radical[113] 85
NH2CH2CN Aminoacetonitrile[114] 56

Nine atoms (9) [edit]

Molecule Designation Mass Ions
CH3C4H Methyldiacetylene[115] 64 —
CH3OCH3 Dimethyl Ether[116] 46 —
CH3CH2CN Propionitrile[8][65][89][101] 55 —
CH3CONH2 Acetamide[88][99] 59 —
CH3CH2OH Ethyl Alcohol[117] 46 —
C8H Octatetraynyl[118] 97 C8H–[119]
HC7N Cyanohexatriyne or Cyanotriacetylene[8][84][120][121] 99 —
CH3CHCH2 Propylene (propene)[122] 42 —
Diacetylene, HCCCCH
Methyldiacetylene, HCCCCCH3
Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN
A number of polyyne-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.

Ten or more atoms (16) [edit]

Atoms Molecule Designation Mass Ions
10 (CH3)2CO Acetone[65][123] 58 —
10 (CH2OH)2 Ethylene glycol[124][125] 62 —
10 CH3CH2CHO Propanal[88] 58 —
10 CH3C5N Methyl-cyano-diacetylene[88] 89 —
11 HC8CN Cyanotetra-acetylene[8][120] 123 —
11 C2H5OCHO Ethyl formate[126] 74 —
11 CH3C6H Methyltriacetylene[88][115] 88 —
11 H3COC2H5 trans-Ethyl methyl ether[127][127] 60 —
12 C6H6 Benzene[102] 78 —
12 C3H7CN n-propyl cyanide[126] 69 —
13 HC10CN Cyanodecapentayne[120] 147 —
13 HC11N Cyanopentaacetylene[120] 159 —
24 C14H10 Anthracene[128] 178 —
60 C60 Buckminsterfullerene[129] 720 C60+[130][131]
70 C70 70-fullerene[129] 840 —

Deuterated molecules (16) [edit]

These molecules all contain one or more deuterium atoms, a heavier isotope of hydrogen.

Atoms Molecule Designation
2 HD Deuterated molecular hydrogen[132][133]
3 H2D+, HD2+ Trihydrogen cation[132][133]
3 HDO, D2O Heavy water[134][135]
3 DCN Hydrogen cyanide[136]
3 DCO Formyl radical[136]
3 DNC Hydrogen isocyanide[136]
3 N2D+ —[136] 
4 NH2D, NHD2, ND3 Ammonia[133][137][138]
4 HDCO, D2CO Formaldehyde[133][139]
7 CH2DCCH, CH3CCD Methylacetylene[140][141]

Unconfirmed (7) [edit]

Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in scientific literature, but they have not yet been confirmed.

Atoms Molecule Designation
2 SiH Silylidine[53]
4 PH3 Phosphine[142]
10 H2NH2CCOOH Glycine[17][143]
12 CO(CH2OH)2 Dihydroxyacetone[144]
12 C2H5OCH3 Ethyl methyl ether[145]
18 C10H8+ Naphthalene cation[146]
24 C24 Graphene[147]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Shu, Frank H. (1982), The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, University Science Books, ISBN 0-935702-05-9 
  2. ^ Woon, D. E. (May 2005), Methylidyne radical, The Astrochemist, retrieved 2007-02-13 
  3. ^ a b c Dalgarno, A. (2006), "Interstellar Chemistry Special Feature: The galactic cosmic ray ionization rate", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (33): 12269–12273, Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312269D, doi:10.1073/pnas.0602117103, PMC 1567869, PMID 16894166 
  4. ^ Brown, Laurie M.; Pais, Abraham; Pippard, A. B. (1995), "The physics of the interstellar medium", Twentieth Century Physics (2nd ed.), CRC Press, p. 1765, ISBN 0-7503-0310-7 
  5. ^ Cummins, S. E.; Linke, R. A.; Thaddeus, P. (1986), "A survey of the millimeter-wave spectrum of Sagittarius B2", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 60: 819–878, Bibcode:1986ApJS...60..819C, doi:10.1086/191102 
  6. ^ Kaler, James B. (2002), The hundred greatest stars, Copernicus Series, Springer, ISBN 0-387-95436-8, retrieved 2011-05-09 
  7. ^ The Structure of Molecular Cloud Cores, Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent, retrieved 2007-02-16 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Ziurys, Lucy M. (2006), "The chemistry in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars: Following the origin of the elements to the origin of life", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (33): 12274–12279, Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312274Z, doi:10.1073/pnas.0602277103, PMC 1567870, PMID 16894164 
  9. ^ a b c Cernicharo, J.; Guelin, M. (1987), "Metals in IRC+10216 - Detection of NaCl, AlCl, and KCl, and tentative detection of AlF", Astronomy and Astrophysics 183 (1): L10–L12, Bibcode:1987A&A...183L..10C 
  10. ^ Ziurys, L. M.; Apponi, A. J.; Phillips, T. G. (1994), "Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF", Astrophysical Journal 433 (2): 729–732, Bibcode:1994ApJ...433..729Z, doi:10.1086/174682 
  11. ^ Tenenbaum, E. D.; Ziurys, L. M. (2009), "Millimeter Detection of AlO (X2Σ+): Metal Oxide Chemistry in the Envelope of VY Canis Majoris", Astrophysical Journal 694: L59–L63, Bibcode:2009ApJ...694L..59T, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L59 
  12. ^ a b c Lambert, D. L.; Sheffer, Y.; Federman, S. R. (1995), "Hubble Space Telescope observations of C2 molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds", Astrophysical Journal 438: 740–749, Bibcode:1995ApJ...438..740L, doi:10.1086/175119 
  13. ^ a b c Galazutdinov, G. A.; Musaev, F. A.; Krelowski, J. (2001), "On the detection of the linear C5 molecule in the interstellar medium", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 325 (4): 1332–1334, Bibcode:2001MNRAS.325.1332G, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04388.x 
  14. ^ Neufeld, D. A. et al. (2006), "Discovery of interstellar CF+", Astronomy and Astrophysics 454 (2): L37–L40, arXiv:astro-ph/0603201, Bibcode:2006astro.ph..3201N, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600015 
  15. ^ a b Adams, Walter S. (1941), "Some Results with the COUDÉ Spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory", Astrophysical Journal 93: 11–23, Bibcode:1941ApJ....93...11A, doi:10.1086/144237 
  16. ^ a b c d e f Smith, D. (1988), "Formation and Destruction of Molecular Ions in Interstellar Clouds", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 324 (1578): 257–273, Bibcode:1988RSPTA.324..257S, doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0016 
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Fuente, A. et al. (2005), "Photon-dominated Chemistry in the Nucleus of M82: Widespread HOC+ Emission in the Inner 650 Parsec Disk", Astrophysical Journal 619 (2): L155–L158, arXiv:astro-ph/0412361, Bibcode:2005ApJ...619L.155F, doi:10.1086/427990 
  18. ^ a b Guelin, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Paubert, G.; Turner, B. E. (1990), "Free CP in IRC + 10216", Astronomy and Astrophysics 230: L9–L11, Bibcode:1990A&A...230L...9G 
  19. ^ a b c Dopita, Michael A.; Sutherland, Ralph S. (2003), Astrophysics of the diffuse universe, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-43362-7 
  20. ^ Agúndez, M. et al. (2010-07-30), "Astronomical identification of CN-, the smallest observed molecular anion", Astronomy & Astrophysics 517: L2, arXiv:1007.0662, Bibcode:2010A&A...517L...2A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015186, retrieved 2010-09-03 
  21. ^ Latter, W. B.; Walker, C. K.; Maloney, P. R. (1993), "Detection of the Carbon Monoxide Ion (CO+) in the Interstellar Medium and a Planetary Nebula", Astrophysical Journal Letters 419: L97, Bibcode:1993ApJ...419L..97L, doi:10.1086/187146 
  22. ^ Furuya, R. S. et al. (2003), "Interferometric observations of FeO towards Sagittarius B2", Astronomy and Astrophysics 409 (2): L21–L24, Bibcode:2003A&A...409L..21F, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031304 
  23. ^ Adams, Walter S. (1970), "Rocket Observation of Interstellar Molecular Hydrogen", Astrophysical Journal 161: L81–L85, Bibcode:1970ApJ...161L..81C, doi:10.1086/180575 
  24. ^ Blake, G. A.; Keene, J.; Phillips, T. G. (1985), "Chlorine in dense interstellar clouds - The abundance of HCl in OMC-1", Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 295: 501–506, Bibcode:1985ApJ...295..501B, doi:10.1086/163394 
  25. ^ De Luca, M.; Gupta, H.; Neufeld, D.; Gerin, M.; Teyssier, D.; Drouin, B. J.; Pearson, J. C.; Lis, D. C. et al. (2012), "Herschel/HIFI Discovery of HCl+ in the Interstellar Medium", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 751 (2): L37, Bibcode:2012ApJ...751L..37D, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/751/2/L37 
  26. ^ Neufeld, David A. et al. (1997), "Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride", Astrophysical Journal Letters 488 (2): L141–L144, arXiv:astro-ph/9708013, Bibcode:1997ApJ...488L.141N, doi:10.1086/310942 
  27. ^ Wyrowski, F. et al. (2009), "First interstellar detection of OH+", Astronomy & Astrophysics 518: A26, arXiv:1004.2627, Bibcode:2010A&A...518A..26W, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014364 
  28. ^ a b Meyer, D. M.; Roth, K. C. (1991), "Discovery of interstellar NH", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 376: L49–L52, Bibcode:1991ApJ...376L..49M, doi:10.1086/186100 
  29. ^ Wagenblast, R. et al. (January 1993), "On the origin of NH in diffuse interstellar clouds", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 260 (2): 420–424, Bibcode:1993MNRAS.260..420W 
  30. ^ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (June 9, 2004), Astronomers Detect Molecular Nitrogen Outside Solar System, Space Daily, retrieved 2010-06-25 
  31. ^ Knauth, D. C et al. (2004), "The interstellar N2 abundance towards HD 124314 from far-ultraviolet observations", Nature 429 (6992): 636–638, Bibcode:2004Natur.429..636K, doi:10.1038/nature02614, PMID 15190346, retrieved 2010-06-25 
  32. ^ McGonagle, D. et al. (1990), "Detection of nitric oxide in the dark cloud L134N", Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 359: 121–124, Bibcode:1990ApJ...359..121M, doi:10.1086/169040 
  33. ^ Whiteoak, J. B.; Gardner, F. F. (1985), "Interstellar NaI absorption towards the stellar association ARA OB1", Astronomical Society of Australia, Proceedings (Sydney) 6 (2): 164–171, Bibcode:1985PASAu...6..164W 
  34. ^ Staff writers (March 27, 2007), Elusive oxygen molecule finally discovered in interstellar space, Physorg.com, retrieved 2007-04-02 
  35. ^ Ziurys, L. M. (1987), "Detection of interstellar PN - The first phosphorus-bearing species observed in molecular clouds", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 321: L81–L85, Bibcode:1987ApJ...321L..81Z, doi:10.1086/185010 
  36. ^ Tenenbaum, E. D.; Woolf, N. J.; Ziurys, L. M. (2007), "Identification of phosphorus monoxide (X 2 Pi r) in VY Canis Majoris: Detection of the first PO bond in space", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 666: L29–L32, Bibcode:2007ApJ...666L..29T, doi:10.1086/521361 
  37. ^ Yamamura, S. T.; Kawaguchi, K.; Ridgway, S. T. (2000), "Identification of SH v=1 Ro-vibrational Lines in R Andromedae", The Astrophysical Journal 528 (1): L33–L36, arXiv:astro-ph/9911080, Bibcode:2000ApJ...528L..33Y, doi:10.1086/312420, PMID 10587489 
  38. ^ Menten, K. M. et al. (2011), "Submillimeter Absorption from SH+, a New Widespread Interstellar Radical, 13CH+ and HCl", Astronomy & Astrophysics 525: A77, arXiv:1009.2825, Bibcode:2011A&A...525A..77M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014363, retrieved 2010-12-03. 
  39. ^ a b c Pascoli, G.; Comeau, M. (1995), "Silicon Carbide in Circumstellar Environment", Astrophysics and Space Science 226: 149–163, Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.226..149P, doi:10.1007/BF00626907 
  40. ^ a b Kamiński, T. et al. (2013), "Pure rotational spectra of TiO and TiO2 in VY Canis Majoris", Astronomy and Astrophysics 551: A113, Bibcode:2013A&A...551A.113K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220290 
  41. ^ a b Geballe, T. R.; Oka, T. (1996), "Detection of H3+ in Interstellar Space", Nature 384 (6607): 334–335, Bibcode:1996Natur.384..334G, doi:10.1038/384334a0, PMID 8934516 
  42. ^ Tenenbaum, E. D.; Ziurys, L. M. (2010), "Exotic Metal Molecules in Oxygen-rich Envelopes: Detection of AlOH (X1Σ+) in VY Canis Majoris", Astrophysical Journal 712: L93–L97, Bibcode:2010ApJ...712L..93T, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/712/1/L93 
  43. ^ Ohishi, Masatoshi, Masatoshi et al. (1991), "Detection of a new carbon-chain molecule, CCO", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 380: L39–L42, Bibcode:1991ApJ...380L..39O, doi:10.1086/186168 
  44. ^ a b c d Irvine, William M. et al. (1988), "Newly detected molecules in dense interstellar clouds", Astrophysical Letters and Communications 26: 167–180, Bibcode:1988ApL&C..26..167I, PMID 11538461 
  45. ^ a b Halfen, D. T.; Clouthier, D. J.; Ziurys, L. M. (2008), "Detection of the CCP Radical (X 2Πr) in IRC +10216: A New Interstellar Phosphorus-containing Species", Astrophysical Journal 677 (2): L101–L104, Bibcode:2008ApJ...677L.101H, doi:10.1086/588024 
  46. ^ Whittet, D. C. B.; Walker, H. J. (1991), "On the occurrence of carbon dioxide in interstellar grain mantles and ion-molecule chemistry", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 252: 63–67, Bibcode:1991MNRAS.252...63W 
  47. ^ Zack, L. N.; Halfen, D. T.; Ziurys, L. M. (June 2011), "Detection of FeCN (X 4Δi) in IRC+10216: A New Interstellar Molecule", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 733 (2): L36, Bibcode:2011ApJ...733L..36Z, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L36 
  48. ^ Lis, D. C. et al. (2010-10-01), "Herschel/HIFI discovery of interstellar chloronium (H2Cl+)", Astronomy & Astrophysics 521: L9, arXiv:1007.1461, Bibcode:2010A&A...521L...9L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014959. 
  49. ^ Europe's space telescope ISO finds water in distant places, ESO, April 29, 1997, archived from the original on 2006-12-22, retrieved 2007-02-08 
  50. ^ Ossenkopf, V. et al. (2010), "Detection of interstellar oxidaniumyl: Abundant H2O+ towards the star-forming regions DR21, Sgr B2, and NGC6334", Astronomy & Astrophysics 518: L111, arXiv:1005.2521, Bibcode:2010A&A...518L.111O, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014577. 
  51. ^ Parise, B.; Bergman, P.; Du, F. (2012), "Detection of the hydroperoxyl radical HO2 toward ρ Ophiuchi A. Additional constraints on the water chemical network", Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters 541: L11–L14, Bibcode:2012A&A...541L..11P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219379 
  52. ^ Snyder, L. E.; Buhl, D. (1971), "Observations of Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide", Astrophysical Journal 163: L47–L52, Bibcode:1971ApJ...163L..47S, doi:10.1086/180664 
  53. ^ a b Schilke, P.; Benford, D. J.; Hunter, T. R.; Lis, D. C., Phillips, T. G.; Phillips, T. G. (2001), "A Line Survey of Orion-KL from 607 to 725 GHZ", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 132 (2): 281–364, Bibcode:2001ApJS..132..281S, doi:10.1086/318951 
  54. ^ a b Schenewerk, M. S.; Snyder, L. E.; Hjalmarson, A. (1986), "Interstellar HCO - Detection of the missing 3 millimeter quartet", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 303: L71–L74, Bibcode:1986ApJ...303L..71S, doi:10.1086/184655 
  55. ^ a b c d e f Kawaguchi, Kentarou et al. (1994), "Detection of a new molecular ion HC3NH(+) in TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal 420: L95, Bibcode:1994ApJ...420L..95K, doi:10.1086/187171 
  56. ^ Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M. (2007), "Discovery of Phosphaethyne (HCP) in Space: Phosphorus Chemistry in Circumstellar Envelopes", The Astrophysical Journal 662 (2): L91, Bibcode:2007ApJ...662L..91A, doi:10.1086/519561, retrieved 2007-06-02 
  57. ^ Schilke, P.; Comito, C.; Thorwirth, S. (2003), "First Detection of Vibrationally Excited HNC in Space", The Astrophysical Journal 582 (2): L101–L104, Bibcode:2003ApJ...582L.101S, doi:10.1086/367628, retrieved 2008-09-14 
  58. ^ Hollis, J. M. et al. (1991), Interstellar HNO: Confirming the Identification, "Atoms, ions and molecules: New results in spectral line astrophysics", Atoms (San Francisco: ASP) 16: 407–412, Bibcode:1991ASPC...16..407H 
  59. ^ van Dishoeck, Ewine F. et al. (1993), "Detection of the Interstellar NH 2 Radical", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 416: L83–L86, Bibcode:1993ApJ...416L..83V, doi:10.1086/187076 
  60. ^ Womack, M.; Ziurys, L. M.; Wyckoff, S. (1992), "A survey of N2H(+) in dense clouds - Implications for interstellar nitrogen and ion-molecule chemistry", Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 387: 417–429, Bibcode:1992ApJ...387..417W, doi:10.1086/171094 
  61. ^ Ziurys, L. M. et al. (1994), "Detection of interstellar N2O: A new molecule containing an N-O bond", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 436: L181–L184, Bibcode:1994ApJ...436L.181Z, doi:10.1086/187662 
  62. ^ Hollis, J. M.; Rhodes, P. J. (November 1, 1982), "Detection of interstellar sodium hydroxide in self-absorption toward the galactic center", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 262: L1–L5, Bibcode:1982ApJ...262L...1H, doi:10.1086/183900 
  63. ^ Goldsmith, P. F.; Linke, R. A. (1981), "A study of interstellar carbonyl sulfide", Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 245: 482–494, Bibcode:1981ApJ...245..482G, doi:10.1086/158824 
  64. ^ Phillips, T. G.; Knapp, G. R. (1980), "Interstellar Ozone", American Astronomical Society Bulletin 12: 440, Bibcode:1980BAAS...12..440P 
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Johansson, L. E. B. et al. (1984), "Spectral scan of Orion A and IRC+10216 from 72 to 91 GHz", Astronomy and Astrophysics 130 (2): 227–256, Bibcode:1984A&A...130..227J 
  66. ^ Guélin, M. et al. (2004), "Astronomical detection of the free radical SiCN", Astronomy and Astrophysics 363: L9–L12, Bibcode:2000A&A...363L...9G 
  67. ^ Guélin, M. et al. (2004), "Detection of the SiNC radical in IRC+10216", Astronomy and Astrophysics 426 (2): L49–L52, Bibcode:2004A&A...426L..49G, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400074 
  68. ^ Snyder, Lewis E. et al. (1999), "Microwave Detection of Interstellar Formaldehyde", Physical Review Letters 61 (2): 77–115, Bibcode:1969PhRvL..22..679S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679 
  69. ^ Feuchtgruber, H. et al. (June 2000), "Detection of Interstellar CH3", The Astrophysical Journal 535 (2): L111–L114, arXiv:astro-ph/0005273, Bibcode:2000ApJ...535L.111F, doi:10.1086/312711, PMID 10835311 
  70. ^ a b Irvine, W. M. et al. (1984), "Confirmation of the Existence of Two New Interstellar Molecules: C3H and C3O", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 16: 877, Bibcode:1984BAAS...16..877I 
  71. ^ Pety, J. et al. (2012), "The IRAM-30 m line survey of the Horsehead PDR. II. First detection of the l-C3M/sub>H+ hydrocarbon cation", Astronomy & Astrophysica 548: A68, Bibcode:2012A&A...548A..68P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220062 
  72. ^ Mangum, J. G.; Wootten, A. (1990), "Observations of the cyclic C3H radical in the interstellar medium", Astronomy and Astrophysics 239: 319–325, Bibcode:1990A&A...239..319M 
  73. ^ Wootten, Alwyn et al. (1991), "Detection of interstellar H3O(+) - A confirming line", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 380: L79–L83, Bibcode:1991ApJ...380L..79W, doi:10.1086/186178 
  74. ^ a b c Betz, A. L. (1981), "Ethylene in IRC +10216", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 244: –L105, Bibcode:1981ApJ...244L.103B, doi:10.1086/183490 
  75. ^ Ohishi, Masatoshi et al. (1994), "Detection of a new interstellar molecule, H2CN", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 427: L51–L54, Bibcode:1994ApJ...427L..51O, doi:10.1086/187362 
  76. ^ Aiello, S.; Morbidelli, L.; Ulivi, L. (1981), "Far UV radiation transfer and H2CO lifetime in dense interstellar clouds", Astrophysics and Space Science 80: 173–187, Bibcode:1981Ap&SS..80..173A, doi:10.1007/BF00649145 
  77. ^ Minh, Y. C.; Irvine, W. M.; Brewer, M. K. (1991), "H2CS abundances and ortho-to-para ratios in interstellar clouds", Astronomy and Astrophysics 244: 181–189, Bibcode:1991A&A...244..181M, PMID 11538284 
  78. ^ Guelin, M.; Cernicharo, J. (1991), "Astronomical detection of the HCCN radical - Toward a new family of carbon-chain molecules?", Astronomy and Astrophysics 244: L21–L24, Bibcode:1991A&A...244L..21G 
  79. ^ a b Minh, Y. C.; Irvine, W. M.; Ziurys, L. M. (1988), "Observations of interstellar HOCO(+) - Abundance enhancements toward the Galactic center", Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 334: 175–181, Bibcode:1988ApJ...334..175M, doi:10.1086/166827 
  80. ^ Marcelino, Núria et al. (2009), "Discovery of fulminic acid, HCNO, in dark clouds", Astrophysical Journal 690: L27–L30, arXiv:0811.2679, Bibcode:2009ApJ...690L..27M, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L27 
  81. ^ Brünken, S. et al. (2010-07-22), "Interstellar HOCN in the Galactic center region", Astronomy & Astrophysics 516: A109, arXiv:1005.2489, Bibcode:2010A&A...516A.109B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912456 
  82. ^ Bergman; Parise; Liseau; Larsson; Olofsson; Menten; Güsten (2011), "Detection of interstellar hydrogen peroxide", Astronomy & Astrophysics 531: L8, arXiv:1105.5799, Bibcode:2011A&A...531L...8B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117170. 
  83. ^ a b Frerking, M. A.; Linke, R. A.; Thaddeus, P. (1979), "Interstellar isothiocyanic acid", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 234: L143–L145, Bibcode:1979ApJ...234L.143F, doi:10.1086/183126 
  84. ^ a b Nguyen-Q-Rieu; Graham, D.; Bujarrabal, V. (1984), "Ammonia and cyanotriacetylene in the envelopes of CRL 2688 and IRC + 10216", Astronomy and Astrophysics 138 (1): L5–L8, Bibcode:1984A&A...138L...5N 
  85. ^ Halfen, D. T. et al. (September 2009), "Detection of a New Interstellar Molecule: Thiocyanic Acid HSCN", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 702 (2): L124–L127, Bibcode:2009ApJ...702L.124H, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/L124 
  86. ^ Butterworth, Anna L. et al. (2004), "Combined element (H and C) stable isotope ratios of methane in carbonaceous chondrites", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 347 (3): 807–812, Bibcode:2004MNRAS.347..807B, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07251.x 
  87. ^ Cernicharo, J.; Marcelino, N.; Roueff, E.; Gerin, M.; Jiménez-Escobar, A.; Muñoz Caro, G. M. (2012), "Discovery of the Methoxy Radical, CH3O, toward B1: Dust Grain and Gas-phase Chemistry in Cold Dark Clouds", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 759: L43–L46, Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L..43C, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/2/L43 
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h Finley, Dave (August 7, 2006), Researchers Use NRAO Telescope to Study Formation Of Chemical Precursors to Life, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, retrieved 2006-08-10 
  89. ^ a b c d e f g Fossé, David et al. (2001), "Molecular Carbon Chains and Rings in TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal 552 (1): 168–174, arXiv:astro-ph/0012405, Bibcode:2001ApJ...552..168F, doi:10.1086/320471, retrieved 2008-09-14 
  90. ^ Dickens, J. E. et al. (1997), "Hydrogenation of Interstellar Molecules: A Survey for Methylenimine (CH2NH)", Astrophysical Journal 479 (1 Pt 1): 307–12, Bibcode:1997ApJ...479..307D, doi:10.1086/303884, PMID 11541227 
  91. ^ McGuire, B.A. et al. (2012), "Interstellar Carbodiimide (HNCNH): A New Astronomical Detection from the GBT PRIMOS Survey via Maser Emission Features", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 758 (2): L33–L38, Bibcode:2012ApJ...758L..33M, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/758/2/L33 
  92. ^ Ohishi, Masatoshi et al. (1996), "Detection of a New Interstellar Molecular Ion, H2COH+ (Protonated Formaldehyde)", Astrophysical Journal 471 (1): L61–4, Bibcode:1996ApJ...471L..61O, doi:10.1086/310325, PMID 11541244 
  93. ^ Cernicharo, J. et al. (2007), "Astronomical detection of C4H<sup-, the second interstellar anion", Astronomy and Astrophysics 61 (2): L37–L40, Bibcode:2007A&A...467L..37C, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077415 
  94. ^ a b Walmsley, C. M.; Winnewisser, G.; Toelle, F. (1990), "Cyanoacetylene and cyanodiacetylene in interstellar clouds", Astronomy and Astrophysics 81 (1–2): 245–250, Bibcode:1980A&A....81..245W 
  95. ^ Kawaguchi, Kentarou et al. (1992), "Detection of isocyanoacetylene HCCNC in TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal 386 (2): L51–L53, Bibcode:1992ApJ...386L..51K, doi:10.1086/186290 
  96. ^ Turner, B. E. et al. (1975), "Microwave detection of interstellar cyanamide", Astrophysical Journal 201: L149–L152, Bibcode:1975ApJ...201L.149T, doi:10.1086/181963 
  97. ^ Remijan, Anthony J. et al. (2008), "Detection of interstellar cyanoformaldehyde (CNCHO)", Astrophysical Journal 675 (2): L85–L88, Bibcode:2008ApJ...675L..85R, doi:10.1086/533529 
  98. ^ Goldhaber, D. M.; Betz, A. L. (1984), "Silane in IRC +10216", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 279: –L55–L58, Bibcode:1984ApJ...279L..55G, doi:10.1086/184255 
  99. ^ a b c d Hollis, J. M. et al. (2006), "Detection of Acetamide (CH3CONH2): The Largest Interstellar Molecule with a Peptide Bond", Astrophysical Journal 643 (1): L25–L28, Bibcode:2006ApJ...643L..25H, doi:10.1086/505110 
  100. ^ Zaleski, D. P. et al. (2013), "Detection of E-Cyanomethanimine toward Sagittarius B2(N) in the Green Bank Telescope PRIMOS Survey", Astrophysical Journal Letters 765: L109, Bibcode:2013ApJ...765L..10Z, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L10 
  101. ^ a b c d e Remijan, Anthony J. et al. (2005), "Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences", Astrophysical Journal 632 (1): 333–339, arXiv:astro-ph/0506502, Bibcode:2005ApJ...632..333R, doi:10.1086/432908 
  102. ^ a b c Cernicharo, José et al. (1997), "Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C4H2, C6H2, and Benzene in CRL 618", Astrophysical Journal Letters 546 (2): L123–L126, Bibcode:2001ApJ...546L.123C, doi:10.1086/318871 
  103. ^ Guelin, M.; Neininger, N.; Cernicharo, J. (1998), "Astronomical detection of the cyanobutadiynyl radical C_5N", Astronomy and Astrophysics 335: L1–L4, arXiv:astro-ph/9805105, Bibcode:1998A&A...335L...1G 
  104. ^ Irvine, W. M. et al. (1988), "A new interstellar polyatomic molecule - Detection of propynal in the cold cloud TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 335: L89–L93, Bibcode:1988ApJ...335L..89I, doi:10.1086/185346 
  105. ^ a b Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, October 1, 2001, retrieved 2006-12-20 
  106. ^ a b Dickens, J. E. et al. (1997), "Detection of Interstellar Ethylene Oxide (c-C2H4O)", The Astrophysical Journal 489 (2): 753–757, Bibcode:1997ApJ...489..753D, doi:10.1086/304821, PMID 11541726 
  107. ^ Kaifu, N.; Takagi, K.; Kojima, T. (1975), "Excitation of interstellar methylamine", Astrophysical Journal 198: L85–L88, Bibcode:1975ApJ...198L..85K, doi:10.1086/181818 
  108. ^ McCarthy, M. C. et al. (2006), "Laboratory and Astronomical Identification of the Negative Molecular Ion C6H-", Astrophysical Journal 652 (2): L141–L144, Bibcode:2006ApJ...652L.141M, doi:10.1086/510238 
  109. ^ a b Mehringer, David M. et al. (1997), "Detection and Confirmation of Interstellar Acetic Acid", Astrophysical Journal Letters 480: L71, Bibcode:1997ApJ...480L..71M, doi:10.1086/310612 
  110. ^ a b Lovas, F. J. et al. (2006), "Hyperfine Structure Identification of Interstellar Cyanoallene toward TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal Letters 637 (1): L37–L40, Bibcode:2006ApJ...637L..37L, doi:10.1086/500431 
  111. ^ a b Sincell, Mark (June 27, 2006), The Sweet Signal of Sugar in Space, American Association for the Advancement of Science, retrieved 2006-12-20 [dead link]
  112. ^ Loomis, R. A. et al. (2013), "The Detection of Interstellar Ethanimine CH3CHNH) from Observations Taken during the GBT PRIMOS Survey", Astrophysical Journal Letters 765: L9, Bibcode:2013ApJ...765L...9L, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L9 
  113. ^ Guelin, M. et al. (1997), "Detection of a new linear carbon chain radical: C7H", Astronomy and Astrophysics 317: L37–L40, Bibcode:1997A&A...317L...1G 
  114. ^ Belloche, A. et al. (2008), "Detection of amino acetonitrile in Sgr B2(N)", Astronomy & Astrophysics 482: 179–196, arXiv:0801.3219, Bibcode:2008A&A...482..179B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079203 
  115. ^ a b Remijan, Anthony J. et al. (2006), "Methyltriacetylene (CH3C6H) toward TMC-1: The Largest Detected Symmetric Top", Astrophysical Journal 643 (1): L37–L40, Bibcode:2006ApJ...643L..37R, doi:10.1086/504918 
  116. ^ Snyder, L. E. et al. (1974), "Radio Detection of Interstellar Dimethyl Ether", Astrophysical Journal 191: L79–L82, Bibcode:1974ApJ...191L..79S, doi:10.1086/181554 
  117. ^ Zuckerman, B. et al. (1975), "Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol", Astrophysical Journal 196 (2): L99–L102, Bibcode:1975ApJ...196L..99Z, doi:10.1086/181753 
  118. ^ Cernicharo, J.; Guelin, M. (1996), "Discovery of the C8H radical", Astronomy and Astrophysics 309: L26–L30, Bibcode:1996A&A...309L..27C 
  119. ^ Brünken, S. et al. (2007), "Detection of the Carbon Chain Negative Ion C8H– in TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal 664 (1): L43–L46, Bibcode:2007ApJ...664L..43B, doi:10.1086/520703 
  120. ^ a b c d Bell, M. B. et al. (1997), "Detection of HC11N in the Cold Dust Cloud TMC-1", Astrophysical Journal Letters 483 (1): L61–L64, arXiv:astro-ph/9704233, Bibcode:1997ApJ...483L..61B, doi:10.1086/310732 
  121. ^ Kroto, H. W. et al. (1978), "The detection of cyanohexatriyne, H(C≡ C)3CN, in Heiles's cloud 2", The Astrophysical Journal 219: L133–L137, Bibcode:1978ApJ...219L.133K, doi:10.1086/182623 
  122. ^ Marcelino, N. et al. (2007), "Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH2CHCH3): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry", Astrophysical Journal 665 (2): L127–L130, arXiv:0707.1308, Bibcode:2007ApJ...665L.127M, doi:10.1086/521398 
  123. ^ Snyder, Lewis E. et al. (2002), "Confirmation of Interstellar Acetone", The Astrophysical Journal 578 (1): 245–255, Bibcode:2002ApJ...578..245S, doi:10.1086/342273 
  124. ^ Hollis, J. M. et al. (2002), "Interstellar Antifreeze: Ethylene Glycol", Astrophysical Journal 571 (1): L59–L62, Bibcode:2002ApJ...571L..59H, doi:10.1086/341148, retrieved 2010-07-18 
  125. ^ Hollis, J. M. (2005), "Complex Molecules and the GBT: Is Isomerism the Key?", Procedings of the IAU Symposium 231, Astrochemistry throughout the Universe, Asilomar, CA, pp. 119–127 
  126. ^ a b Belloche, A. et al. (May 2009), "Increased complexity in interstellar chemistry: Detection and chemical modeling of ethyl formate and n-propyl cyanide in Sgr B2(N)", Astronomy and Astrophysics 499 (1): 215–232, arXiv:0902.4694, Bibcode:2009A&A...499..215B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811550 
  127. ^ a b Fuchs, G. W. et al. (2005), "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions", Astronomy and Astrophysics 444 (2): 521–530, arXiv:astro-ph/0508395, Bibcode:2005A&A...444..521F, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599 
  128. ^ Iglesias-Groth, S. et al. (May 2010), "A search for interstellar anthracene toward the Perseus anomalous microwave emission region", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 407 (4): 2157, arXiv:1005.4388, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.407.2157I, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17075.x 
  129. ^ a b Cami, Jan et al. (July 22, 2010), "Detection of C60 and C70 in a Young Planetary Nebula", Science 329 (5996): 1180–2, Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1180C, doi:10.1126/science.1192035, PMID 20651118 
  130. ^ Foing, B. H.; Ehrenfreund, P. (1994), "Detection of two interstellar absorption bands coincident with spectral features of C60+", Nature 369 (6478): 296, Bibcode:1994Natur.369..296F, doi:10.1038/369296a0. 
  131. ^ Berné, O.; Mulas, G.; Joblin, C. (2012), "Interstellar C60+", ArXiv 
  132. ^ a b Lacour, S. et al. (2005), "Deuterated molecular hydrogen in the Galactic ISM. New observations along seven translucent sightlines", Astronomy and Astrophysics 430 (3): 967–977, arXiv:astro-ph/0410033, Bibcode:2005A&A...430..967L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041589 
  133. ^ a b c d Ceccarelli, Cecilia (2002), "Millimeter and infrared observations of deuterated molecules", Planetary and Space Science 50 (12–13): 1267–1273, Bibcode:2002P&SS...50.1267C, doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00093-4 
  134. ^ Green, Sheldon (1989), "Collisional excitation of interstellar molecules - Deuterated water, HDO", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 70: 813–831, Bibcode:1989ApJS...70..813G, doi:10.1086/191358 
  135. ^ Butner, H. M. et al. (2007), "Discovery of interstellar heavy water", Astrophysical Journal 659 (2): L137–L140, Bibcode:2007ApJ...659L.137B, doi:10.1086/517883 
  136. ^ a b c d Turner, B. E.; Zuckerman, B. (1978), "Observations of strongly deuterated molecules - Implications for interstellar chemistry", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor 225: L75–L79, Bibcode:1978ApJ...225L..75T, doi:10.1086/182797 
  137. ^ Lis, D. C. et al. (/2002), "Detection of Triply Deuterated Ammonia in the Barnard 1 Cloud", Astrophysical Journal 571 (1): L55–L58, Bibcode:2002ApJ...571L..55L, doi:10.1086/341132. 
  138. ^ Hatchell, J. (2003), "High NH2D/NH3 ratios in protostellar cores", Astronomy and Astrophysics 403 (2): L25–L28, arXiv:astro-ph/0302564, Bibcode:2003A&A...403L..25H, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030297. 
  139. ^ Turner, B. E. (1990), "Detection of doubly deuterated interstellar formaldehyde (D2CO) - an indicator of active grain surface chemistry", Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters 362: L29–L33, Bibcode:1990ApJ...362L..29T, doi:10.1086/185840. 
  140. ^ Gerin, M. et al. (1992), "Interstellar detection of deuterated methyl acetylene", Astronomy and Astrophysics 253 (2): L29–L32, Bibcode:1992A&A...253L..29G. 
  141. ^ Markwick, A. J.; Charnley, S. B.; Butner, H. M.; Millar, T. J. (2005), "Interstellar CH3CCD", The Astrophysical Journal 627 (2): L117–L120, Bibcode:2005ApJ...627L.117M, doi:10.1086/432415. 
  142. ^ Agúndez, M. et al. (2008-06-04), "Tentative detection of phosphine in IRC +10216", Astronomy & Astrophysics 485 (3): L33, arXiv:0805.4297, Bibcode:2008A&A...485L..33A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810193 
  143. ^ Kuan, Y. J. et al. (2003), "Interstellar Glycine", Astrophysical Journal 593 (2): 848–867, Bibcode:2003ApJ...593..848K, doi:10.1086/375637. 
  144. ^ Widicus Weaver, S. L.; Blake, G. A. (2005), "1,3-Dihydroxyacetone in Sagittarius B2(N-LMH): The First Interstellar Ketose", Astrophysical Journal Letters 624 (1): L33–L36, Bibcode:2005ApJ...624L..33W, doi:10.1086/430407 
  145. ^ Fuchs, G. W. et al. (2005), "Trans-Ethyl Methyl Ether in Space: A new Look at a Complex Molecule in Selected Hot Core Regions", Astronomy & Astrophysics 444 (2): 521–530, arXiv:astro-ph/0508395, Bibcode:2005A&A...444..521F, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599, retrieved 2010-07-18 
  146. ^ Iglesias-Groth, S. et al. (2008-09-20), "Evidence for the Naphthalene Cation in a Region of the Interstellar Medium with Anomalous Microwave Emission", The Astrophysical Journal Letters 685: L55–L58, arXiv:0809.0778, Bibcode:2008ApJ...685L..55I, doi:10.1086/592349  - This spectral assignment has not been independently confirmed, and is described by the authors as "tentative" (page L58).
  147. ^ García-Hernández, D. A. et al. (2011), "The Formation of Fullerenes: Clues from New C60, C70, and (Possible) Planar C24 Detections in Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal Letters 737 (2): L30, arXiv:1107.2595, Bibcode:2011ApJ...737L..30G, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L30, retrieved 2011-08-12. 


External links [edit]


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&oldid=552522289"