Romanos II
| Romanos II Ρωμανός |
|
|---|---|
| Emperor of the Byzantine Empire | |
 Gold solidus with Romanos II and his father, Constantine VII |
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| Reign | November 959 – 15 March 963 |
| Coronation | 6 April 945 as co-emperor |
| Born | c. 938 |
| Died | 15 March 963 (aged c. 25) |
| Predecessor | Constantine VII |
| Successor | Nikephoros II |
| Consort to | Eudokia of Italy Theophano |
| Offspring | Basil II Constantine VIII Anna Porphyrogeneta |
| Father | Constantine VII |
| Mother | Helena Lekapene |
Romanos (or Romanus) II (Greek: Ρωμανός Β΄, Rōmanos II) (938 – 15 March 963) was a Byzantine emperor. He succeeded his father Constantine VII in 959 at the age of twenty-one, and died suddenly in 963.
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[edit] Life
Romanos II was a son of Emperor Constantine VII and Helena Lekapene, the daughter of Emperor Romanos I and his wife Theodora. Named after his maternal grandfather, Romanos was married, as a child, to Bertha, the illegitimate daughter of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, who changed her name to Eudokia after her marriage. On April 6, 945, after the fall of the Lekapenoi, Constantine VII crowned his son Romanos co-emperor.[citation needed][clarification needed] With Hugh out of power in Italy and dead by 947, and Bertha herself dying in 949, Romanos secured the promise from his father that he would be allowed to select his own bride. Romanos' choice fell on an innkeeper's daughter named Anastaso, whom he married in 956 and renamed Theophano.
In November 959 Romanos II succeeded his father on the throne, among rumors that he or his wife had contributed to the death of Constantine VII by poisoning him. Romanos purged his father's courtiers of his enemies and replaced them with his friends and those of his wife. Among the persons removed from court were the Empress Mother, Helena, and her daughters, all of them being sent to a nunnery. Nevertheless, many of Romanos' appointees were able men, including his chief adviser, the eunuch Joseph Bringas.
The pleasure-loving sovereign could also leave military matters in the adept hands of his generals, in particular the brothers Leo and Nikephoros Phokas. In 960 Nikephoros Phokas was sent with a fleet of 1,000 dromons, 2,000 chelandia, and 308 transports (entire fleet was manned by 27,000 oarsmen and marines) carrying 50,000 men to recover Crete from the Muslims[1] After a difficult campaign and the 9-month siege of Chandax, Nikephoros successfully re-established Byzantine control over the entire island in 961. Following a triumph celebrated at Constantinople, Nikephoros was sent to the eastern frontier, where the Emir of Aleppo Sayf al-Dawla was engaged in annual raids into Byzantine Anatolia. Nikephoros liberated Cilicia and even Aleppo in 962, sacking the palace of the Emir and taking possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels, and 1,400 mules. In the meantime Leo Phokas and Marianos Argyros had countered Magyar incursions into the Byzantine Balkans.
After a lengthy hunting expedition Romanos II took ill and died on March 15, 963. Rumor attributed his death to poison administered by his wife Theophano, but there is no evidence of this and Theophano would have been risking much by exchanging the secure status of a crowned Augusta with the precarious one of a widowed Regent of her very young children. Romanos II's reliance on his wife and on bureaucrats like Joseph Bringas had resulted in a relatively capable administration, but this built up resentment among the nobility, which was associated with the military. In the wake of Romanos' death, his Empress Dowager, now Regent to the two co-emperors, her underage sons, was quick to marry the general Nikephoros Phokas, and acquire another general, John Tzimiskes, as her lover, having them both elevated to the imperial throne in succession. The rights of her sons were, however, safeguarded and eventually, when Tzimiskes died at war, Basil II (her elder son) became senior emperor.
[edit] Family
Romanos II probably never consummated his first marriage to Bertha of Italy (daughter of Hugh of Italy , King of Italy). By his second wife Theophano, he had at least three children:
- Basil II
- Constantine VIII
- Anna, who married Vladimir I of Kiev.
[edit] References
- ^ The above numbers are disputed. Most historians accept 100 dromons, 200 chelandia, 308 transports and a total of 77,000 men. The Byzantine navy was the continuation of the Roman navy.
- Leo the Deacon, Histories
- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 By Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 147-20
- The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
- George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, 1969.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Romanus II". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Romanus_II.- John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Apogee, 1991.
[edit] External links
Media related to Romanus II at Wikimedia Commons
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Romanos II
Born: 938 Died: 963 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Constantine VII |
Byzantine Emperor 959–963 |
Succeeded by Nikephoros II Phokas |
