Titanium(III) chloride
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Names | |||
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Other names
titanium trichloride
titanous chloride | |||
Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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ChemSpider | |||
ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.845 | ||
EC Number |
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RTECS number |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |||
TiCl3 | |||
Molar mass | 154.225 g/mol | ||
Appearance | red-violet crystals hygroscopic | ||
Density | 2.64 g/cm3 | ||
Melting point | 425 °C (decomposes) | ||
Boiling point | 960 °C | ||
very soluble | |||
Solubility | soluble in acetone, acetonitrile, certain amines; insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons | ||
Refractive index (nD)
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1.4856 | ||
Hazards | |||
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
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Corrosive | ||
Related compounds | |||
Other anions
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Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) iodide | ||
Other cations
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Scandium(III) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) chloride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Titanium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl3. At least four distinct species have this formula; additionally hydrated derivatives are known. TiCl3 is one of the most common halides of titanium and is an important catalyst for the manufacture of polyolefins.
Electronic properties
In TiCl3, each Ti atom has one d electron, rendering its derivatives paramagnetic, i.e. the substance is attracted into a magnetic field. The paramagnetism contrasts with the diamagnetism (the property of being repelled from a magnetic field) of the trihalides of hafnium and zirconium: in these heavier metals engage in metal-metal bonding.
Solutions of titanium(III) chloride are violet, which arises from excitations of its d-electron. The colour is not very intense since the transition is forbidden by the Laporte selection rule.
Structure
Four solid forms or polymorphs of TiCl3 are known. All feature titanium in an octahedral coordination sphere. These forms can be distinguished by crystallography as well as by their magnetic properties, which probes exchange interactions. β-TiCl3 crystallizes as brown needles. Its structure consists of chains of TiCl6 octahedra that share opposite faces such that the closest Ti—Ti contact is 2.91 Å. This short distance indicates strong metal-metal interactions (See Figure in upper right). The three violet "layered" forms, named for their color and their tendency to flake, are called alpha, gamma, and delta. In α-TiCl3, the chloride anions are hexagonal close-packed. In γ-TiCl3, the chlorides anions are cubic close-packed. Finally, disorder in shift successions, causes an intermediate between alpha and gamma structures, called the delta (δ) form. The TiCl6 share edges in each form, with 3.60 Å being the shortest distance between the titanium cations. This large distance between titanium cations precludes direct metal-metal bonding. In contrast, direct Zr-Zr bonding is indicated in zirconium(III) chloride. The difference between the Zr(III) and Ti(III) materials is attributed in part to the relative radii of these metal centers.[1]
Synthesis and reactivity
Titanium(IV) chloride can be reduced to TiCl3. It is sold as a mixture with aluminium trichloride. This mixture can be separated to afford TiCl3(THF)3.[2] TiCl3 and most of its complexes are handled under an air-free conditions to prevent reactions with oxygen. Slow deterioration occurs in air-exposed titanium trichloride, often results in erratic results, e.g. in reductive coupling reactions.[3]
It can be syntetised by dissolving titanium in aqueous hydrochloric acid.
- 2 Ti + 6 HCl → 2 TiCl3 + 3 H2
TiCl3 forms a variety of coordination complexes, most of which are octahedral. The light-blue crystalline adduct TiCl3(THF)3 forms when TiCl3 is treated with tetrahydrofuran.[4]
- TiCl3 + 3 C4H8O → TiCl3(OC4H8)3
An analogous dark green complex arises from complexation with dimethylamine. In a reaction where all ligands are exchanged, TiCl3 is a precursor to the tris acetylacetonate complex.
The more reduced titanium(II) chloride is prepared by the thermal disproportionation of TiCl3 at 500 °C. The equilibrium is driven by the loss of volatile TiCl4:[5]
- 2 TiCl3 → TiCl2 + TiCl4
The ternary halides, such as A3TiCl6, have structures that depend on the cation (A+) added.[6] Caesium chloride treated with titanium(II) chloride and hexachlorobenzene produces crystalline CsTi2Cl7. In these structures Ti3+ exhibits octahedral coordination geometry.[7]
Applications
TiCl3 is the main Ziegler-Natta catalyst, responsible for the formation of most industrial production of polypropylene. The catalytic activities depend strongly on the polymorph and the method of preparation.[8]
Laboratory use
TiCl3 is also a reagent in organic synthesis, useful for reductive coupling reactions, often in the presence of added reducing agents such as zinc. It reduces oximes to imines.[9] Titanium trichloride can reduce nitrate to ammonium ion thereby allowing for the sequential analysis of nitrate and ammonia.[10]
References
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Jones, N. A.; Liddle, S. T.; Wilson, C.; Arnold, P. L. (2007). "Titanium(III) Alkoxy-N-heterocyclic Carbenes and a Safe, Low-Cost Route to TiCl3(THF)3". Organometallics,. 26 (3): 755–757. doi:10.1021/om060486d.
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fleming, M. P; McMurry, J. E. "Reductive Coupling of Carbonyls to Alkenes: Adamantylideneadamantane". Organic Syntheses
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 1. - ^ Manzer, L. E.; Deaton, Joe; Sharp, Paul; Schrock, R. R. (1982). "Tetrahydrofuran Complexes of Selected Early Transition Metals". Inorg. Synth. 21: 137. doi:10.1002/9780470132524.ch31.
- ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ Hinz, D.; Gloger, T. and Meyer, G. (2000). "Ternary halides of the type A3MX6. Part 9. Crystal structures of Na3TiCl6 and K3TiCl6". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 626 (4): 822–824. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(200004)626:4<822::AID-ZAAC822>3.0.CO;2-6.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jongen, L. and Meyer, G. (2004). "Caesium heptaiododititanate(III), CsTi2I7". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 630 (2): 211–212. doi:10.1002/zaac.200300315.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kenneth S. Whiteley,T. Geoffrey Heggs, Hartmut Koch, Ralph L. Mawer, Wolfgang Immel, "Polyolefins" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487
- ^ Lise-Lotte Gundersen, Frode Rise, Kjell Undheim, José Méndez-Andino, "Titanium(III) Chloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt120.pub2
- ^ "Determining Ammonium & Nitrate ions using a Gas Sensing Ammonia Electrode". Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida, Vol. 65, 2006, D.W.Rich, B.Grigg, G.H.Snyder