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Russian world

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"Russkiy mir" redirects here. For other uses including "Russian world" or "Russkiy mir", see Russian world (disambiguation).
"Pax Russica" redirects here. For a period in Finnish history, see Finnish Civil War § Pax Russica.
Russian World by O. Kuzmina (CGI, 2015). It depicts Saint Basil's Cathedral of Moscow behind the monument to Minin and Pozharsky.

The "Russian world" (Russian: Русский мир, romanized: Russkiy mir, lit. 'Russian world', 'Russian order', 'Russian community'; Latin: Pax Rossica, Pax Russica) is the concept of social totality associated with Russian culture. Russkiy mir as a concept comprises the core culture of Russia and is in interaction with the diverse cultures of Russia through traditions, history and the Russian language. It comprises also the Russian diaspora with its influence in the world.[1][2] The concept is based on the notion of "Russianness", and both have been considered ambiguous.[3] The "Russian world" and awareness of it arose through Russian history and was shaped by its periods.

History

Before and during the Russian Empire

One of the earliest use of the term "Russian world" is attributed to the Great Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev in the 11th century in his praise of Pope Clement II: "with gratitude to that faithful slave who increased the talent of his master – not only in Rome, but everywhere: both in Kherson and in the Russian world" (Russian: с благодарностью тому верному рабу, который умножил талант своего господина - не только в Риме, но и повсюду: и в Херсоне, и еще в Русском мире).[4][5]

Some, such as Mikhail Tikhomirov, have argued that the 15th-century List of Russian Cities, Near and Far represents an early example of the Russian world concept.[6]

In the 16th century Russia was formed as a self-contained world. Unconsciously, the "Russian world" also absorbed foreign influences from the Western world and the Eastern world/Orient, even if the influences were in the context of the evolution of the "Russian world" rather minor. It was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that the Tsar's throne consciously attempted to Europeanize Russia.[7]

In the Russian Empire, the idea of the "Russian world" was of conservative nationalistic type. Vyacheslav Nikonov, chairman of the Russkiy Mir Foundation, remarked that the "Russian world" did not reach beyond Russia proper. In a 2008 interview, he claimed: "At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian world coincided with the Russian Empire, its population numbered 170 million people. The population of the planet then amounted to a billion, which means that every seventh lived in the Russian Empire. Today our population is 142 million, while the world's population has exceeded 6 billion. Today, only one in 50 people lives in Russia."[8]

1990s

Major authors behind the resurrection of the concept in post-Soviet Russia include Pyotr Shchedrovitsky [ru], Yefim Ostrovsky, Valery Tishkov, Vitaly Skrinnik, Tatyana Poloskova and Natalya Narochnitskaya. Since Russia emerged from the Soviet Union as still a significantly multiethnic and multicultural country, for the "Russian idea" to be unifying, it could not be ethnocentric, as it was in the doctrine Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality of the late Russian Empire. In 2000 Shchedrovitsky presented the main ideas of the "Russian world" concept in the article "Russian World and Transnational Russian Characteristics",[9] among the central ones of which was the Russian language.[1] Andis Kudors of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, analyzing Shchedrovitsky's article, concludes that it follows the ideas first laid out by the 18th century philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder about the influence of language on thinking (which has become known as the principle of linguistic relativity): the ones who speak Russian come to think Russian, and eventually to act Russian.[1]

Putin era

Eventually, the idea of the "Russian world" was adopted by the Russian administration, and Vladimir Putin decreed the establishment of the government-sponsored Russkiy Mir Foundation in 2007.

A number of observers consider the promotion of the "Russian world" concept an element of the revanchist idea of the restoration of Russia or its influence back to the borders of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire.[10][11][12]

Other observers described the concept as an instrument for projecting Russian soft power.[1] In Ukraine, the promotion of the "Russian world" has become strongly associated with the Russo-Ukrainian War.[13][14] According to assistant editor Pavel Tikhomirov of Russkaya Liniya [ru], the "Russian world" for politicized Ukrainians, whose number constantly increases, nowadays is "simply 'neo-Sovietism' masked by new names". He reconciled that with the conflation of the "Russian world" and the Soviet Union within Russian society itself.[15]

Politicization

Russia's president Vladimir Putin visited the Arkaim site of the Sintashta culture in 2005, meeting in person with the chief archaeologist Gennady Zdanovich.[16] The visit received much attention from Russian media. They presented Arkaim as the "homeland of the majority of contemporary people in Asia, and, partly, Europe". Nationalists called Arkaim the "city of Russian glory" and the "most ancient Slavic-Aryan town". Zdanovich reportedly presented Arkaim to the president as a possible "national idea of Russia",[17] a new idea of civilisation which Victor Schnirelmann calls the "Russian idea".[18]

Russian Orthodox Church

A mosaic in the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces blending Eastern Orthodox iconography with Soviet military symbolism

On 3 November 2009, at the Third Russian World Assembly, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow defined the "Russian world" as "the common civilisational space founded on three pillars: Eastern Orthodoxy, Russian culture and especially the language and the common historical memory and connected with its common vision on the further social development".[19][20]

Russkiy Mir is an ideology promoted by many in the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church.[21] Patriarch Kiril of Moscow also shares this ideology; for the Russian Orthodox Church, the Russkiy Mir is also "a spiritual concept, a reminder that through the baptism of Rus', God consecrated these people to the task of building a Holy Rus."[22]

Reception

Around 500 Eastern Orthodox scholars signed Declaration on the 'Russian World' Teaching on 13 March 2022, calling it an "ideology", "a heresy" and "a form of religious fundamentalism" that is "totalitarian in character".[23] They condemned six "pseudo theological facets". Those condemnations concern: replacing the Kingdom of God with an earthly kingdom; deification of the state through a theocracy and caesaropapism which deprives the Church of its freedom to stand against injustice; divinization of a culture; Manichaen demonization of the West and elevation of Eastern culture; refusal to speak the truth and non-acknowledgement of "murderous intent and culpability" of one party.[24]

The Russo-Ukrainian War is said to implement the idea of Russian world.[25][26][27] The Economist states that the "Russian world" concept has become the basis of a crusade against the West's liberal culture and this has resulted into a "new Russian cult of war". It says that Putin's regime has particularly debased the "Russian world" concept with a mixture of obscurantism, Orthodox dogma, anti-West sentiment, nationalism, conspiracy theory and security-state Stalinism. It based this analysis on Putin's first public speech after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started where he praised the Russian army, using Jesus' words on love as a laying down of one's life. He also referenced Fyodor Ushakov, an admiral who is the Orthodox patron saint of nuclear-armed long-distance bombers. Putin recalled Ushakov's words: "the storms of war would glorify Russia". The Economist also pointed to Patriarch Kirill's declaration of the godliness of the war and its role in keeping out the West's alleged decadent gay culture, and to the priest Elizbar Orlov who said that the Russian "special military operation" in Ukraine is cleansing the world of "a diabolic infection".[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kudors, Andis (16 June 2010). "'Russian World'—Russia's Soft Power Approach to Compatriots Policy" (PDF). Russian Analytical Digest. 81 (10). Research Centre for East European Studies: 2–4. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  2. ^ Valery Tishkov, The Russian World—Changing Meanings and Strategies, Carnegie Papers, Number 95 , August 2008
  3. ^ Tiido, Anna, The «Russian World»: the blurred notion of protecting Russians abroad In: Polski Przegląd Stosunków Międzynarodowych, Warszaw, Uniwersytet Kardynała S. Wyszyńskiego, 2015, issue 5, pp. 131—151, ISSN 2300-1437 (in English)
  4. ^ "Приложение 2. Похвала свт. Клименту из «Чуда об отрочати» (древнерусский оригинал и русский перевод)" (PDF). Patrologia slavica. Vol. 2. 2013. p. 197.
  5. ^ Laruelle, Marlene (May 2015). "The 'Russian World': Russia's Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination" (PDF). Washington, DC: Center on Global Interests. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  6. ^ "М. Н. Тихомиров. Список русских городов дальних и ближних" [M. N. Tikhomirov. List of Russian cities, near and far]. litopys.org.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  7. ^ Tschizewskij, Dmitrij (1961). Zwischen Ost und West – Russische Geistesgeschichte II (in German). Germany: Rowohlt Verlag. pp. 156, 157.
  8. ^ Nikonov, Vyacheslav (22 April 2008). "Влиять по-русски". Itogi (Interview) (in Russian). No. 17. Interviewed by Valeriya Sychyova. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  9. ^ Shchedrovitsky, Pyotr (2 March 2000). "Русский мир и Транснациональное русское". Russian Journal (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  10. ^ Abarinov, Vladimir; Sidorova, Galina (18 February 2015). "'Русский мир', бессмысленный и беспощадный". svoboda.org (in Russian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  11. ^ Taylor, Chloe (2020-04-02). "Putin seeking to create new world order with 'rogue states' amid coronavirus crisis, report claims". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  12. ^ Götz, Elias; Merlen, Camille-Renaud (2019-03-15). "Russia and the question of world order". European Politics and Society. 20 (2): 133–153. doi:10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181. ISSN 2374-5118.
  13. ^ Zharenov, Yaroslav (9 January 2018). "'Русский мир' в Украине отступает, но есть серьезные угрозы" ["Russian world" retreats in Ukraine, however there are serious threats]. apostrophe.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  14. ^ "Путин надеется на возвращение Украины в так называемый 'русский мир' – Полторак" [Poltorak: Putin hopes to return Ukraine into the so-called "Russian world"]. nv.ua (in Russian). 5 April 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  15. ^ Goble, Paul (10 September 2018). "Claims That Many Ukrainians 'Will Never Attend A Moscow Patriarchate Church' – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  16. ^ Shnirelman 2012, pp. 27–28.
  17. ^ Shnirelman 2012, p. 28.
  18. ^ Shnirelman 1998, p. 36.
  19. ^ Rap, Myroslava (2015-06-24). "Chapter I. Religious context of Ukrainian society today – the background to research". The Public Role of the Church in Contemporary Ukrainian Society: The Contribution of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church to Peace and Reconciliation. Nomos Verlag. p. 85. ISBN 978-3-8452-6305-2.
  20. ^ "Выступление Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на торжественном открытии III Ассамблеи Русского мира / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru" [Speech by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the grand opening of the Third Russian World Assembly]. Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  21. ^ Payne 2015; Wawrzonek, Bekus & Korzeniewska-Wisznewska 2016.
  22. ^ Petro, Nicolai N. (23 March 2015). "Russia's Orthodox Soft Power". Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  23. ^ "A Declaration on the 'Russian World' (Russkii mir) Teaching". 21 March 2022.
  24. ^ Weigel, George (23 March 2022). "An Orthodox Awakening". First Things. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  25. ^ "The War in Ukraine Launches a New Battle for the Russian Soul". The New Yorker. 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  26. ^ "Russia's War in Ukraine: Identity, History, and Conflict". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  27. ^ Jr, Joseph S. Nye (2022-10-04). "What Caused the Ukraine War? | by Joseph S. Nye, Jr". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  28. ^ "The new Russian cult of war". The Economist. 26 March 2022.

Sources

Further reading

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